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El Dispositivo De Israelización En Una “Jerusalén Abierta”

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El Dispositivo De Israelización En Una “Jerusalén Abierta” UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN MARTÍN INSTITUTO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS SOCIALES MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIA POLÍTICA “El dispositivo de israelización en una “Jerusalén abierta” : el planeamiento ur- bano como tecnología de poder gubernamental en Jerusalén Este durante el primer gobierno de Nir Barkat (2009-2013) ” Tesis para optar por el título de Magíster en Ciencia Política MA. Ignacio Rullansky Director: Dr. Emmanuel Taub Buenos Aires, 2017 1 “El dispositivo de israelización en una “Jerusalén abierta”: el planeamiento urbano como tecnología de poder gubernamental en Jerusalén Este durante el primer gobierno de Nir Barkat (2009-2013) ” Tesis para optar por el título de Magíster en Ciencia Política Autor: MA. Ignacio Rullansky Director: Dr. Emmanuel Taub Resumen. La principal pregunta que recorre este trabajo es de qué manera a partir de la llegada de Nir Barkat a la alcaldía de Jerusalén se ha implementado un uso de diferentes técnicas gubernamentales de intervención sobre el territorio de Jerusalén Este con el objetivo de construir y fomentar una determinada identidad nacional y cultural. Asimismo, la interrogante plantea en qué medida el despliegue de dichas tecnologías ha tendido a consolidar un cierto régimen de ejercicio del poder gubernamental que se asemeje a las representaciones plasmadas en los discursos de las autoridades municipales, en razón de sus vínculos con una multiplicidad de actores locales, es decir, teniendo en cuenta también la dimensión extradiscursiva de la praxis. En este sentido, las técnicas aplicadas durante el gobierno de Barkat han intentado producir una mutación en un doble sentido. Por un lado, sin alterar estructuralmente el sistema tradicional de gobierno hacer un uso más efectivo de la fuerza; por el otro y en relación a esto, afianzar la dominación sobre la población árabe residente de Jerusalén Este. Indagamos, pues, en la institución de un régimen de poder y de verdad que conjuga el despliegue de tecnologías de planeamiento urbano vinculadas a la cuestión identitaria. Objetivos Objetivo general: Analizar la utilización de las políticas de planeamiento urbano y ordenamiento territorial como una herramienta del ejercicio del poder estatal de dominación (construcción de hegemonía e identidad) en el caso de la población árabe residente en el territorio de Jerusalén Este durante el gobierno de Nir Barkat (de 2008 hasta la actualidad) en virtud de los conflictos nacionales y culturales presentes (conflicto palestino-israelí). Objetivos específicos: * Indagar en la modalidad de la implementación de las políticas públicas dentro de la Municipalidad de Jerusalén entre 2008 y 2014 con el objeto de identificar los elementos más característicos a partir de los cuales el Estado ha buscado incidir en los comportamientos de la población en cuestión. * Analizar críticamente desde las nociones de racionalidades políticas y tecnologías de gobierno, el concepto de “judaización” aplicado a Jerusalén Este y su propiedad teórica a la luz de los hallazgos aportados por el estudio de caso. * Analizar cómo la cuestión nacional e identitaria de la población árabe residente es tematizada por la racionalidad política presente en los discursos de las autoridades estatales y cuáles son los objetivos e intereses políticos y culturales implícitos en estos discursos. Metodología y fuentes: Este proyecto de investigación se llevó a cabo implementando un tipo de metodología que responde al paradigma cualitativo, por lo que se priorizó un enfoque hermenéutico que comprendió la recurrencia a dos tipos de fuentes. Por un lado, a fuentes primarias; eminentemente, documentos oficiales de planeamiento urbano de la Municipalidad de Jerusalén: códigos de edificación, planos maestros, planos de ordenamiento territorial para barrios específicos, comunicados, discursos y cartas oficiales. Por otro lado, a fuentes secundarias entre las que se cuentan las siguientes: discursos reproducidos en medios, entrevistas publicadas en periódicos u otras fuentes, sitios web, traducciones de planos urbanos hechas por centros de investigación, artículos periodísticos y académicos, mapas, entre otros. Agradecimientos Escribí esta tesis entre Buenos Aires y Nueva York entre mis 26 y 27 años. Mis esfuerzos por pensar el gobierno y la vida en una tercera ciudad, Jerusalén, se nutrieron de riqueza de todo cuanto despertó mi curiosidad, sensibilidad y pasión por involucrarme en la vida social y política de las tres. A pesar de la fortaleza de las impresiones, ninguna debe juzgarse “eterna como el agua y el aire”, pero intuyo que algo distingue a aquella representada a partir de remotas imágenes que copiaron los artistas