Universidade Federal De Pernambuco Centro De Ciências Biológicas Pós Graduação Em Biologia De Fungos ADRIENE MAYRA DA SILVA

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Universidade Federal De Pernambuco Centro De Ciências Biológicas Pós Graduação Em Biologia De Fungos ADRIENE MAYRA DA SILVA Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Centro de Ciências Biológicas Pós Graduação em Biologia de Fungos ADRIENE MAYRA DA SILVA SOARES RIQUEZA DE FUNGOS POROIDES (AGARICOMYCETES) NA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL BRASILEIRA Recife 2017 ADRIENE MAYRA DA SILVA SOARES RIQUEZA DE FUNGOS POROIDES (AGARICOMYCETES) NA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL BRASILEIRA Tese apresentada ao Curso de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia de Fungos. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Tatiana Baptista Gibertoni Recife 2017 Catalogação na fonte Elaine Barroso CRB 1728 Soares, Adriene Mayra da Silva Riqueza de fungos poroides (Agaricomycetes) na Amazônia Oriental brasileira. / Recife: O Autor, 2017. 126 folhas: il., fig., tab. Orientadora: Tatiana Baptista Gibertoni Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Centro de Biociências. Biologia de Fungos, Recife, 2017. Inclui referências e apêndices 1. Basidiomycota 2. Filogenia 3. Amazônia I. Gibertoni, Tatiana Baptista (orient.) II. Título 579.59 CDD (22.ed.) UFPE/CCB-2017- 554 ADRIENE MAYRA DA SILVA SOARES RIQUEZA DE FUNGOS POROIDES (AGARICOMYCETES) NA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL BRASILEIRA Tese apresentada ao Curso de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de fungos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de mestre em Biologia de Fungos. Aprovada em: ___/___/____17 05 2017 COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA ___________________________________________ Dra. Tatiana Baptista Gibertoni Departamento de Micologia, UFPE. ___________________________________________ Dra. Laise de Holanda Cavalcanti Andrade Departamento de Botânica, UFPE. ___________________________________________ Dra. Elaine Malosso Departamento de Micologia, UFPE. _________________________________________ Dr. Augusto César Pessôa Santiago Departamento de Botânica, UFPE. ___________________________________________ Dra. Bianca Denise Barbosa da Silva Departamento de Botânica, UFBA. Aos meus amores, Afonso e Silvana. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Jeová Deus, acima de tudo, por ter me dado vida e por mais uma etapa concluída. Aos meus pais, Afonso e Silvana Soares, pelo apoio financeiro e o esforço que fizeram para que nada me faltasse, pelo amor e dedicação e orientações para que eu fizesse escolhas certas. As minhas queridas amigas-irmãs Mari e Mayara pela ajuda, carinho, amor e apoio na minha vida. À Dra. Tatiana Baptista Gibertoni, pela orientação neste trabalho, paciência e dedicação, pelo respeito e compreensão e principalmente e pela confiança em mim depositada. Ao meu amigo Helio Plautz, tanto na minha vida pessoal, mas especialmente na profissional. À Universidade Federal de Pernambuco e aos professores que foram muito importantes na minha formação. Ao Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi pela infraestrutura para realização deste trabalho. Ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Fungos pelo suporte financeiro na minha formação. Ao IBAMA e ICMBIO pela licença na coleta de fungos e em especial apoio logístico de campo na FLONA do Amapá e Saracá-Taquera. À Dra. Helen Sotão, por sua contribuição, amizade construída e por todas as oportunidades ofertadas. Ao Dr. Karl Henrik Larsson, Museu de História Natural de Oslo, pela recepção, orientação e cuidado no doutorado Sanduiche na Noruega. Ao Dr Leif Ryvarden, Universidade de Oslo, Noruega, pela orientação no Doutorado sanduíche. Ao Dr. Alexandre Aleixo, à MSc. Cinthia Helena, MSc Joice, MSc Tibério e MSc Leonardo, além de toda equipe do Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do MPEG, pela concessão do uso deste laboratório, orientação e paciência em me auxiliarem nas etapas de extração, sequenciamento e interpretação dos dados moleculares. Aos técnicos do MPEG, Sr. Mário Rosa; aos guias de campo, Sr. Davi, Sr. Galvão e Sr. Luís Carlos pelo suporte e apoio do trabalho de campo. Aos técnicos do herbário URM e MG, especialmente ao João (URM), por toda ajuda sempre que precisei. Aos meus colegas de Laboratório, Georgea Nogueira, Victor Coimbra, Nelson Lima, Rayan Rento, Carla lira, Edvaldo Junior pela ajuda nas coletas, identificações, sugestões e todo apoio ao meu trabalho. A todas as pessoas que convivi e que tanto contribuíram de alguma forma para a realização deste trabalho, como na minha formação e meu amadurecimento nestes anos. Ao fascinante reino dos fungos, que me encantam a cada dia. “Dediquei-me a adquirir sabedoria e a observar toda a atividade realizada na terra, e até mesmo fiquei sem dormir, dia e noite. Então eu considerei todo o trabalho do verdadeiro Deus e percebi que a humanidade