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Chernobyl Experience in the Field of Retrospective

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Chernobyl Experience in the Field of Retrospective RADON U KUĆAMA VIROVITIĈKO-PODRAVSKE ŢUPANIJE Maja Varga Pajtler1, Dijana Jurišić2, Igor Miklavčić1, Marina Poje1, Vanja Radolić1, Branko Vuković1 i Ivana Ivković1 1Sveučilište J.J.Strossmayera u Osijeku, Odjel za fiziku, Osijek 2Osnovna škola Gradina, Gradina [email protected] UVOD Radon (222Rn) je radioaktivni plemeniti plin bez boje, mirisa i okusa, a nastaje alfa raspadom radija (226Ra), koji je sastavni dio tla. Atomi radona koji izaĎu iz tla prenose se difuzijom kroz prostor, ulaze i atmosferu i raspadaju se. Advekcijom uslijed razlike tlakova izmeĎu graĎevine i tla oko temelja radon ulazi u kuće i zgrade. Radon i njegovi kratkoţivući potomci u atmosferi daju najveći doprinos izloţenosti prirodnoj radioaktivnosti. Udisanje kratkoţivućih potomaka radona 222Rn i torona 220Rn te njihovo taloţenje na stijenkama dišnih putova glavni su uzrok izloţenosti pluća zračenju. Izloţenost je posljedica alfa čestica koje emitiraju radionuklidi, imaju vrlo kratak doseg (desetke mikrometara), a uzrokuju različite gustoće ionizacije i pobuĎenja duţ svog puta. Uslijed ionizacije tkiva, povećava se rizik nastanka raka pluća ukoliko doĎe do udisanja veće količine radona kroz duţi vremenski period [1]. Na Odjelu za fiziku Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku izvodi se znanstvenoistraţivački projekt: "Radioaktivnost u okolišu; radon". Jedan od zadataka projekta je mjerenje koncentracije radona u kućama, a u ovom su radu prikazani rezultati mjerenja radona u kućama Virovitičko- podravske ţupanije. Mjerenja su provedena u razdoblju izmeĎu listopada 2003. i veljače 2009. godine. MATERIJAL I METODE Mjerenje koncentracije radona i njegovih potomaka raĎeno je pomoću detektora nuklearnih tragova LR-115 (proizvoĎača Kodak-Pathe, France), koji su bili izloţeni zračenju radona. Cilindrična plastična posuda promjera 11 cm i visine 7 cm pokrivena je filter papirom površinske gustoće 0,078 kg/m2. Na dno posude, s unutarnje strane, postavljen je tzv. difuzni detektor LR-115, a s vanjske 214 strane posude postavljen je tzv. vanjski detektor LR-115. Vanjski detektor registrira ukupni broj alfa-čestica koje emitira radon i njegovi potomci, dok difuzni detektor registrira samo tragove alfa-čestica koje emitira radon [2,3]. Nakon što su bili izloţeni zračenju, detektori su 120 minuta jetkani u 10 %-tnoj otopini NaOH na temperaturi 60 °C, a zatim su izbrojani tragovi nastali raspadom radona. Na temelju dobivenog broja tragova na filmu računa se koncentracija radona u zraku, c0, na sljedeći način: c0 k D0 (1) pri čemu je k koeficijent osjetljivosti osobe koja je vršila brojanje, a D0 broj tragova na otvorenom filmu po jednom danu izlaganja. Korištena metoda mjerenja koncentracije radona pomoću dva filma LR-115 omogućava i procjenu ravnoteţnog faktora, F, koji se definira kao omjer ravnoteţne koncentracije ceq i stvarne koncentracije aktivnosti radona c, a karakterizira neravnoteţu radonovih potomaka i radona [4,5]. TakoĎer, pomoću ravnoteţnog faktora moguća je i bolja procjena efektivne doze koja potječe od radona i njegovih potomaka. Za gustoće tragova D na difuznom i D0 na otvorenom filmu računa se ravnoteţni faktor kao D F a b (2) D0 pri čemu su parametri a = 0,5, b = -0,53. Dobivena aritmetička sredina za ravnoteţni faktor u Virovitičko-podravskoj ţupaniji je 0,8. Prosječni ravnoteţni faktori, kao i srednje vrijednosti, minimalne i maksimalne vrijednosti koncentracije radona u Virovitičko - podravskoj ţupaniji prikazane su u Tablici 1. REZULTATI Dobivene vrijednosti koncentracije radona u kućama Virovitičko- podravske ţupanije bile su u području od 12,7 do 187,7 Bqm-3. Na temelju tih podataka izraĎen je zemljovid koncentracije radona za Virovitičko - podravsku ţupaniju, koji je prikazan na Slici 1, gdje je je Ţupanija podijeljena na općine (prema teritorijalnom ustroju Republike Hrvatske). Slika 2 prikazuje podatke o koncentraciji radona u Virovitičko- podravskoj ţupaniji podijeljenoj na kvadrate dimenzija 10 km 10 km, u skladu s preporukama JRC-a (Joint Research Centre) te prema projekcijskom sustavu LAEA (Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area). 