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Thesis Submitted to the Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Of EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF LEAF BLIGHT OF MUNGBEAN [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.] CAUSED BY Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE (PLANT PATHOLOGY) BY SURAJ MAL MEHTA 2004 RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER CERTIFICATE-I Dated :----------- 2004 This is to certify that Mr. SURAJ MAL MEHTA successfully completed the comprehensive examination held on 12th. May. 2001 as required under the regulation for Doctor of Philosophy degree. (O.P. VERMA) Head & Professor Department of Plant Pathology S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER CERTIFICATE-II Dated :----------- 2004 This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Epidemiology and management of leaf blight of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.] caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid” submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Plant Pathology embodies bonafied research work carried out by Mr. Suraj Mal Mehta under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on --------------2004. (O.P. VERMA) (J.P. GOYAL) Head & Professor Major Advisor Department of Plant Pathology S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner DEAN S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER CERTIFICATE-III Dated :----------- 2004 This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Epidemiology and management of leaf blight of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.] caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid” submitted by Mr. Suraj Mal Mehta to the Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Plant Pathology after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the advisory committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory. We therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved. (J.P. GOYAL) (O.P. VERMA) Major Advisor Head & Professor Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry (P.M. KANWAT) S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Advisor (N.L. JAT) Adviso External Examiner (R.K. BANSAL) Advisor APPROVED DEAN, Post Graduate Studies (G.R. CHOUDHAR) Rajasthan Agricultural University, DEAN, PGS Nominee Bikaner RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER CERTIFICATE-IV Dated :----------- 2004 This is to certify that Mr. Suraj Mal Mehta of the Department of Plant Pathology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner has made all corrections/modifications in the thesis entitled “Epidemiology and management of leaf blight of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.] caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid” which were suggested by the external examiner and the advisory committee in the oral examination held on --- --------2004. The final copies of the thesis duly bound and corrected were submitted on---------- ---2004, are enclosed herewith for approval. (J.P. GOYAL) Major Advisor (O.P. VERMA) Head & Professor Department of Plant Pathology S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner DEAN S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner APPROVED DEAN, Post Graduate Studies Rajasthan Agricultural University 1. INTRODUCTION Pulses are the main source of protein particularly for vegetarians and contribute about 14 percent of the total protein of an Indian average diet. Production of pulses in the country is far below the requirement to meet even the minimum level of per capita consumption. The per capita availability of pulses is dwindling fast from 74.9 gms in 1959 to 33 gms in 1998 as against the minimum requirement of 70 gms per day/capita prescribed by ICMR, which is causing malnutrition among the growing people. (Anonymous, 1998-99). Therefore, it is necessary that agricultural scientists should evolve the strategy of increasing the production of pulses to meet the protein requirement of increasing population of the country. Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is primarily a rainy season crop but with the development of early maturing varieties, it has also proved to be an ideal crop for spring and summer season. Mungbean is an excellent source of protein (24.5%) with high quality of lysine (460 mg/g N) and tryptophane (60 mg/g N). It has also remarkable quantity of ascorbic acid when sprouted and also contains riboflavin (0.21 mg/ 100 gm) and minerals (3.84 g/100g) (Gopalan et. al., 1995). Mungbean, being a short duration crop, fits well in various multiple and inter-cropping systems. After picking of pods, mungbean plants may be used as green fodder or green manure. Beside these, the crop also enriches soil by fixing atmopheric nitrogen. In India, mungbean is mainly grown in the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Total area sown under mungbean crop in the Rajasthan state is 7.02 lakh ha. with the grain production of 2.07 lakh tonnes and an average yield of 2.95 qt./ha (Anonymous, 2001-02). The major mungbean growing districts in Rajasthan are Nagaur, Jodhpur, Jalore, Churu, Jhunjhunu, Ajmer, Barmer, Tonk, Jaipur and Sikar. This crop is grown mainly as rainfed but some times cultivated under irrigated conditions specially in Srignaganagar district and to some extent in other districts also. Main limiting factor in profitable cultivation of this crop in Rajasthan is the attack of several diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses which take heavy toll of the crop at all the stages of growth right from sowing to harvest and also during storage. The major fungal diseases which infect the crop are leaf blight [Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid], powdery mildew [Erysiphe polygoni DC), web blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris (Fr.) Donk (=Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) and Cercospora leaf spots (Cercospora canescens Ellis and Martin, C. cruenta Sacc., C. dolichi Ellis and Everlast, C. kikuchi Matsumoto & Tomoyasu and Anthracnose (Colletotrichum dematium and C. lindemuthianum (Philip et al., 1969, Dwivedi and Saksena, 1974., and Grewal,1988) Among these diseases, leaf blight (Macrophomina phaseolina) has been identified as an economically important disease in this region which causes considerable losses (10.8 per cent) in grain yield to the crop (Kaushik et al., 1987). Very little attention has been paid on the epidemiology and management of leaf blight caused by Macrophomina phaseolina which has become a serious problem in hampering the production in all the mungbean growing areas particularly in the sandy & sandy loam soils. Therefore, the work has been under taken on the following aspects. 1. Survey, collection, isolation, pathogenecity and identification of pathogen. 2. To standardize techniques of disease production and multiplication of inoculum. 3. To study the survival and transmission of the pathogen. 4. To study the role of environmental factors on disease development. 5. To study the biochemical changes in infected plant or plant parts. 6. To evolve suitable strategy for disease management using (a) Chemicals (b) Bio agents (c) Botanicals and (d) Host resistance 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE History and occurrence Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler as a plant pathogen was recognized by Halsted (1890). In India, Shaw (1912) described a sterile fungus with black sclerotia causing seedling disease in jute, cowpea, groundnut and cotton. He identified the fungus as Rhizoctonia solani. Taubhanus (1913) gave the name of genus Sclerotium because of absence of spores and the species name as bataticola because it was pathogenic to Ipomea bataticola (L.) Lam. Briton- Jones (1925) transferred the fungus to the genus Rhizoctonia based on the identification of cultures by Butler (1918). Ashby (1927) accepted Macrophomina and rejected the binomial Macrophomina phaseoli and proposed a new binomial M. phaseolina as the pycnidial stage of Rhizoctonia bataticola. He was not aware that Tassi had earlier described Macrophomina phaseolina. Haigh (1930) suggested that R. bataticola be used for sclerotial isolate and pycnidial strains should be called M. phaseolina. Goidanich (1947) examined the original material of Tassi and compared with Macrophomina phaseoli, M. corchori, M. cajani, M. sesami, M. philippinesis, Dothorela cajani and D. phaseoli and found all of them indentical. He correlated the mistake made by Ashby and according to the International code of Botanical Nomenclature the bionomial Macrophomina phaseolina is the valid name for pycnidial stage of R. bataticola. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid the incitent of root rot of mungbean, also causes leaf blight (Philip et al., 1969) is one of the most important disease. The pathogen causes root rot in a number of crops including groundnut, sesamum, soybean and kidney bean (Dhingra and Sinclair, 1977). The pathogen was also reported to cause leaf blight, seedling blight & charcoal rot of guar, moth bean, urdbean, mungbean, groundnut , soyabean and sunflower (Singh, 1953., Kumar et. al, 1969 a&b, Senecha and Srivastava 1982, Shukla and Bhargava, 1976, Philip et al., 1969, Shanmugam
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