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Exoplanet and Solar System Science with the James Webb Space Telescope Knicole Colón JWST Deputy Project Scientist for Exoplanet Science NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Exoplanets in Our Backyard 7 February 2020 1 Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 The Path to Exoplanet and Solar System Science with JWST Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 Integration, Test, Launch, Commissioning and Science JWST sunshield deployment (Oct. 2019). Credit: NASA / Chris Gunn Ariane 5 ECA launch vehicle. Credit: Arianespace Slide courtesy Jane Rigby Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 Some Remaining I&T Activities* •System (electrical) test •Vibration and acoustics tests •Observatory post-environmental deployments •Final system test •Observatory fold and stow for launch Slide courtesy Eric Smith NOTE: *Top-level tasks to go. Many activities https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/nasa-s-james-webb- are associated with each of these steps. space-telescope-clears-critical-sunshield-deployment-testing Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 Webb is planned to ship from California to French Guiana in late 2020 Webb is set to launch on top of ESA’s Ariane 5 in 2021 from French Guiana It will undergo a month long 1.5 million km journey to its destination at the second Lagrange point National Aeronautics and Space Administration 6 Photo credit: ESA Commissioning JWST This is a complex, 6 month process. Credit: NASA / Jane Rigby Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 Science Instruments The four different JWST instruments cover an array of imaging and spectroscopy observing modes from optical to infrared wavelengths (0.6 to 28.5 microns). 1. NIRCam 2. NIRISS 3. NIRSpec 4. MIRI Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 Starting Science with JWST • Six months after launch, commissioning is planned to end, and science operations to begin. • The Cycle 1 schedule will intersperse observations from GO, GTO, ERS, and calibration programs. • Cycle 1 is just the beginning! JWST is planned to have a mission duration of 5-10 years. GO: General Observer GTO: Guaranteed Time Observer ERS: Director’s Discretionary Time Early Release Science Credit: Northrop Grumman Slide courtesy Jane Rigby Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 Exoplanet and Solar System Science with JWST There are three flavors of planetary observations that will be conducted with the 6.5-meter infrared JWST to better understand the formation, composition, and evolution of planetary systems: 1. Imaging and spectroscopy of Solar System bodies 2. Direct imaging of exoplanets and disks 3. Time-series observations of transiting exoplanets Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 Solar System Early Release Science and Guaranteed Time Observation Programs Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 ERS Solar System Program Early Release Science Program - Status as of June 2019 ERS Observations of the Jovian System as a Demonstration of JWST’s Capabilities for Solar System Science (28.9 hours) PI: Imke de Pater, Co-PI: Thierry Fouchet • the Jupiter system • Characterize Jupiter’s cloud layers, winds, composition, auroral activity, and temperature structure; • Produce maps of the atmosphere and surface of volcanically-active Io and icy satellite Ganymede to constrain their thermal and atmospheric structure, and search for plumes; and • Characterize the ring structure, and its sources, sinks and evolution. • MIRI: Medium Resolution Spectroscopy • NIRCam: Imaging • NIRISS: Aperture Masking Interferometry • NIRSpec: IFU Spectroscopy http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/observing-programs/approved-ers-programs Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 GTO Solar System Programs Guaranteed Time Observation Programs - Status as of June 2019 • Asteroids, Comets • Near Earth Objects (NEOs) • Mars, Jupiter (the Great Red Spot), Europa, Saturn (and its rings and small satellites), Enceladus, Titan, Uranus, Neptune • Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) • Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/observing-programs/approved-gto-programs Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 JWST Observations of Giant Planets Norwood et al. (2016) describes Webb’s opportunities in the near- and mid-infrared for Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus (Fig. 4), and