215 Tablica 1. Srednje, minimalne i maksimalne vrijednosti koncentracije radona u općinama i gradovima Virovitičko-podravske ţupanije te srednji ravnoteţni faktor Srednja Broj Minimalna Maksimalna Ravnoteţni Općina / Grad vrijednost mjerenja koncentracija koncentracija faktor (Bq m-3) Crnac 1 37,8 Pitomača 8 40,9 27,1 101,4 0,7 Lukač 10 44,8 21,5 68,2 0,7 Voćin 5 44,9 24,3 80,7 0,6 Slatina 9 45,9 15,7 76,5 1,0 Špišić 6 44,9 12,8 82,6 0,5 Bukovica Orahovica 6 37,7 9,3 72,0 2,0 Suhopolje 12 47,0 16,6 94,3 0,6 Virovitica 21 54,0 19,3 135,9 0,7 ČaĎavica 1 59,7 0,8 Gradina 9 63,2 22,0 187,5 0,6 Nova 5 60,9 5,7 138,6 1,6 Bukovica Čačinci 7 91,7 22,6 187,7 0,6 Sopje 1 22,9 0,8 Mikleuš - Zdenci - 216 Slika 1. Zemljovid koncentracije radona za Virovitičko-podravsku ţupaniju prema teritorijalnom ustroju RH Slika 2. Zemljovid koncentracije radona za Virovitičko-podravsku ţupaniju prema projekcijskom sustavu LAEA 217 Poznavajući koncentraciju radona c i ravnoteţni faktor F za radon i potomke, moţe se procijeniti srednji godišnji efektivni dozni ekvivalent H, kao1,4 H() k12 k F cT (3) 3 -1 -1 pri čemu su konverzijski faktori k1 0,17 nSv (Bq/m ) h i k2 9 nSv (Bq/m3)-1 h-1, a T = 0,8∙365,3∙24 h = 7014 h je prosječno vrijeme boravka pojedinca u kući, tj. vijeme izlaganja zračenju radona. Za stanovnike Virovitičko-podravske ţupanije srednji godišnji efektivni dozni ekvivalent iznosi H = 1,5 mSv. ZAKLJUĈAK Koncentracija radona u kućama Virovitičko-podravske ţupanije mjerena je metodom s dva detektora nuklearnih tragova LR-115. Dobivene vrijednosti bile su u području od 5,7 do 187,7 Bq m-3, s aritmetičkom sredinom od 52,0 Bqm-3 i geometrijskom sredinom od 42,4 Bq m-3. Općina s najniţom prosječnom izmjerenom koncentracijom radona je Sopje s 22,9 Bq m-3, dok je općina Čačinci općina s najvišom prosječnom radonskom koncentracijom od 91,7 Bq m-3. Srednji godišnji efektivni dozni ekvivalent koji potječe od radona i njegovih potomaka za stanovnike Virovitičko-podravske ţupanije iznosi HE = 1,5 mSv, dok osoba koja boravi u kućanstvu s najvećom izmjerenom koncentracijom radona primi HE = 9,0 mSv. LITERATURA [1] United Nations Scientific Committees on Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR): Source Effects of Ionizing Radiation. UNSCEAR Report 1993, New York, 1993 [2] Planinić J, Faj Z, Radolić V, Šmit D, Faj D. Indoor Radon Dose Assessment for Osijek. J Environ Radioact 1999;44:97-106. [3] Radolić V, Vuković B, Stanić D, Katić M, Faj Z, Šuveljak B, Lukačević I, Faj D, Lukić M, Planinić J. National survey of indoor radon levels in Croatia. J Radioanalyt Nucl Chem 2006;269(1):87-90. [4] Faj Z, Planinić J. Dosimetry of the radon and its daughters by two SSNT detecrots. Radiat Prot Dosim 1991;35:265-268. [5] Planinić J, Radolić V, Faj Z, Šuveljak B. Radon equilibrium factor and aerosols. Nucl Instr Meth1997;A396:414-417. 218 RADON IN THE HOUSES OF VIROVITICA AND PODRAVINA COUNTY Maja Varga Pajtler1, Dijana Jurišić2, Igor Miklavčić1, Marina Poje1, Vanja Radolić1, Branko Vuković1 and Ivana Ivković1 1Department of Physics, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia 2Elementary School Gradina, Gradina, Croatia [email protected] 222Ra is the gaseous radioactive product of the decay of radium isotope 226Ra which is present in soil. Radon atoms that are released from the ground are transported by diffusion and then released in the atmosphere. Radon entries into buildings by advection that is driven by the pressure difference between the building and the ground around the foundation. The aim of this study was to measure radon concentrations in the houses of Virovitica and Podravina county. The measurements were performed by means of two passive track detectors LR-115 (Kodak-Pathe, France), one of which (the open detector) detected total number of alpha-particles of radon and its short-lived progeny, while the other (diffusion detector) registerd tracks only of alpha particles emitted by radon. After being exposed to radiation, the LR-115 detectors were etched in 10 % NaOH aqueous solution at 60 ºC for 120 minutes and the detector tracks were counted. Radon concentrations in air were determined according to equation (1), where D0 was the number of tracks per one day of exposure of the open detector and k is the sensitivity coefficient od the person that counted the tracks. For the track densities D and D0 of the open and diffusion detectors, respectively, the equilibrium factor was calculated according to equation (2), with the parameters a = 0,50, and b = -0,53. Obtained value for the equilibrium factor was 0,85. Measurements gave radon concentrations in the range of 5.7 – 187.7 Bq m-3. Average annual effective radon dose for population of Virovitica and Podravina county is 1,5 mSv. 219 .
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