não é capaz de compreender o que acontece debaixo do sol. Por mais que os homens tentem, não podem compreender. Mesmo que digam que são bastante sábios para entender, não são capazes de compreender”. Eclesiaste 8:16, 17 RESUMO Os Agaricomycetes poroides são caracterizados pela presença do himenóforo tubular que, quando visto frontalmente, apresenta-se em forma de poros. A maioria dos representantes deste grupo degrada a madeira morta, sendo assim chamados de lignocelulolíticos, mas também são encontrados no solo ou, mais raramente, parasitando espécies vegetais. A fim de ampliar o conhecimento sobre a riqueza desse grupo de fungos na Amazônia brasileira, foram realizadas 13 coletas em cinco áreas de floresta ombrófila densa neste bioma. Foram identificados, morfologica e/ou molecularmente, 1998 espécimes que corresponderam a 191 espécies de Agaricomycetes poroides, distribuídas em 11 famílias e cinco ordens. Dessas, 13 são espécies novas para ciência, uma para o Neotrópico, uma para a América do Sul, 18 para o Brasil e 21 para a Amazônia. Apenas 13 espécies ocorreram em todas as áreas. As espécies novas Ceriporia paralacerata, Fomitopsis roseoalba, Rhodofomitopsis flabellata, Phanerochaete paraensis, Perenniporia brasiliensis, Steccherinum amapaense, Tyromyces amazonicus e Tyromyces angulatus foram determinadas através de dados morfológicos e moleculares. Das demais espécies novas, não foram obtidos dados moleculares e preferiu-se não descreve-las, uma vez que estes dados tem se mostrado imprescindíveis na confirmação de espécies. Este estudo foi um dos que apresentou uma das maiores riquezas encontradas na Amazônia brasileira. Palavras-chave: Basidiomycota, Polyporales, micobiota, taxonomia, filogenia. ABSTRACT The poroid Agaricomycetes are mainly characterized by the tubular hymenophore, which seems poroid frontally. Most species decay wood, being known as lignocelulolytic; however, they are found on soil or, rarely, on plant hosts. In order to increase the knowledge about this group of fungi in the Brazilian Amazonia, 13 field trips were carried in this biome. In the present study, 1,998 specimens were indentified, representing 191 species, belonging to 11 families and five orders. Among them, 13 are new species to science; one is a new record to the Neotropics and one to South America, 18 to Brazil, and 21 to the Brazilian Amazonia. Only 13 species were common in all areas. The new species Ceriporia paralacerata, Fomitopsis roseoalba, Rhodofomitopsis flabellata, Phanerochaete paraensis, Perenniporia brasiliensis, Steccherinum amapaense, Tyromyces amazonicus e T. angulatus were determined through morphological and molecular data. Molecular data were not acquired from the other new species, and it was chosen not to describe them, since these data has been shown to be indispensable for the confirmation of new species. This study recovered one of the richest mycobiota in the Brazilian Amazonia. Key-words: Basidiomycota, Polyporales, mycobiota, taxonomy, phylogeny. SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................... 12 2 FUNDAMENTAÇÃO TEÓRICA ............................................................................. 14 2.1 Conhecimento de Agaricomycetes Poroides na Amazônia brasileira ....................... 14 2.2 Estudos moleculares em Agaricomycetes poroides................................................... 16 3 OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Objetivo geral ............................................................................................................ 19 3.2 Objetivos específicos ................................................................................................. 20 4 PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS ............................................................. 19 4.1 Áreas de estudo .......................................................................................................... 19 4.2 Coletas, identificação e herborização dos espécimes ................................................ 23 4.3 Extrações de DNA e análises moleculares. ............................................................... 24 5 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO ............................................................................... 42 5.1 Riqueza de espécies de Agaricomycetes poroides na Amazônia oriental brasileira 42 5.2 Taxonomia Molecular de fungos poroides ................................................................ 59 5.2.1 Clado "Antrodia” ................................................................................................... 59 5.2.2 Clado "phlebioid” .................................................................................................. 64 5.2.3 Clado "residual polyporoid” .................................................................................. 70 5.2.4 Serpulaceae Jarosch & Bresinsky ..........................................................................
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