Methodological Tools for Linguistic Description and Typology Ed
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151 Means and Ways of Naming Women's Outerwear (In Modern Russian and Polish Languages)
tel. : +38 (048) 723-07-57, [email protected] MARRIAGE AND FAMILY IN SLAVIC PHRASEOLOGICAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD Summary In this article Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian and Polish phraseological units which explicate matrimonial ceremonies and traditions are analyzed. The Purpose of the article is to determine intercultural peculiarities as well as national and cultural ones in phraseological pictures of the world. Special attention is paid to the wedding ceremony as the most important transitional ceremony. Methodology of this article is based on the combination of linguistic and cultural analysis and cognitive linguistics. Finding of the article can be determined in the following way. The phraseo- logical pictures of the world of the described languages fix the universal concepts (for instance, kasha in Russian, Polish, Bulgarian cultures) as well as the national and cultural ones, such as vinok in Ukrainian and Polish linguistic cultures, bliny in Russian, kapusta in Polish and priveden zet in Bulgarian ones. Practical value of the article consists in possible using of the results in cross-cultural researches, linguistic and cultural studies, phraseology and cognitive linguistics. Results. The author comes to conclusion about the exceptional role of marriage and family in Slavic phraseology and Slavic cultural tradition. Key words: ceremonies and traditions, phraseological unit, phraseological pic- ture of the world, concept, Slavic languages. Надійшла до редакції 8.04. 2015 р. УДК 811:17.026:391(470+438) O. A. Voytseva, Doctor of Philology, Professor, Chair of General and Slavic Linguistics Department, Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University, 24 / 26, Frantsuzky Blvd., Odesa, 65058, Ukraine, tel. : +38(048) 776-04-42, [email protected] MEANS AND WAYS OF NAMING WOMEN’S OUTERWEAR (IN MODERN RUSSIAN AND POLISH LANGUAGES) This article deals with the analysis of means of naming and ways of motivation of artifacts in the sphere of lexis denoting women’s outerwear in the Russian and 151 Polish languages at the beginning of the 21st century. -
Zero Tolerance Or Zero Accountability? an Examination of Command Discretion and the Need for an Independent Prosecutorial Authority in Military Sexual Assault Cases
ZERO TOLERANCE OR ZERO ACCOUNTABILITY? AN EXAMINATION OF COMMAND DISCRETION AND THE NEED FOR AN INDEPENDENT PROSECUTORIAL AUTHORITY IN MILITARY SEXUAL ASSAULT CASES Nadia Klarr* I. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................90 II. BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................92 A. Sexual Assault in the Military: Framing the Problem ...............93 B. The Need for a Separate System of Justice .................................96 C. The Uniform Code of Military Justice ........................................98 D. The Manual for Courts-Martial ..................................................98 E. Court-Martial Procedures ..........................................................98 F. Department of Defense Investigative Units ..............................100 G. Sexual Assault Prevention Initiatives in the Military ...............101 III. ANALYSIS..............................................................................................102 A. Current Process of Handling Sexual Assault Cases .................103 1. Sexual Assault Reporting Options are Often Unachievable for Many Service Members .......................................................103 2. Investigators Routinely Fail to Appropriately Respond and Investigate Reports of Sexual Assault .................................104 3. The Court-Martial Process Begins and the Victim is Traumatized Once Again .....................................................105 B. -
Contesting Regimes of Variation: Critical Groundwork for Pedagogies of Mobile Experience and Restorative Justice
Robert W. Train Sonoma State University, California CONTESTING REGIMES OF VARIATION: CRITICAL GROUNDWORK FOR PEDAGOGIES OF MOBILE EXPERIENCE AND RESTORATIVE JUSTICE Abstract: This paper examines from a critical transdisciplinary perspective the concept of variation and its fraught binary association with standard language as part of the conceptual toolbox and vocabulary for language educators and researchers. “Variation” is shown to be imbricated a historically-contingent metadiscursive regime in language study as scientific description and education supporting problematic speaker identities (e.g., “non/native”, “heritage”, “foreign”) around an ideology of reduction through which complex sociolinguistic and sociocultural spaces of diversity and variability have been reduced to the “problem” of governing people and spaces legitimated and embodied in idealized teachers and learners of languages invented as the “zero degree of observation” (Castro-Gómez 2005; Mignolo 2011) in ongoing contexts of Western modernity and coloniality. This paper explores how regimes of variation have been constructed in a “sociolinguistics of distribution” (Blommaert 2010) constituted around the delimitation of borders—linguistic, temporal, social and territorial—rather than a “sociolinguistics of mobility” focused on interrogating and problematizing the validity and relevance of those borders in a world characterized by diverse transcultural and translingual experiences of human flow and migration. This paper reframes “variation” as mobile modes-of-experiencing- the-world in order to expand the critical, historical, and ethical vocabularies and knowledge base of language educators and lay the groundwork for pedagogies of experience that impact human lives in the service of restorative social justice. Keywords: metadiscursive regimes w sociolinguistic variation w standard language w sociolinguistics of mobility w pedagogies of experience Train, Robert W. -
