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Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality

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Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality REPORT BRIEF AUGUST 2011 .For more information visit www.iom.edu/vaccineadverseeffects Adverse Effects of Vaccines Evidence and Causality Immunizations are a cornerstone of the nation’s efforts to protect people from a host of infectious diseases. As required by the Food and Drug Admin- istration, vaccines are tested for safety before they enter the market, and their performance is continually evaluated to identify any risks that might appear over time. Vaccines are not free from side effects, or “adverse effects,” but most are very rare or very mild. Importantly, some adverse health problems following a vaccine may be due to coincidence and are not caused by the vaccine. As part of the evaluation of vaccines over time, researchers assess evidence to deter- As part of the evaluation of mine if adverse events following vaccination are causally linked to a specific vaccines over time, researchers vaccine, and if so, they are referred to as adverse effects. Under the National assess evidence to determine if Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, Congress established the National Vac- adverse events following cine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) to provide compensation to peo- vaccination are causally linked to ple injured by vaccines. Anyone who thinks they or a family member—often a a specific vaccine, and if so, they are referred to as adverse effects. child—has been injured can file a claim. The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the agency within the Department of Health and Human Services that administers VICP, can use evidence that demonstrates a causal link between an adverse event and a vaccine to streamline the claim process. As such, HRSA asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to review a list of adverse events associated with vaccines covered by VICP and to evaluate the scientific evidence about the event—vac- cine relationship. The vaccines covered by VICP include all vaccines recom- mended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for routine administration in children. Adults who experience an adverse event follow- ing one of these childhood vaccines also are covered by the program. HRSA asked the IOM to review 8 of the 12 covered vac- vides an explanation of how the evidence influ- cines. These eight are the varicella zoster vaccine enced the causality conclusions. (used against chickenpox); the influenza vaccines Based on the totality of the evidence, the com- (except for the H1N1 influenza vaccine distributed mittee assigned each relationship to one of four in 2009); the hepatitis B vaccine; the human pap- categories of causation in which the evidence: illomavirus (HPV) vaccine; the measles, mumps, Examining the evidence • convincingly supports a causal relationship; and rubella (MMR) vaccine; the hepatitis A vac- cine; the meningococcal vaccines, and tetanus- • favors acceptance of a causal relationship; containing vaccines that do not carry the whole- • favors rejection of a causal relationship; or cell pertussis component. • is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relationship. Examining the Evidence The committee did not use a category to des- ignate evidence that convincingly supports no The adverse events selected by HRSA for IOM causal relationship, because it is virtually impos- review are ones for which people have submitted sible to prove the absence of a very rare relation- claims—successful or not—to VICP. The commit- ship with the same certainty that is possible to tee appointed to this study was not asked to assess establish the presence of one. the benefits or effectiveness of vaccines but only the risk of specific adverse events. Its conclusions reflect the best evidence available at the time. Some Evidence Convincingly Supports of the adverse events the committee examined already are accepted in the medical community, a Causal Relationship but they are minor or manageable—for example, The committee concludes that the evidence con- a sudden allergic reaction called anaphylaxis that vincingly supports a causal relationship between can follow the administration of some vaccines. some vaccines and some adverse events. In its report, the committee explains its pro- As a live vaccine, the varicella zoster vaccine cess for evaluating the list of adverse events and is linked to four specific adverse events, all due to provides a set of 158 causality conclusions. The infection from the vaccine virus strain: committee examined two types of evidence: epi- • Disseminated varicella infection (widespread demiologic evidence, which derives from studies chickenpox rash shortly after vaccination) of populations, and mechanistic evidence, which • Disseminated varicella infection