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An Unusual Pleomorphic Adenoma

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An Unusual Pleomorphic Adenoma http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-86372014000300000141930 CLÍNICO | CLINICAL An unusual pleomorphic adenoma Adenoma pleomórfico não usual Christiano Sampaio QUEIROZ1 Roberto Almeida de AZEVEDO1 Antonio Irineu TRINDADE NETO1 Caetano Guilherme Carvalho PONTES1 Rafael de Queiroz MOURA2 ABSTRACT Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common neoplasm in major and minor salivary glands. It constitutes approximately 90% of all benign salivary gland lesions and the parotid is the most affected location. When the minor salivary glands are affected, it mostly occurs at the junction of the hard and soft palates. The diagnosis is complex because of the great histological variety and biological behavior of this tumor, a histopathological examination being essential. The recommended treatment is surgical excision. For lesions located superficially in the parotid gland, superficial parotidectomy - identifying and preserving the facial nerve - is necessary. Lesions in the palate or gums sometimes demand a margin of safety, being excised below the periosteum, including the overlying mucosa. With correct surgical removal, the prognosis is excellent. The aim of this study is to report a case of an unusual minor salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma in the hard palate, describing the most important aspects of this pathology. Indexing terms: Neoplasms. Pleomorphic adenoma. Salivary glands. RESUMO O adenoma pleomórfico é a neoplasia mais comum entre os tumores das glândulas salivares maiores e menores. Constitui aproximadamente 90% de todas as lesões benignas das glândulas salivares e a parótida é a mais acometida. A junção dos palatos duro e mole é o sítio de predileção mais comum, quando as glândulas salivares menores são atingidas. O diagnóstico é complexo devido a grande variedade histológica e comportamento biológico deste tumor, sendo imprescindível a realização do estudo histopatológico. O tratamento de escolha é a excisão cirúrgica. Para as lesões localizadas no lobo superficial da parótida é recomendada a parotidectomia superficial com a identificação e preservação do nervo facial. As lesões do palato ou gengiva por vezes podem exigir margem de segurança, sendo geralmente excisadas abaixo do periósteo, incluindo a mucosa sobrejacente. Com a remoção cirúrgica adequada, o prognóstico é excelente. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de adenoma pleomórfico não usual de glândula salivar menor no palato duro, em região posterior direita, além de descrever os aspectos mais importantes dessa patologia. Termos de indexação: Neoplasias. Adenoma pleomorfo. Glândulas salivares. INTRODUCTION The classical microscopic description was applied in 1874, observing a variety of cell types as the main characteristic Tumors of the salivary glands, though uncommon, of pleomorphic adenoma, not just between the different are not that rare and constitute an important field in oral- samples examined but also in different parts of the same maxillofacial pathology. The diversity of histological aspects sample6. Even though it has an origin which is exclusive displayed by neoplasms of the salivary glands causes great to epithelial tissue, the variety of components accords it a difficulty in terms of universal classification1-2. mesenchymal appearance as a result of the production of Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most commonly secretions from the tumor cells themselves, which may be found neoplasm amongst tumors of the major and ductal or myoepithelial7. minor salivary glands, originally called a mixed benign PA makes up approximately 90% of all benign tumor in 18663-5. The change of name to “pleomorphic” lesions of the salivary glands5,8-11. It represents between adenoma was first suggested as recently as 1948, as this 53% and 77% of parotid tumors, 44% to 68% of tumors term describes the embryological basis for these tumors, of the submandibular gland and 33% to 43% of tumors which originate in the epithelial and connective tissue3. of the minor salivary glands2. It almost never manifests 1 Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital Santo Antônio - Obras Sociais Irmã Dulce, Programa de Residência e Especialização em Cirurgia e Trauma- tologia Bucomaxilofacial. Av. Bonfim, 161, Largo de Roma, 40420-000, Salvador, BA, Brasil. Correspondência para / Correspondence to: AI TRINDADE NETO. E-mail: <[email protected]>. 