Three Linguistic Movements: Neogrammarianism, Structuralism, Transformationalism
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 041 282 AL 002 492 AUTHOR Katranides, Aristotle TITLE Three Linguistic Movements: Neogrammarianism, Structuralism, Transformationalism. PUB DATE Mar 70 NOTE 14p.; Paper given at the fourth annual TESOL Convention, San Francisco, California, March 18-21, 1970 EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC-$0.80 DESCRIPTORS *English (Second Language) , *Language Instruction, *Linguistics, Linguistic Theory, Structural Linguistics, *Teaching Methods, Transformation Generative Grammar IDENTIFIERS *Neogrammarianism ABSTRACT The relevance, the application, and the importance of linguistics to teaching English as a foreign language is discussed. The author's assumption is that linguistics is "irrelevant to the aims, and inapraicable to the tasks of such teaching," and agrees with linguists such as Rosenbaum that the goal of linguistic science is "to determine inductively the laws governing the behavior of observable data." Developments in linguistics during thepast 100 years can be grouped into three main movements: (1) Neogrammarianism, which introduced rigorous requirements ofan exact science into historLcal linguistics by concentratingon the observation of phonetic phenomena; (2) Structuralism, which forcefully promoted the anthropological view that all human languagesare equal in complexity of structure, and was responsible for the widely accepted view that linguistics is a panacea for all problems inevery type of language-teaching activity; and(3) Transformationalism, which has not yet contributed anything new to an understanding of natural languages but has put linguistics in some theoretical perspective and freed it from the excessive preoccupation of the structuralists with taxonomic procedure. Some time ago, language teachingwas freed from philology; quite recently language teachingwas freed from literary studies; it should now be freed from linguistics. -
From Linguistic Events and Restricted Languages to Registers. Firthian Legacy and Corpus Linguistics Jacqueline Léon
From Linguistic Events and Restricted Languages to Registers. Firthian legacy and Corpus Linguistics Jacqueline Léon To cite this version: Jacqueline Léon. From Linguistic Events and Restricted Languages to Registers. Firthian legacy and Corpus Linguistics. The Henry Sweet Society Bulletin, 2007, 49, pp.5-26. halshs-00220455 HAL Id: halshs-00220455 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00220455 Submitted on 26 Mar 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Léon J., 2007, « From Linguistic Events and Restricted Languages to Registers. Firthian legacy and Corpus Linguistics » Bulletin of the Henry Sweet Society for the History of Linguistic Ideas, n°49 :5-26 From Linguistic Events and Restricted Languages to Registers. Firthian legacy and Corpus Linguistics1 Jacqueline Léon Laboratoire d’Histoire des théories linguistiques, CNRS, Université Paris Denis Diderot It is generally acknowledged, among present-day corpus linguists working on registers and genres, that the notion of register has Firthian sources and more generally that it originates from British contextualism regarded as « the only tradition that suggests this kind of direct correlation between the functional organization of meaning in language and the organization of context. » (Eggins et Martin 1997 :239). -
Epistemological Tensions Between Linguistic Description and Ordinary Speakers’ Intuitive Knowledge: Examples from French Verb Morphology
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Serveur académique lausannois Epistemological tensions between linguistic description and ordinary speakers’ intuitive knowledge: examples from French verb morphology Christian SURCOUF École de français langue étrangère, Faculté des lettres, Université de Lausanne Abstract In this article, I address epistemological questions regarding the status of linguistic rules and the pervasive––though seldom discussed––tension that arises between theory-driven object perception by linguists on the one hand, and ordinary speakers’ possible intuitive knowledge on the other hand. Several issues will be discussed using examples from French verb morphology, based on the 6500 verbs from Le Petit Robert dictionary (2013). 1. Introduction A journalist commenting on French actress Juliette Binoche’s performance declared on the radio “elle est insupportable, elle ne joue pas elle binoche” (she is unbearable, she does not act, she “binoches”). Undoubtedly, any French native speaker can spontaneously produce the whole morphological paradigm of this brand new verb, and for instance add /ʁa/ to this Pr31 /binɔʃ/ in order to form Fut3 /binɔʃʁa/. But what is the status of this “rule”? In this article, I will mainly raise epistemological questions regarding the tension between scientific expectations while analyzing French verb inflectional morphological rules on the one hand and ordinary speakers’ possible inflectional production rules on the other. 1 Tenses are abbreviated as Pr(esent), Imp(erfect), Fut(ure), Inf(initive), P(assé) S(imple), P(ast) P(articiple). Persons follow the conventional I to they order from 1 to 6. Thus, Pr1-3 indicates Present singular. -
