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University Micrcxilms International 300 N INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pap * to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted you will find a target note listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in "sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Micrcxilms International 300 N. ZEEB RD.. ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 8214077 Chamews, Mark Steven DESTINATION CHOICE SET COMPOSITION The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1982 University Microfilms International300 N. Zecb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1982 by Charnews, Mark Steven All Rights Reserved DESTINATION CHOICE SET COMPOSITION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Mark Charnews, B.A., B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1982 Reading Committee: Approved by Howard L. Gauthier Edward J. Taaffe S. Earl Brown Howard L. Gauthier Department of Geography DEDICATED TO DANIEL AND STEPHANIE CHARNEWS ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writing of a dissertation requires a tremendous amount of work. I would like to take this opportunity to thank those who helped me complete this research. First, I would like to thank Dr. Howard L. Gauthier. His patience, guidance and friendship during the past four years saw me through the initial idea to the finished form of this dissertation. I would like to thank Dr. Edward Taaffe for all the help he gave to me. I would like to thank Dr. S. Earl Brown. His aid and sense of humor often helped me maintain a sense of perspective. Also I would like to thank my fellow graduate students. Such comradery is rare. Second, I would like to thank the Geography Department for financial support during my years at The Ohio State University. Finally, I want to thank my parents. Through their sacrifices and encouragement during my many years in college, I was able to take advantage of opportunities they never had. This dissertation is for them. i i i VITA January 28, 1953................. Born - Greenport, New York 1975. ...................... B. A. , State University of New York at Buffalo 1975 - 1976 ...................... Teaching Assistant, Depart­ ment of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo 1976 - 1977 ...................... Graduate Fellow, Interna­ tional Development and En­ vironmental Planning Group, Buffalo, New York 1977 - 1979 ...................... Teaching Assistant, Depart­ ment of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1979 - 1982 ...................... Teaching Associate, Depart­ ment of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Publications with Barry Lentnek and John V. Cotter, "Commercial Factors in the Development of Regional Urban Systems: A Mexican Case Study," Economic Geography, 54, 291-308. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION ................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................... iii VITA........................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES........................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES.......................................... viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION....................................1 1.1 Background of Research ................. 3 1.2 Purpose of Research........................ 5 1.3 Organization of Report ................. 7 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................. 8 2.1 Traditional Covariance Models............ 12 2.2 Utility Maximization Models.............. 19 2.3 Constraint Modeling.......................31 2.4 Demand Oriented Models ................. 33 2.5 Choice Set Models......................... 38 2.6 Summary.....................................43 3. METHODOLOGY..................................... 49 3.1 Sampling and Study Area Requirements . 56 3.2 Survey Section I: Situational Variables................................ 58 3.3 Survey Section II: Store Perceptions and Satisfaction Levels ............... 59 3.4 Multidimensional Scaling: Analysis Technique for Store Perception.......... 65 3.5 MDS Analysis of Store Perception Individual and Neighborhood Level (from Survey Section II)................. 68 3.6 Survey Section III: Attitudes Towards Stores and Structure of Preference................................ 77 3.7 Synopsis of Methodology................... 85 v Page 4. ANALYSIS...............................................87 4.1 The Study Area and Sample.................... 88 4.2 Journey to Work and Shopping Trip Frequency and Information Sources.............99 4.3 Choice Set Composition....................... 104 4.4 Respondent Attitude Profile ............... 145 4.5 Conclusions.................................. 163 5. CONCLUSIONS......................................... 168 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................ 177 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1 Stress Goodness of F i t .............................67 4.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Neighborhoods ................................... 95 4.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Sample . 97 4.3 Employment Travel Time (one way) for Respondents in Minutes............................100 4.4 Number of Weekly Shopping Trips by Neighborhood.......................................101 4.5 Use of Information Sources....................... 102 4.6 Size and Number of Perceptual Groups Within the Individual's Choice Set...............106 4.7 Stores Included in South Neighborhood............ 112 4.8 Attributes Used in Store Comparisons in South Neighborhood .......................... 114 4.9 Stores Included in Central Neighborhood..........124 4.10 Attributes Used in Store Comparisons in Central Neighborhood ........................ 126 4.11 Stores Included in North Neighborhood............ 131 4.12 Attributes Used in Store Comparisons in North Neighborhood .......................... 132 4.13 Satisfaction Levels for Selected Stores..........140 4.14 List of Attributes and Levels............ 147 4.15 Tradeoff Analysis..................................152 4.16 Situational Variables of Perceptually Homogeneous Groups................................ 157 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Iso-Utility Curves for Destinations................21 2.2 Iso-Utility Curves with New Destinations .... 23 2.3 Modeling Domains.................................... 36 3.1 Flow Chart of Study................................. 51 3.2 Frequency and Importance Scales....................61 3.3 Respondent Task "Pick k out of n-1"............... 62 3.4 Similarities Matrix................................. 63 3.5 Asymmetric Multidimensional Scaling............... 69 3.6 Similarities Matrix Example........................ 72 3.7 Store Configuration................................. 73 3.8 Weighted Asymmetric Multidimensional Scaling . 76 3.9 Tradeoff Matrix Example............................ 81 4.1 Study Area Within Franklin County..................90 4.2 Store Locations..................................... 92 4.3 Location of Respondents............................ 94 4.4 Stress Plots...................................... 117 4.5 Store Configuration South Neighborhood ......... 119 4.6 Store Configuration South Neighborhood ......... 120 4.7 Store Configuration South Neighborhood ......... 121 4.8 Store Configuration Central Neighborhood .... 127 4.9 Store Configuration Central Neighborhood .... 128 4.10 Store Configuration Central Neighborhood .... 129 viii Page 4.11 Store Configuration North Neighborhood.............134 4.12 Store Configuration North Neighborhood.............135 4.13 Store Configuration North Neighborhood.............136 4.14 Attribute Pairing Diagram.......................... 149 4.15 Plot of Distances.................................. 150 ix CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION A fundamental concern in transportation geography is the problem of spatial choice. In order to anticipate future demands for transportation facilities as well
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