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Regressional Episodes and Diversity Patterns of Australi~N Devonian Tabulate Corals

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Regressional Episodes and Diversity Patterns of Australi~N Devonian Tabulate Corals Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 58: 273-277 (2000). Regressional episodes and diversity patterns of Australi~n Devonian tabulate corals Gary M. Dargan Department of Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of New South Wales, p.a. Box 76 Lidcombe NSW Australia 2141 Abstract - Biostratigraphic distribution of Australian Devonian tabulate corals appears to be influenced by episodes of transgression and regression both locally and world wide. Decreases in species diversity can be related to local regressive phases. Examination of contemporaneous sequences unaffected by regression is needed before a strong cause and effect relationship can be established. OCCURRENCES OF TABULATES IN from the record. The Garra 2 and Martins Well AUSTRALIA transgressions during the pesavis-sulcatus interval The major occurrences of tabulate coral-bearing saw tabulate numbers at their maximum of 55 units in the Early and Middle Devonian of Australia species, 47% of which were new. Extinctions were (Figure 1) are confined to eastern Australia at least low with only 5% of species making their last until the later part of the Givetian. appearance. This high net increase reflects the Few poorly documented tabulates occur in widespread nature of these transgressive events in Frasnian sequences in Eastern Australia. Better southeast Australia (Talent 1989). documented, are the late Givetian and Frasnian Much of the contribution to this diversity comes tabulates in the Canning Basin of Western from the favositids. The loss of nearly 53% of Australia. By the Famennian, cyanobacterial reefs tabulate species at the close of the Pragian appears replaced stromatoporoid-coral reefs; this is to be associated with a regressive interlude. This is, especially noticeable in the Canning Basin. however, possibly accentuated by an artefact of the literature. Apart from early work by Jones (1937, 1941 and 1944) the only substantial published work on Early Devonian favositids is that of Philip (1960) TRANSGRESSION CYCLES AND DIVERSITY which focuses on Pragian (latest sulcatus to pireneae) Talent (1989) and Talent et al. (1993) produced a favositids from Victoria. The progressive increase transgression-regression curve for eastern in species diversity until well into the Emsian Australia, portion of which is reproduced in Figure within most of the other tabulate families present 2. Discussions herein regarding changes in tabulate supports the idea of a literature-based artefact. diversity through the Early and Middle Devonian Further support for this comes from the rugose are made in relation to Talent's curve. corals which show increasing generic diversity from Earliest Lochkovian (hesperius Zone) tabulate the Pragian to the Emsian (Zhen et al. 1997). This faunas are low in diversity, with ten of the eleven pattern is also consistent with a general increase in species present being Silurian holdovers. This low the proliferation of tabulate, stromatoporoid and diversity is possibly related to the Derringullen rugosan buildups beginning in the Emsian and Creek/Bowning Regression associated with the peaking in the Givetian and Frasnian (Talent 1988a). Bowning Orogeny affecting southern New South The increase in diversity during the Emsian Wales. With the onset of the Garra 1 and Garra 2 coincides with further widespread transgressive transgressive cycles (Figure 2 from Talent 1989 and phases in eastern Australia. These include the Talent et al. 1993) preserved in the Garra Limestone Buchan Caves Limestone and basal Taravale near Wellington in central New South Wales and the transgressions in eastern Victoria and the Lockup Martins Well transgressive cycle in the Broken River Well Transgression in the Broken River area of area of north Queensland, conditions more north Queensland (Figure 2). The Buchan Caves favourable for limestone formation returned. This Limestone Transgression beginning at the base of resulted in an increase in tabulate species diversity. the Emsian saw a recovery in species numbers with Beginning with the Garra 1 Transgression spanning 22% being new species. Similar increases occurred the eurekaensis-delta zones 53% of the tabulate species during the Basal Taravale Transgression across the were new with 26% of existing species disappearing latest dehiscens and perbonus-gronbergi intervals 274 G.M. Dargan Distribution of Early and Middle Devonian Rocks in Eastern Australia (exclusive of intrusives) with references to tabulate coral faunas. undifferentiated"-.... ~ Cl' ) Chillagoe 0 to ~ t> I, I Broken River area (Nicho/son &Etheridge 1879; -1," Hill et al. 1967; Hill & Jell 1970b; .. , Pickett and Jell 1974) o Charters Towers 't a.tJ - Ukalunda fJ!P (Jell & Hill 1969) Cl Douglas Creek --~ Clermont ~ (Jones 1941; Jell & Hill 1970b) 0.. 