Chapter 7 Linguistics As a Science of Structure Ryan M
Chapter 7 Linguistics as a science of structure Ryan M. Nefdt University of the Western Cape Generative linguistics has rapidly changed during the course of a relatively short period. This has caused many to question its scientific status as a realist scientific theory (Stokhof & van Lambalgen 2011; Lappin et al. 2000). In this chapter, I argue against this conclusion. Specifically, I claim that the mathematical foundations of the science present a different story below the surface. I agree with critics that due to the major shifts in theory over the past 80 years, linguistics is indeed opened up to the problem of pessimistic meta-induction or radical theory change. However, I further argue that a structural realist approach (Ladyman 1998; French 2006) can save the field from this problem and at the same time capture its structural nature. I discuss particular historical instances of theory change in generative grammar as evidence for this interpretation and finally attempt to extend it beyond the gener- ative tradition to encompass previous frameworks in linguistics. 1 Introduction The generativist revolution in linguistics started in the mid-1950s, inspired in large part by insights from mathematical logic and in particular proof theory. Since then, generative linguistics has become a dominant paradigm, with many connections to both the formal and natural sciences. At the centre of the newly established discipline was the syntactic or formal engine, the structures of which were revealed through modelling grammatical form. The generativist paradigm in linguistics initially relied heavily upon the proof-theoretic techniques intro- duced by Emil Post and other formal logicians to model the form language takes (Tomalin 2006; Pullum 2011; 2013).1 Yet despite these aforementioned formal be- ginnings, the generative theory of linguistics has changed its commitments quite 1Here my focus will largely be on the formal history of generative syntax but I will make some comments on other aspects of linguistics along the way. -
UK Linguistic Ethnography Discussion Paper
UK linguistic ethnography: A discussion paper UK LINGUISTIC ETHNOGRAPHY: A DISCUSSION PAPER Coordinating Committee UK Linguistic Ethnography Forum 1 December 2004 Contents: 0. Preface 1. Linguistics & ethnography 1.1 Ethnography 1.2 Linguistics 1.3 Ethnography in tension with linguistics 1.4 The limits of ethnographic description 1.5 Ethnographies of discourse 2. Linguistic ethnography in the UK 2.1 Academic connections, influences and antecedents in the UK 2.2 Research trajectories and academic & political demeanours 2.3 Comparison with North American linguistic anthropology 3. Issues for the future 3.1 Generalisation & theory development 3.2 Building community and extending dialogue 0. PREFACE In recent years in the UK, a number of researchers have started to identify their work as ‘linguistic ethnography’, and 4 ½ years ago, a UK Linguistic Ethnography Forum (LEF) was established.. This work has strong links to Hymes’ ‘ethnography of communication’ (1972), but ‘the ethnography of communication’ isn’t really adequate as an umbrella characterisation because of substantial developments both in linguistic anthropology and elsewhere that have impacted on British work since the 1980s. More than that, the phrase ‘ethnography of communication’ blurs an important tension between linguistics and ethnography that contributes much to the methodological identity of linguistic ethnographic work. So what does the construct ‘linguistic ethnography’ actually imply, and what kind of cultural construction is the UK LEF? What are the links to other kinds of work, and what principles, practices, alignments and differentiations are involved UK LE’s self-constitution? These are very much genuine questions, and not just the rhetorical prelude to a proclamation of sub-disciplinary autonomy, and this paper tries to start formulating some of the answers. -
Calculus of Possibilities As a Technique in Linguistic Typology
Calculus of possibilities as a technique in linguistic typology Igor Mel’uk 1. The problem stated: A unified conceptual system in linguistics A central problem in the relationship between typology and the writing of individual grammars is that of developing a cross-linguistically viable con- ceptual system and a corresponding terminological framework. I will deal with this problem in three consecutive steps: First, I state the problem and sketch a conceptual system that I have put forward for typological explora- tions in morphology (Sections 1 and 2). Second, I propose a detailed illus- tration of this system: a calculus of grammatical voices in natural languages (Section 3). And third, I apply this calculus (that is, the corresponding con- cepts) in two particular case studies: an inflectional category known as an- tipassive and the grammatical voice in French (Sections 4 and 5). In the latter case, the investigation shows that even for a language as well de- scribed as French a rigorously standardized typological framework can force us to answer questions that previous descriptions have failed to re- solve. I start with the following three assumptions: 1) One of the most pressing tasks of today’s linguistics is description of particular languages, the essential core of this work being the writing of grammars and lexicons. A linguist sets out to describe a language as pre- cisely and exhaustively as possible; this includes its semantics, syntax, morphology and phonology plus (within the limits of time and funds avail- able) its lexicon. 2) Such a description is necessarily carried out in terms of some prede- fined concepts – such as lexical unit, semantic actant, syntactic role, voice, case, phoneme, etc. -