Neptune. Webb can take advantage of methane’s wavelength- dependent absorption to engage in myriad investigations: • mapping vertical and horizontal cloud structures, including major storm systems and their evolution; • mapping of latitudinal methane variation on Uranus and Neptune to explore implications for global circulation; and • comparing near-simultaneous reflected-light and thermal imagery to study thermo-chemical processes behind different features. Other stratospheric investigations on these planets include mapping distributions of oxygen-bearing species such as CO2, CO, and H2O to constrain the influx rates and sources of external oxygen (sources may include infalling ring particles, dust from Figure 4. Uranus with Webb’s four MIRI medium-resolution IFUs. satellites, Kuiper Belt objects, or cometary impacts) Different optical elements and light paths for each channel result in fields of view that are offset and rotated with respect to each other. The IFUs will produce spectral maps with high efficiency Slide courtesy Heidi Hammel for Uranus, even at R=3000. Keck image courtesy L. Sromovsky. Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 NIRSpec Simulation of Europa’s Water Plumes Credit: NASA-GSFC/SVS, Hubble Space Telescope, Stefanie Milam, Geronimo Villanueva Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 Direct Imaging of Exoplanets and Disks Early Release Science and Guaranteed Time Observation Programs Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 Direct Imaging Modes http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/instrumentation/imaging-modes Direct Imaging with MIRI, NIRCam, NIRISS Coronagraphy with MIRI, NIRCam Aperture Masking Interferometry with NIRISS Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 ERS Direct Imaging Exoplanet Program Early Release Science Program - Status as of June 2019 High Contrast Imaging of Exoplanets and Exoplanetary Systems with JWST (51.7 hours) PI: Sasha Hinkley, Co-PIs: Andrew Skemer and Beth Biller • Generate representative datasets in modes to be commonly used by the exoplanet and disk imaging communities; • Deliver science enabling products to empower a broad user base to develop successful future investigations; and • Carry out breakthrough science by characterizing exoplanets for the first time over their full spectral range from 2-28 microns, and debris disk spectrophotometry out to 15 microns sampling the 3 micron water ice feature. http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/observing-programs/approved-ers-programs Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 ERS Direct Imaging Exoplanet Program Early Release Science Program - Status as of June 2019 MIRI Coronagraphic Imaging HIP 65426 NIRCam Coronagraphic Imaging Chauvin et al. 2017 NIRISS Aperture Masking Interferometry MIRI Medium Resolution Spectroscopy VHS 1256 NIRCam Imaging Gauza et al. 2015 NIRSpec IFU Spectroscopy HR 4796 A MIRI Coronagraphic Imaging Milli et al. 2017 NIRCam Coronagraphic Imaging Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 GTO Direct Imaging Exoplanet Programs Guaranteed Time Observation Programs - Status as of June 2019 Targets: • Nearly 30 unique systems will be observed Observing Modes: • MIRI Coronagraphic Imaging • MIRI Imaging • MIRI Low Resolution Spectroscopy • MIRI Medium Resolution Spectroscopy • NIRCam Coronagraphic Imaging • NIRISS Aperture Masking Interferometry • NIRSpec Fixed Slit Spectroscopy • NIRSpec IFU Spectroscopy HR 8799; Credit: Wang/Marois http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/observing-programs/approved-gto-programs Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 Transiting Exoplanet Early Release Science and Guaranteed Time Observation Programs Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 Time-Series Modes https://jwst-docs.stsci.edu/methods-and-roadmaps/jwst-time-series-observations https://exoctk.stsci.edu/pandexo/ Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 ERS Transiting Exoplanet Program Early Release Science Program - Status as of June 2019 The Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Program (80.4 hours) PI: Natalie Batalha, Co-PIs: Jacob L. Bean and Kevin B. Stevenson • Determine the spectrophotometric timeseries performance of the key instrument modes on timescales relevant to transits for a representative range of target star brightnesses. • Jump-start the process of developing remediation strategies for instrument-specific systematic noise. • Provide the community a