0 Rockhampton Craven Peak <> Alpha 0 Gladstone Bedsl (non marine) , o Nogoa I, Anticline L -- -----l ~~"" ;~~~ , I ..,(';';'1 Tim~ury Hills I \,' ) I'~) BaSin , \ . \ (subsurface) \.", '\-'\ ~~~7 I '<.',' ;;..-_ ............. ,'-. 7/1-- .~ J~.. ~- Wellington (Hill and Jones 1940; Jones & Hill " Bogan Gate-Trundle 1940; Jones 1941; Hill 19S0, Strusz (Dargan 1993; Fo/dvary 2000) 1961; Hill & Jell 1970b) .------+- Moore Creek (Etheridge 1899,1920; Hill 19S0; Briih/ & Pohler 1999) '<oJ"--}--- Pigna Barney (Donga/199S) ___---.-L.-__ Mt Frome (Wright & F/orey 1979) )'--.:~F=:::::::-- Windellama (Mawson 1973) Yass (Jones 1937; Jones & Hill 1940; Pickett & Jell 1974) , Heathcote The Gramp,ians '~ Yea --""-- Buchan (Hill 19S0; Phllip 1960; Hill & Jell 1970b) , Melbout1\e c......,,~~-.:.--- Tyers (Philip 1960, 1962) "'-<-~'---------- Lilydale (Gill 1942; Philip 1960, 1962; Hill & Jell 1970b) 1.- Waratah Bay (Hill 19S4b) ~ i Zeehan -'----~ N (Gill 1948. 19S0) Point Hibbs -----., o (Jell & Hill 1970a) I Figure 1 Distribution of Early and Middle Devonian rocks in eastern Australia (exclusive of intrusives) with references to tabulate coral faunas (after Mawson and Talent 2000). Diversity patterns in Australian Devonian tabulates 275 ConodontZones Australian T· R Pattern Extinction Events nomsl VVV ... -...-... Papillio - Mytton regression (approx) disparilis - c ·· ? local T-R effects III hermanni - · -- ~ ,· .2: · - Stringocephalid C) W varcus - · ..J ,· 0 ,· 0 hemiansatus · - c "ensens;s" · Z == · .!l! kockelianus · et ~ ,· - Late Eifelian w australis · (Kaeak) - costatus VVV ....... · Mt Frome regression (local) Z Dartl us , oatulus 0 VVV Hatchery Creek and regression (local) -- serotinus C > III ~ Lockup Well transgression 'jj) inversus-Iaticostatus --...... Mid Emsian w E Upper Taravale (post - Murrindal) ...... - w perbonus-gronbergi (Daleje) 0 transpression dehiscens j Basa Taravale transgression ...... ~ Direneae Buchan Caves Limestone transgression 0:: Cl kindlei ..III 1~ Red Hill regression in ll. sulcatus -- - end pesavis pesavis Garra 2 transgression ...... :> delta -=? 0 .;.: , ...... ..... Rise .c · Garra 1 transgression eurekaensis · ~ lJ ......' Fall 0 · ..J woschmidti Darringullen Creek I Bowning regression VVv Tectonics VVV "'--" -- Figure 2 Transgression-regression pattern and major extinction events occurring in the Early and Middle Devonian in eastern Australia plotted against conodont zones for the interval (after Talent 1989 and Talent et al. 1993). when 41% of the species present were new. In in the patulus Zone new species made up 23% of the contrast the Upper Taravale Transgression which tabulate species present. The onset of the Mt Frome took place through the perbonus-gronbergi and Regression is marked by the disappearance of 32% inversus-laticostatus intervals was associated with of species across the costatus / australis interval. the disappearance of 45% of tabulate species across Scattered species losses in most tabulate families the zonal boundary. This disappearance was due to across these intervals may be due to a more the replacement of carbonate platform facies by extensive regressive phase than indicated by these muddy, pelagic facies. The Upper Taravale two local regressions. Talent (1988b) suggested that Transgression appears to be associated with the the Hatchery Creek Regression may have marked Daleje event and a global transgression which the beginning of a series of northward moving occurred at this time (Talent et al. 1993). A major diachronous regressions. This could also offer an transgression commenced in the inversus-laticostatus explanation for the scattered nature of the zone in the Broken River area of north Queensland. extinctions at this time. One way of testing this This is marked by a shales with minor carbonates in would be to examine faunas in the platform the Chinamans Creek Limestone at Lockup Well carbonates of the Broken River area of north and Chinamans Creek. Less than 10% of tabulate Queensland. There is no evidence of a regressive species at this time were first appearances. event here and any extinctions would presumably A local tectonically-based regression at the be decoupled from regression based extinctions serotinus/patulus boundary, the Hatchery Creek elsewhere. Regression in the Yass area of southern New South Little change occurred in tabulate species Wales does not appear to have had any initial effect. diversity until the Givetian when 41% of species The earliest Eifelian Mt Frome Regression, although disappeared across the hemiansatus/varcus interval. related to local tectonics, coincides with substantial This does not coincide with any known losses among the pachyporids and the transgressive or regressive episode. Disappearance disappearance
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