FEATURE Planning for Cemeteries by Valerie Capels & Wayne Senville Planning for new or ASSESS THE CAPACITY expanded cemetery space is OF EXISTING CEMETERIES a challenging issue, often How many cemeteries are in or given little attention. The first, around your community and what obvious step is to acknowledge the is their remaining capacity? If your need to address this issue. Like the community is among those having subject of death itself, most people limited (or no) land for new ceme- don’t think about cemeteries if they tery space within its jurisdiction, it don’t have to. And planners, it may be necessary to take a regional seems, are no different. perspective toward addressing resi- Do you plan for your communi- dents’ future needs. ty’s roadway network? Your hous- Assessing capacity is usually ing needs? Your park system? Your straightforward; but there are some schools? Cemeteries deserve the factors that need to be considered. same attention and should be People often assume that cemeter- incorporated into the planning ies are owned and managed by processes that cities and towns some form of governmental or reli- undertake for other types of infra- gious entity and when the time structure, community facilities, and comes to make burial plans, space services. will be available for them. Few Over 2.5 million Americans are realize that many cemeteries are expected to die this year.1 The vast commercial ventures owned by cor- majority will be buried. Yet a num- porations, or are owned by reli- ber of communities, especially gious, ethnic, or other organiza- those more fully developed, are ©ISTOCK.COM/JULI PHILLIP tions. They may have policies that hard pressed to find cemetery space Savannah residents take pride in their historic cemeteries, which limit certain types of interments, within their borders. Newspaper also draw many visitors to the city. Here, a gravesite sculpture in and may also choose not to be the Bonaventure Cemetery. accounts across the country report forthcoming with information case after case of neighborhood opposi- has become a growing concern, as ceme- about their capacity or future plans. tion to cemetery proposals. At the same tery revenues fail to keep pace with the In contrast, cemetery commissions – time, maintenance of existing cemeteries cost of upkeep. typically accountable to the local govern- While the subject of cemetery plan- 1 The National Center for Health Statistics reports ing body – oversee many, if not most, slightly over 2.4 million deaths in 2002, the most ning can be complicated, this article will municipally owned cemeteries. Local recent year for which this data is available: address some of the more basic issues cemetery commissions will have infor-
Forecasting Capacity: because of the site’s topography; and 10 The remaining capacity would be: Forecasting cemetery space needs to acres are used by administrative and main- • 10 acres x 1,000 sites per acre take into account the nature of the site’s tenance buildings. That leaves 10 acres = 10,000 potential sites topography, as well as the extent of infra- available. Also assume that 1 acre can • 10,000 potential sites divided by 700 structure, and landscaping. For example, contain 1,000 gravesites (a rule of thumb sales per year = approx. 14-15 yrs. assume a cemetery occupies 100 acres of is that between 800 and 1,200 gravesites This kind of basic forecast would need land, but 50 are already occupied by will fit on an acre). Also assume that sales to be adjusted to take into account factors gravesites, 30 acres are not useable of lots have averaged about 700 per year. such as local cremation rates.
PLANNING COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL / NUMBER 64 / FALL 2006
1 Planning for Cemeteries alone will not translate into the number nity. Over time these cemeteries have continued from previous page of burials that will be needed in the next often become “landlocked,” hemmed in cemeteries, but not necessarily of religious 10, 20, or 100 years. The number of resi- by development. While in some states or other privately owned cemeteries. dents who have moved away and want to cemeteries (like railroads or public utili- be buried “back home” may or may not ties) by law have the power of eminent FORECAST NEED be offset by others in the community domain – which could be used to take One way to forecast need is to look at seeking to be buried elsewhere. land for cemetery expansion – this would the likely mortality rate of the current Some communities, particularly those typically be an expensive, not to mention and projected population. Most state which attract tourists, have found that politically unpopular, option. health departments produce statistical their rural cemetery lots are being pur- Sometimes creative planning can help mortality rates for the different jurisdic- chased by people from larger metropoli- expand the capacity of an existing ceme- tions they serve. However, this figure tan areas, in part because of their quaint tery. One way is by incorporating colum- charm and because they are often much baria and mausoleums, which occupy less expensive. As a result, some ceme- Cremation Trends much less space per person than typical tery organizations have adopted