with sub- draws from biological and clinical studies. The sequent infection resulting in pneumonia, committee evaluated each scientific article for meningitis, or hepatitis in individuals with its strengths and weaknesses and then assigned a demonstrated immunodeficiencies “weight of evidence” ranking to both the epide- miologic and mechanistic bodies of studies. • Vaccine strain viral reactivation (appear- The committee considered the weights of ance of chickenpox rash months to years evidence and then reached a conclusion about after vaccination) the causal relationship between each vaccine and • Vaccine strain viral reactivation with sub- adverse health problem pairing. The commit- sequent infection resulting in meningitis or tee began from a position of neutrality, presum- encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) ing neither causation nor lack of causation, and moved from that position only when the combi- The MMR vaccine is linked to a disease called nation of evidence suggested a more definitive measles inclusion body encephalitis, which in assessment regarding causation. The figure pro- very rare cases can affect people whose immune 2 The committee began from a position of neutrality, presum- ing neither causation nor lack of causation, and moved from that position only when the combina- tion of evidence suggested a more definitive assessment regarding causation. systems are compromised and usually occurs and a mild and temporary oculorespiratory within a year of acute measles infection or vacci- syndrome, which is characterized by con- nation. The MMR vaccine also is linked to febrile junctivitis, facial swelling, and upper respi- seizures, which are a type of seizure that occurs ratory symptoms, including coughing and in infants and young children in association with wheezing. fever. Febrile seizures are generally benign and hold no long-term consequences. Six types of vaccines—MMR, varicella zoster, Evidence Favors Rejection of a influenza, hepatitis B, meningococcal, and tetanus- containing vaccines—are linked to anaphylaxis. Causal Relationship The committee also found convincing evi- The evidence favors rejection of five vaccine– dence of a causal relationship between injection of adverse event relationships: vaccine, independent of the antigen involved, and • MMR vaccine and autism two types of adverse events, including syncope, or fainting, and deltoid bursitis, or frozen shoulder, • MMR vaccine and type 1 diabetes characterized by shoulder pain and loss of motion. • DTaP (tetanus) vaccine and type 1 diabetes • Inactivated influenza vaccine and Bell’s palsy (weakness of the facial nerve) Evidence Favors Acceptance of • Inactivated influenza vaccine and exacer- a Causal Relationship bation of asthma or reactive airway disease The evidence favors acceptance of four vaccine– episodes in children and adults adverse event relationships. In these cases, the evidence is strong and generally suggestive, but not firm enough to be described as convincing. These relationships include: Evidence Inadequate to Accept or Reject a Causal Relationship • HPV vaccine and anaphylaxis; For the vast majority, (135 vaccine-adverse event • MMR vaccine and transient arthralgia (tem- pairs), the evidence is inadequate to accept or reject porary joint pain) in female adults; a causal relationship. In many cases, the adverse • MMR vaccine and transient arthralgia in event being examined is an extremely rare condi- children; and tion, making it hard to study. In these cases, there • certain trivalent inactivated influenza vac- was not adequate evidence to determine if the vac- cines used in Canada in some recent years cine was or was not causally associated. 3 Committee to Review Adverse Effects of Vaccines Susceptibility Ellen Wright Clayton (Chair) Anthony L. Komaroff As some of the conclusions suggest, individuals with Craig-Weaver Professor of Steven P. Simcox, Patrick Pediatrics; Director, Center for A. Clifford, and James H. certain characteristics are more likely to suffer cer- Biomedical Ethics and Society; Higby Professor of Medicine; Professor of Law; Vanderbilt Senior Physician, Brigham and tain adverse effects from particular immunizations. University Women’s Hospital; Harvard Inmaculada B. Aban Medical School Individuals who have serious immunodeficiencies Associate Professor, Depart- B. Paige Lawrence ment of Biostatistics, University Associate Professor of are clearly at increased risk for specific adverse of Alabama, Birmingham Environmental Medicine; reactions to live viral vaccines, such as MMR and Douglas J. Barrett Associate Professor of Professor, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, varicella vaccines. Thus, the committee was able Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics University of Rochester School & Microbiology, and Pathology, of Medicine and Dentistry at times to reach more limited conclusions
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