comprehensive suite of transiting exoplanet data to fully demonstrate JWST’s scientific capabilities in this area. http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/observing-programs/approved-ers-programs Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 ERS Transiting Exoplanet Program Early Release Science Program - Status as of June 2019 Bean et al. 2018 Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 ERS Transiting Exoplanet Program Early Release Science Program - Status as of June 2019 WASP-79b simulated transmission spectrum from JWST Bean et al. 2018 Knicole Colón Exoplanets in Our Backyard - 7 February 2020 ERS Transiting Exoplanet Program Early Release Science Program
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    Worlds Apart - Finding Exoplanets Illustrated Video Credit: NASA, JPL-Caltech, T. Pyle; Acknowledgement: djxatlanta Dr. Billy Teets Vanderbilt University Dyer Observatory Osher Lifelong Learning Institute Thursday, November 5, 2020 Outline • A bit of info and history about planet formation theory. • A discussion of the main exoplanet detection techniques including some of the missions and telescopes that are searching the skies. • A few examples of “notable” results. Evolution of our Thinking of the Solar System • First “accepted models” were geocentric – Ptolemy • Copernicus – heliocentric solar system • By 1800s, heliocentric model widely accepted in scientific community • 1755 – Immanuel Kant hypothesizes clouds of gas and dust • 1796 – Kant and P.-S. LaPlace both put forward the Solar Nebula Disk Theory • Today – if Solar System formed from an interstellar cloud, maybe other clouds formed planets elsewhere in the universe. Retrograde Motion - Mars Image Credits: Tunc Tezel Retrograde Motion as Explained by Ptolemy To explain retrograde, the concept of the epicycle was introduced. A planet would move on the epicycle (the smaller circle) as the epicycle went around the Earth on the deferent (the larger circle). The planet would appear to shift back and forth among the background stars. Evolution of our Thinking of the Solar System • First “accepted models” were geocentric – Ptolemy • Copernicus – heliocentric solar system • By 1800s, heliocentric model widely accepted in scientific community • 1755 – Immanuel Kant hypothesizes clouds of gas and dust • 1796 – Kant and P.-S. LaPlace both put forward the Solar Nebula Disk Theory • Today – if Solar System formed from an interstellar cloud, maybe other clouds formed planets elsewhere in the universe.
  • THE DISTANCE to the YOUNG EXOPLANET 2M1207 B in the TW HYA ASSOCIATION. E. E. Mamajek, Harvard- Smithsonian Center for Astrophys

    THE DISTANCE to the YOUNG EXOPLANET 2M1207 B in the TW HYA ASSOCIATION. E. E. Mamajek, Harvard- Smithsonian Center for Astrophys

    Protostars and Planets V 2005 8522.pdf THE DISTANCE TO THE YOUNG EXOPLANET 2M1207 B IN THE TW HYA ASSOCIATION. E. E. Mamajek, Harvard- Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., MS-42, Cambridge MA 02138, USA, ([email protected]). Introduction: Results: Recently, a faint companion to the young brown dwarf ² The proper motion and radial velocity of 2M1207 are statisti- 2MASSW J1207334-393254 (2M1207) was imaged [1], and cally consistent with TWAmembership (quantitatively strength- found to have common proper motion with its primary [2]. ening claims by [1,4]). The brown dwarf and companion are purported to be members ² The moving cluster method predicts a distance of 53 § 6 pc of the »10 Myr-old TW Hya Association (TWA) [3,4]. As- to the 2M1207 system. suming a distance of 70 § 20 pc and age of 10 Myr, the brown ² The improved distance roughly halves the previously cal- dwarf and companion are consistent with masses of »25 MJup culated luminosities for 2M1207 A and B, and reduces their » » and »5 MJup [1]. There is currently little constraint on the inferred masses to 21 MJup and 3 MJup using modern distance to this astrophysically interesting system (with the evolutionary tracks [9]. The current projected separation be- secondary possibly being the first imaged extrasolar planet). tween A and B is 41 § 5 AU. Although a trigonometric parallax is not yet available, it is pos- ² Objects in the literature with the “TWA” acronym seem to sible to use the proper motion and putative cluster membership be segregated by distance into at least two groups, with TWA of the 2M1207 system to estimate the distance using the mov- 12, 17, 18, 19, 24 appearing to be more distant (d ' 100- ing cluster method.