Turk J Bot 27 (2003) 223-226 © TÜB‹TAK Research Note Myxomycetes from Erzurum, Bayburt and Gümüflhane Provinces (Turkey)
‹jlal OCAK, ‹smet HASENEKO⁄LU Atatürk University, Kaz›m Karabekir Education Faculty, Department of Biology Education, Erzurum - TURKEY
Received: 30.07.2002 Accepted: 18.11.2002
Abstract: The myxomycete flora of Erzurum, Bayburt and Gümüflhane provinces was investigated. Thirty-one myxomycete species were isolated in moist chamber culture. Licea tuberculata G.W.Martin, Physarum leucopus Link and Didymium crustaceum Fr. are new records for Turkey.
Key Words: myxomycetes, flora, new records, Turkey
Erzurum, Bayburt ve Gümüflhane’nin Myxomycetes’leri
Özet: Bu çal›flmada Erzurum, Bayburt ve Gümüflhane illerinin myxomycetes floras› araflt›r›lm›flt›r. Nemli oda kültüründen 31 myxomycetes türü izole edilmifltir. Licea tuberculata G.W.Martin, Physarum leucopus Link ve Didymium crustaceum Fr. Türkiye için yeni kay›tlard›r.
Anahtar Sözcükler: myxomycetes, flora, yeni kay›tlar, Türkiye
Introduction and biophysicists. They are also ideal tools for True slime molds, or myxomycetes, are protists. They experimental studies such as the mitotic cycle, occur in moist places, feed on micro-organisms, and have morphogenesis, the chemical changes that govern a number of unique biological features. Myxomycetes are reproduction, aging and a variety of other questions cosmopolitan and can be found in a variety of different challenging scientists (Therrien, 1966; Aldrich, 1967; habitats. They are most common in moist temperate Aldrich & Mims, 1970; Mims, 1972; Collins et al., 1978; forests; however, they are also found in tropical forests, Morita & Nishi, 1993; Smith, 1994). grasslands, alpine regions, the Arctic and Antarctic and Myxomycetes from Turkey were first extensively even in deserts. While some species are very widely published by Harkonen & Uotila (1983), Harkonen distributed, others are restricted to certain habitats, or (1987) and Lado (1994). So far, however, only 133 extreme substrates such as dung and cacti (Alexopoulos et species have been reported in Turkey (Ergül & Dülger, al., 1996; Stephenson & Stempen, 2000). 2000; 2002a; 2002b). Thus, the myxomycete flora of In addition to substrates, moisture and temperature Erzurum, Bayburt and Gümüflhane provinces has not are also important for myxomycetes. There are been investigated at present. In this study, we performed myxomycete fructifications throughout the year in some floristic research to uncover myxomycetes found in these northern temperate regions. However, not all species rather unsuitable environments for myxomycete growth. may be found at all times. Some are more abundant in Description of the research area spring, some in the middle of summer and others in early The research areas are Erzurum, Bayburt and autumn (Alexopoulos et al., 1996). Gümüflhane provinces. In 1999 and 2000, several Myxomycetes have proved to be valuable experimental excursions in various months were made to the above organisms, not only for mycologists, but also for provinces and samples were collected. cytologists, geneticists, molecular biologists, biochemists
223 Myxomycetes from Erzurum, Bayburt and Gümüflhane Provinces (Turkey)
Erzurum is in eastern Anatolia, which has a harsh- Results and Discussion continental climate. Its average temperature over 42 Samples were collected from 27 locations on nine years is 6 ºC. In this province, temperatures do not fall trips to Erzurum, Bayburt and Gümüflhane on different below zero from April to November, but from December dates and they were examined in the laboratory. to March they usually do. The annual rainfall is 447.4 mm As a result of determinations of myxomycetes, which (Do¤anay et al., 1998). grew in moist chamber culture, 31 species were isolated. The majority of land around