2 Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Faculdade de Odontologia. Jequié, BA, Brasil. RGO, Rev Gaúch Odontol, Porto Alegre, v.62, n.3, p. 319-324, out./dez., 2014 CS QUEIROZ et al. itself in other areas of the head and neck. It occurs most the diversity of histological aspects exhibited by neoplasms of frequently in the parotid gland and is more prevalent in the salivary gland has been attributed to the presence of the women (1.5:1) and in black people6. The lesions may myoepithelial cell in these glands. appear at any age, though rarely in children, being most Lesions located in the minor salivary glands are common between the fourth and sixth decades of life5,8,12. histologically similar to those occurring in the major salivary Clinically, they are described as nodular lesions with glands, despite there being a tendency for many of the a smooth surface that generally present without pain, having lesions in those glands to be predominantly cellular, with a firm consistency, slow growth and which do not attach a minimum of stroma and cartilage component. Either themselves to the adjacent tissue (mobile lesion except they have no fibrotic capsule formation or just a very thin when occurring in the hard palate). In the majority of cases capsule, giving them the false impression of infiltration it does not cause ulceration of the overlying mucosa3. The into the adjacent tissue. Another important characteristic minor salivary glands, when affected, are normally located, is that they can present with incomplete encapsulation, in order of prevalence, at the junction of the hard and soft particularly along the surface portion of those located in palates, lips, tongue, cheeks and floor of the mouth; the the palate, below the epithelial surface. Occasionally they histological description in these cases is similar to that of may present neighboring, extracapsular lesions which, in adenomas of the major salivary glands1,3,10,12. cross-sectional images, show up as pedunculated areas of The diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma is growth external to the principal neoplasm6,10. performed based on a detailed clinical history and physical With the larger lesions, necrosis, hemorrhage examination. Imaging exams, though not essential, have and calcification or ossification may be present. The demonstrated a prominent role in establishing the origin, presence of areas of necrosis, atypical mitoses, invasiveness location and limits of the lesion, particularly tomographic and extensive hyalinization suggests the possibility of techniques. Conventional radiography is limited, only being malignancy. On the other hand, calcifications inside the useful for the screening of lesions adjacent to mineralized mass suggest a benign neoplasm or, less commonly, tissue. Ultrasound (US), in spite of it not being invasive, schwannoma or mucoepidermoid carcinoma1,5,10,13-14. is useful for differentiating between intraglandular and Even though it has well-known clinical and morphological extraglandular lesions, but is also limited to the evaluation characteristics, the malignancy of the pleomorphic of the deep spaces in the region of the head and neck, adenoma is the holder of a pathogenesis which is still particularly via interposition of the bone. Computer uncertain, as is the expression of oncogenes and the tomography (CT) is particularly recommended for factors that influence its transformation11. identifying lesions with bone involvement, however it does In the long run, malignant degeneration may occur, not provide good definition of soft tissue detail, hindering which is most likely in adenomas that have been evolving for the differential diagnosis of those lesions located deep over ten years. Therefore, early diagnosis is necessary and in the region of the head or neck. Magnetic resonance should be followed up by a suitable approach to treatment. imaging (MRI) is a tomographic technique that offers high Malignant neoplasms in the minor salivary glands represent definition of the soft tissue, permitting differentiation less than 2% of all cases of tumors4. However, neoplasms in between lesions and better distinction between the salivary these glands that go untreated may undergo a malignant gland, lesion and adjacent tissue6,10. Fine-needle aspiration transformation in between 5% and 25% of cases, resulting puncture (FNAP) is another mode of diagnosis that could in carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma (Ca-ex-PA)10. be used in terms of determining if the tumor is benign or The treatment of choice is surgical removal. not; however, it does not serve to define treatment5. The For lesions located in the superficial lobe of the parotid, definitive diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma, therefore, is a superficial parotidectomy is recommended with the carried out by means of a histopathological examination6,10. identification and preservation of the facial nerve. Lesions A pleomorphic adenoma is a tumor with great of the palate or gums may sometimes demand a margin histopathological variety, its characteristics including the of safety, normally being surgically removed below the occurrence of various architectural and structural arrangements periosteum, including the overlying
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