policies burial plots. According to the Cremation limiting sales of lots to residents or In Rome, Georgia, where the historic Association of North America descendants of former residents. Myrtle Hill Cemetery is nearing capacity, (CANA), a 1,200 member trade group, It is also important to consult with the City of Rome is planning on building more than one in four Americans are funeral industry professionals in your a new mausoleum and columbaria. A turning to cremation. Thirty years ago, area regarding the trend toward crema- cemetery master plan prepared in 2004 the proportion was less than one in ten. tion or other alternatives, as this can CANA projects that by 2010, more than (partially funded by a grant from the affect the current and future need for 35 percent of those dying will be cremat- National Park Service through the Geor- cemetery space. ed.2 These figures vary significantly gia Department of Natural Resources’ depending on the social and cultural ISSUES IN PLANNING Historic Preservation Division) found composition of different areas. For exam- FOR CEMETERIES that construction of mausoleums and ple, Washington State and Hawaii had If more cemetery space is needed, can columbaria “would blend into the exist- the highest rate of cremation at 63 per- an existing cemetery be expanded – or ing appearance of the cemetery, despite cent in 2003, while Tennessee had the must a new site, in or outside of your their divergence from historic burial lowest at 3 percent. practices.” The plan noted that “since CANA also reports that over 80 per- community, be found? Existing cemeteries, especially in several slopes and terraces are in need of cent of cremated remains are placed in walls, these locations are the ideal places containers; just 16 percent in caskets. urbanized areas, are often located on to start placing columbaria.” Some 40 percent of all cremains are land that was, at the time the cemetery delivered to a cemetery – of those, 59 was built, on the outskirts of the commu- continued on next page percent are buried (typically in smaller plots), while 26 percent are placed in columbaria, and 15 percent scattered in areas dedicated for this use.3 One impli- cation of the increase in cremation is that there will be somewhat less pressure for cemetery space, especially in areas with higher rates of cremation. But this also means that communities will need to provide for the siting of mausoleums and columbaria, a point we will return to later in this article.
2 In 2003, over 28% of deaths resulted in crema- tion. National Vital Statistics, Vol. 52, Number 22, 6/10/2004. In numbers, of the 2,423,000 deaths in the U.S. in 2003, 696,000 were cremat- ed. Canadian cremation rates are considerably higher, standing at 47% in 2002.
3 Detailed cremation statistics, including state- W. SENVILLE by-state totals, are available at CANA’s web site: Small neighborhood cemeteries, like this one in Burlington, Vermont, are usually “good neighbors,”
PLANNING COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL / NUMBER 64 / FALL 2006
2 Mausoleums Mausoleums are buildings which contain crypts for entombment of deceased individuals. They often also include columbarium niches for cremated remains. Mausoleums can be freestanding buildings, or be part of a larger facility, such as a church. The word mausoleum derives from the enormous tomb of King Mausolus – a Persian ruler in the mid-4th century BC. His mausoleum, located in southwest Turkey, is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Above: Mausoleums are often attractively land- scaped, like this one in Boca Raton, Florida . Left: The Chicago Post A 16th century engraving by Marten Heemskerck Office Building, new in of the Mausoleum of Mausolus. 1932, closed in 1996. Renovation proposals rang- According to Douglas Keister, author of ing from residential condos Going Out in Style: The Architecture of Eternity, to giant auto showrooms a book on the history of the mausoleum, have fallen through. Would one of the most ambitious community mau- a proposal to convert it soleum projects in the U.S. (and the world’s into the world’s largest largest Catholic mausoleum) is Chicago’s mausoleum make sense? Queen of Heaven complex. Opened in 1954, and enlarged since then, it has room for over 33,000 bodies and is about 75 percent filled.4 Another major U.S. mausoleum is Inglewood Park Cemetery, in Los Angeles County. Keis- ter notes that it has “over 90,000 mausoleum spaces on its 350 acres, with plans to build even more.” And what’s on the horizon? Architect John Ronan has suggested transforming Chicago’s abandoned 2.5 million square foot, 16 floor high, post office building into the largest municipal mausoleum on earth. Ronan’s pro- posal – part of a 2005 “visionary Chicago architecture” exhibit – is designed, in part, to respond to the increasingly scarce availability of land for cemeteries in Chicago.5
4 Douglas Keister, “A Brief History of the Community Mausoleum,” American Cemetery Magazine (1999); available at:
htm>. W. SENVILLE
PLANNING COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL / NUMBER 64 / FALL 2006