Erzurum is in natural The species list and number of samples, localities and steppe areas. Grasslands are damaged because of substrates are shown in Table 1. excessive grazing. Only 7% of the whole land area of A fairly good flora was found in the study area despite Erzurum is covered with forest (Do¤anay et al., 1998). climatic difficulties and geographic conditions. The city of Bayburt is in the Bayburt valley at an Because of the climatic conditions and relatively altitude of 1400-1700 m. The climate in the Bayburt shorter fructification time, no myxomycetes, with fruiting valley and its surroundings has continental characteristics. bodies, were collected from natural habitats in Erzurum, Its annual average temperature is 7 ºC and its annual Bayburt or Gümüflhane provinces. rainfall is 434 mm. The dominant vegetation is steppe, excluding small forests composed of pine, oak and juniper There are some species restricted to Erzurum; they are Licea tuberculata G.W.Martin, Licea tenera E.Jahn, Trichia trees (Yaz›c›, 1995). decipiens (Pers.) T.Macbr., T. botrytis (J.F.Gmel.) Pers. The annual average temperature in Gümüflhane and Physarum auriscalpium Cooke, P. cinereum (Batsch) Pers., its surroundings is 10 ºC, and its climate has P. leucopus Link, P. pusillum (Berk & M.A.Curtis) G.Lister, characteristics between the eastern Anatolia and eastern Didymium crustaceum Fr., D. squamulosum (Alb. & Black Sea region climates. The general vegetation is Schwein) Fr. and Comatricha lurida Lister. These species steppe from the valley basin to higher lands, except for were generally found on the bark and rotten logs of cultivated fields. On higher lands, forests composed of Populus L. sp., Salix L. sp. Licea tuberculata (on pieces of pine, juniper, oak and fir are seen (Özey, 1991). twig), Trichia decipiens (on mixed litter). Physarum leucopus and Physarum pusillum (on bark of Populus sp.), Didymium crustaceum (litter under Rosa canina L.) and Methods Comatricha lurida (on bark of Salix sp.) are observed only The samples were collected in a systematic manner in single samples (Table 1). The species seen only in from collection localities, chosen randomly from the Gümüflhane and Bayburt provinces are Licea castanea provinces. However, they were distributed rather equally G.Lister, Licea denudescens H.W.Keller & T.E.Brooks (on among various altitudes, throughout roadsides, bark of Salix sp.), Arcyria cinerea (Bull.) Pers., A. nutans woodlands and steppe areas. (Bull.) Grev., A. versicolor W.Pill. Badhamia panicea (Fries) During the visits to the above regions, the bark and Rostaf (on bark of Populus sp.), B. foliicola Lister (on bark of Populus sp. and Salix sp.), Stemonitis hyperopta Meyl., wood of decaying stumps, the bark of living trees, Comatricha nigra (Pers.) Schroet and Enerthenema decaying leaves, pieces of fallen twigs, the humus layer on papillatum (Pers.) Rostaf. (on bark of Pinus sylvestris L.). the soil, and decaying needles and cones were collected These species were also observed only in single samples and put in moist chamber culture so that myxomycetes except for B. foliicola (Table 1). could grow (Martin & Alexopoulos, 1969; Lakhanpal & Mukerji, 1981). The substrates on which myxomycetes were found, are various. We observed that myxomycetes grow As mounting medium, Amman’s lactophenol, Hoyer’s, especially on the barks of pines, poplars and willows. Hantsch’s fluid, KOH 3% solution and water were used. Besides these, fructifications were found on the bark of The samples were preserved in the first three media various fruit trees, fallen leaves, cones, pieces of twig, without changing any of their physiological properties and humus masses. This is a normal occurrence also seen (Farr, 1981; Martin et al., 1983). in the literature (Harkonen & Ukkola, 2000; Stephenson 1988).