sin nombre que dibujaron en los muros de la sinagoga de mis bisabuelos en Basavilbaso, la dorada cúpula que corona la más pretendida de todas las ciudades en la historia de los hombres y las mujeres. Agradezco Al Dr. Emmanuel Taub, quien desde que aceptó dirigir este proyecto tuvo conmigo gestos de honda generosidad. Su acompañamiento fue indispensable para enriquecer mi perspectiva y mis capacidades analíticas. Gracias al entusiasmo que despertó en mí con cada una de nuestras reuniones e intercambios, logré desarrollar un modo propio de acercarme a mis fuentes, de pensar y concebir los conceptos que aquí presento, pero también, le debo a su seguimiento el haber refinado mi escritura y mi manera de presentar mis hallazgos. El Dr. Taub supo transmitirme su confianza en mi crecimiento como investiga- dor, y su reconocimiento de mis logros fue siempre acompañado de la mirada alegre de un verdadero maestro, cuyo apoyo y dedicación conmigo, agradezco profundamente. Al Dr. Martín Plot, mi director como becario doctoral del CONICET, por su excelente predisposición a trabajar conmigo. Su lectura paciente, sus aportes minuciosos y sus comentarios sinceros guiaron con criterio mis habilidades para desarrollar aspectos teóricos que se presentan en esta tesis y que continuaré trabajando en mis estudios doctorales. Agradezco su extraordinaria apertura y confianza conmigo, y su inmensa generosidad por compartir conmigo su agudeza crítica y su calidez Al Dr. Meir Margalit, por introducirme al análisis del mundo jerosolimitano, por darme la bienvenida en Jerusalén, mostrándome sus calles, edificios públicos y cafés, y por apoyarme en mi investigación como un mentor y un amigo. A Miguel Ángel Forte por darme la bienvenida al mundo de la sociología y a Ivana Socoloff por hacer lo propio con el del oficio de la investigación. A Mariela Cuadro y mis compa- ñeros del Departamento de Medio Oriente del Instituto de Relaciones Internacional de la Universidad Nacional de la Plata. A profesores del IDAES como Gerardo Aboy Carlés y Julián Melo y a los profesores de The Milano School of International Affairs, Management and Urban Policy de The New School, Ste- phen Collier, Antina Von Schnitzler, Peter Hoffman, Peter Lucas, Margarita Gutman, Michael Cohen y Erin McCandless, y de The New School for Social Research, Benoit Challand, Andrew Arato, Levent Koker y Emmanuel Guerisoli. Al CONICET por apoyar mi investigación y mi formación doctoral, y por haberme dado la oportunidad de realizar una estadía de investigación en la ciudad de Nueva York en The New School. A mis amigos y colegas Federico Luis Abiuso, Isabel Rollandi y Ana Paola Quaglia, por haberme acom- pañado tanto en el recorrido intelectual como en la intimidad del trayecto de escritura de cada una de nuestras tesis. A mis amigos Tomás, Santiago, Daniela, Sebastián, Hernán, Victoria, Juan Martín, San- tiago, Jonathan, Lauren, Simone y Gabriel. 2 A mis padres y mi hermano, por creer incansablemente en mí y demostrármelo cariñosamente, siempre. Gracias por todo aquello que no pudiendo verbalizar en una vida puede ser comprendido en una dedica- toria. A Laura, por ser la compañera amorosa con quien crecimos como adultos y colegas, apoyándonos y creyendo el uno en el otro, y acompañando, orgullosos, el camino del otro. 3 ÍNDICE Introducción ……………………………………………………………………………………………6. Capítulo I: El dispositivo de israelización: discursos y prácticas en torno al gobierno de la ciudad de Jerusalén en la actualidad. 1. Introducción ……………………………………………………………………………………15. 2. Sobre el proceso de judaización: elementos característicos …………………………………….18. 3. Gubernamentalidad, racionalidades políticas y tecnologías de gobierno …………………… .…27. 4. Gubernamentalidad y Judaización en Jerusalén Este: el planeamiento urbano como tecnología de gobierno. ……………………………………………………………………………………….33. 5. Racionalidades políticas y tecnologías de gobierno en Jerusalén Este: 1967-2008 ……………..36. 6. Consideraciones sobre la noción del dispositivo de israelización para un análisis del caso jeroso- limitano ………………………………………………………………………………………...50. 7. La irrupción de la “Jerusal!n abierta” : la racionalidad política de Nir Barkat (2008-2014) …….56. Capítulo II: Un arte de gobierno para una “Jerusal!n abierta” : el planeamiento urbano como dispositivo durante el gobierno de Nir Barkat. 1. Introducción ……………………………………………………………………………………70. 2. Constitución de regímenes de poder y de verdad en una “Jerusal!n abierta” : una exploración teó- rico-práctica del planeamiento urbano en una ciudad multi-fronteriza …………………………72. 3. El planeamiento urbano en Jerusalén Este: la territorialización de la israelización a través de la expansión y densificación de viviendas ………………………………………………………...91. 4. Análisis y tipificación de casos de densificación y expansión en una “Jerusal!n abierta”………99. 5. Relaciones de fuerzas entre los actores involucrados en el planeamiento urbano:
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