Concept As the Main Research Object of Cognitive Linguistics
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SCIENCE EDUCATION 2016, VOL. 11, NO. 10, 3167-3178 OPEN ACCESS Concept as the Main Research Object of Cognitive Linguistics Kunimzhan Sadirkyzy Abdikalyka, Zhanar Altynbekovna Abitzhanovaa, Zhamilya Kerimbaevna Otarbekovaa, Gulyaim Kablakatovna Kaidarovaa, and Gulzhan Abutalipovna Seidullayevab aKazakh State Women’s Training Teacher University, Almaty city, KAZAKHSTAN; bKazGASA, Almaty city, KAZAKHSTAN ABSTRACT This article dwells upon the basic unit of cognitive linguistics, which is a concept. Firstly, we provide an overview of major scientific works written by foreign linguists who pay attention to special aspects and lines of research. Secondly, we analyse conclusions on modern problems in linguistics that are drawn in cognitological studies conducted since the end of the 20th century. We also touch upon the course and practice of cognitive linguistics while considering the connection between cognition and language. In order to study a concept, which is a linguo-philosophical unit of linguistics, we examine the associative and semantic field of the concept “woman” in the Kazakh and English cultures. The linguo-philosophical analysis of the macro concept “blue” and its associative and semantic field in the English and Kazakh languages show that its cultural and personal meaning greatly differ. We prove that conceptual borders of any language display purview, knowledge, feelings, world outlook and life position of the respective ethnos and its distinctive members. KEYWORDS ARTICLE HISTORY Cognition, linguo-philosophical conception, Received 3 May 2016 anthropocentric paradigm, the sphere of cognitology, Revised 13 July 2016 linguistic units, associative field, paradigm, the Accepted 22 July 2016 concept “woman”, the concept “blue”, ethnos. Introduction It is well-known that the study of cognition has been developing from way back. -
Descriptive Theories, Explanatory Theories, and Basic Linguistic Theory1
Descriptive theories, explanatory theories, and Basic Linguistic Theory1 Matthew S. Dryer 1. Introduction Linguists often distinguish work they characterize as descriptive from work they characterize as theoretical. Similarly, linguists often characterize certain work as atheoretical. This label is sometimes applied, not only to descriptive work on particular languages, but also occasionally to crosslinguistic typological work. I argue in this chapter that this way of talking represents a fundamental confusion about the relationship between theory and description. First, there is no such thing as atheoretical description. Second, although it is confused to talk about theory and description as contrastive notions, it does make sense to talk about a contrast between description and explanation. I further argue that there is a need for both descriptive theories and explanatory theories. Descriptive theories (or theoretical frameworks) are theories about what languages are 2 like . They are theories about what tools we need in order to provide adequate descriptions of individual languages. Explanatory theories (or theoretical frameworks), in contrast, are theories about why languages are the way they are. The distinction between descriptive theories and explanatory theories is not widely recognized in linguistics, although it is not hard to identify the historical explanation for this. First, pregenerative theories, such as American structuralism, explicitly disavowed the goal of constructing an explanatory theory. As such they were examples of descriptive theories, but the underlying assumption was that that was the only type of theory needed. Generative grammar, in contrast, has aimed at being an explanatory theory. Furthermore, a central tenet of generative grammar, especially clear in the work of Chomsky since the mid-1970s (e.g. -
Typology of Signed Languages: Differentiation Through Kinship Terminology Erin Wilkinson
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of New Mexico University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Linguistics ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 7-1-2009 Typology of Signed Languages: Differentiation through Kinship Terminology Erin Wilkinson Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ling_etds Recommended Citation Wilkinson, Erin. "Typology of Signed Languages: Differentiation through Kinship Terminology." (2009). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ling_etds/40 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistics ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TYPOLOGY OF SIGNED LANGUAGES: DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY BY ERIN LAINE WILKINSON B.A., Language Studies, Wellesley College, 1999 M.A., Linguistics, Gallaudet University, 2001 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Linguistics The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico August, 2009 ©2009, Erin Laine Wilkinson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii DEDICATION To my mother iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many thanks to Barbara Pennacchi for kick starting me on my dissertation by giving me a room at her house, cooking me dinner, and making Italian coffee in Rome during November 2007. Your endless support, patience, and thoughtful discussions are gratefully taken into my heart, and I truly appreciate what you have done for me. I heartily acknowledge Dr. William Croft, my advisor, for continuing to encourage me through the long number of months writing and rewriting these chapters.