224 ‹. OCAK, ‹. HASENEKO⁄LU
Table 1. The species of myxomycetes in the research area, their sample number, localities, and substrates. taxa sn localities substrates
Arcyria cinerea (Bull.) Pers. 1 1f bark c A. nutans (Bull.) Grev. 1 1a bark c A. pomiformis (Leers) Rostaf. 3 1a, 2d, 2f bark c, litter c A. versicolor W.Phill. 1 1a bark c Badhamia foliicola Lister 2 1c, 1d bark d, wood B. macrocarpa (Ces.) Rostaf. 3 1c, 2e bark d B. panicea (Fries) Rostaf. 1 1d bark d Badhamiopsis ainoae (Yamash.) T.E.Brooks & H.W.Keller 4 1b, 1c, 2e, 2g bark d Comatricha lurida Lister 1 2e bark d C. nigra (Pers.) Schroet. 1 1a bark c Dictydium cancellatum (Batsch.) T.Macbr. 5 1c, 2d, 2e, 2f bark c, bark d, litter m, wood Didymium crustaceum Fr. 1 2b litter d D. quitense (Pat.) Torrend 9 1b, 1c, 2e, 2g litter d D. squamulosum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. 2 2e litter d Echinostelium minutum de Bary 3 1a, 1d, 2f litter c, litter m Enerthenema papillatum (Pers.) Rostaf. 1 1a bark c Licea castanea G.Lister 1 1b bark d L. denudescens H.W.Keller & T.E.Brooks 1 1b bark d L. tenera E.Jahn 2 2e bark d L. tuberculata G.W.Martin 1 2e litter m Perichaena corticalis (Batsch) Rostaf. 3 1b, 1c, 2g bark d P. vermicularis (Schwein.) Rostaf. 2 1b, 2g bark d Physarum auriscalpium Cooke 3 2e bark d, litter d P. cinereum (Batsch) Pers. 5 2e bark d, wood P. leucopheum Fr. 2 1b, 2e bark d P. leucopus Link 1 2e bark d P. notabile T.Macbr. 6 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2e bark d, litter d P. pusillum (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) G.Lister 1 2g bark d Stemonitis hyperopta Meyl. 1 1a bark c Trichia botrytis (J.F.Gmel.) Pers. 2 2d, 2f bark c, litter c T. decipiens (Pers.) T.Macbr. 1 2f litter m
Abbreviations: sn = sample number bark c = coniferous bark; bark d = deciduous bark; litter c = coniferous litter; litter d = de ciduous litter; litter m = mixed litter, needle, cone, fallen broad leaves; wood = coniferous wood or deciduous wood. 1. Gümüflhane and Bayburt provinces. a. Trabzon-Gümüflhane road, Gümüflhane province border, b. Gümüflhane Akçakale district c. Gümüflhane, Akçahisar d. Gümüflhane-Bayburt road Bayburt province border. 2. Erzurum province. a. Pasinler district, Porsuk Göleti surroundings, b. Çat district, district centre, c. Karayaz› district, d. Oltu district, Oltu Forest, e. Olur district Tafll›çay village, f. fienkaya district, fienkaya Forest, g. Bayburt-Aflkale road, about 6 km from Aflkale.
225 Myxomycetes from Erzurum, Bayburt and Gümüflhane Provinces (Turkey)
Dictydium cancellatum (Batsch.) T.Mabr. grew on barks are more acidic than broad-leaved trees barks almost every substrate. On the other hand, rare species (Stephenson & Stempen, 2000). such as Arcyria cinerea , Physarum pusillum and In conclusion, there is a fairly rich myxomycete flora in Didymium crustaceum were only found on certain our research area. The species obtained in our study are substrates (Table 1). We observed that the species of similar to those obtained from similar environments in Didymium Schrad. grow on leaf litter. Although this different parts of the world. There are some new records species-substrate relation is regarded as a reflection of for Turkey. These are Licea tuberculata , Physarum ecological and physiological characteristics, these species leucopus, and Didymium crustaceum (Ergül & Dülger, are also found on different substrates (Stephenson & 2000; 2002b). Stempen, 2000). As myxomycete research is very limited in Turkey, In our study, we observed that most of the species new records and new taxa are likely to be found in future prefer bark to litter and wood in moist chamber culture. studies. Surface conditions, pH, water-retention capacity and nutrient content of bark are the factors that influence the Acknowledgement preference for bark. Furthermore, growing myxomycetes The Atatürk University Research Fund supported this on coniferous barks is more luxurious because coniferous study.
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