3 Historic Cemetery Planning for Cemeteries should be sold for homes or some other Resources continued from previous page use that would generate tax revenue.7 When new cemetery space is needed, According to borough planning direc- Financial assistance can it is not always welcomed. Proposals to tor Max J. Best, “only three percent of the sometimes be found for repairs to historic land in the jurisdiction is private and the cemeteries. The best place to start is with expand an existing cemetery or establish rest is governmental.” When the bor- your State Historic Preservation Office. a new one near a residential neighbor- They can usually tell you what funds hood often draw opposition from resi- ough was formed in 1964, the State of might be available to your city or town, dents, citing concerns about lowered Alaska promised to give it ten percent of and how to seek it. property values, crime, and a general the area’s vacant and unappropriated In Kentucky, for example, a state discomfort being near such visible re- land (approximately 155,000 acres) for cemetery preservation program provides minders of human mortality. community development. “We still have local grants for cemetery maintenance, The Kenai Peninsula Borough Assem- approximately 25 percent to select,” said preservation, and restoration. Last year bly in southeast Alaska recently faced Best. Asked about planning ahead and the Lexington-Fayette County govern- this reaction when numerous citizens setting aside land for cemeteries, Best ment received a $25,000 matching grant spoke out against their plan to transfer a said, “The Kenai Peninsula Borough for Lexington’s historic Cove Haven 10-acre parcel to the City of Soldotna for Comprehensive Plan includes a chapter Cemetery. The grant will be used for on cemeteries. But land management is landscaping and removal of dead trees; use as a cemetery – or as it was proposed, a Memorial Park. The parcel is near an still in its infancy here and we’re not even paving the cemetery’s interior road; crawling yet.” archival research on those buried at Cove elementary school, and many residents Haven; and the creation of a computer expressed concern that it would detract 7 Generally, only cemeteries not operated for profit database. from the family-oriented nature of the are exempt from property taxation. Indeed, this Most states, however, do not have area. In addition to concerns expressed exemption is included in at least several state consti- tutions. In some states, this exemption is not available grant programs specifically targeted that the cemetery would lower property if burial is restricted on the basis of race, color, nation- at historic cemeteries. Instead, grant values, citizens felt the parcel of land al origin, or ancestry. applications for cemeteries usually must compete against applications for other historic Cities of the Dead, Land of the Living preservation projects. “One of our pleasantest visits was to Père la from out of a wilderness of foliage and fresh The Texas Historical Com- Chaise, the national burying-ground of France, flowers. Not every city is so well peopled as this, mission offers the following the honored resting-place of some of her great- or so ample an area within its walls. Few palaces additional fundraising sugges- est and best children, the last home of scores of exist in any city, that are so exquisite in design, tions, especially relevant for illustrious men and women who were born to so rich in art, so costly in material, so graceful, 6 smaller cemeteries: no titles, but achieved fame by their own energy so beautiful.” • Form a nonprofit cemetery and their own genius. It is a solemn city of – Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad or the New organization. winding streets, and of miniature marble tem- Pilgrim’s Progress, American Publishing Company, • Solicit donations from ples and mansions of the dead gleaming white Hartford, Conn., 1888. descendants of those buried in the cemetery. • Research bank records for unused trust funds designated to maintain specific graves. • Request help from your munic- ipality; even if no funds are available, they may be able use city or county equipment to maintain the cemetery for health and safety reasons. • Seek donations from associated businesses, such as funeral homes and monument companies.
6 From Preserving Historic Cemeteries: Texas Preservation Guidelines; available to download at:
PLANNING COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL / NUMBER 64 / FALL 2006
4 Cemeteries are also finding historic tours one way of generating revenue to offset expenses. For example, the 57-acre historic Cypress Lawn Cemetery – one of the two Grand Victorian cemeteries in the Bay Area of California – now offers tours and lectures (through the Cypress Lawn Heritage Foundation) to raise money to protect the cemetery’s art and architecture and landscaped grounds. Brooklyn, New York’s Green-Wood Cemetery, founded in 1838 and burial grounds for nearly 600,000 people (including Horace Greeley, Henry George, and Leonard Bernstein), now sponsors not only historic tours, but other special events.9 With only a five year supply of cemetery space left, Green-Wood is scrambling for ways to cover the loss in revenues from having few remaining plots for sale. Cemeteries are more than cities of the dead; they also meet the needs of the liv-
W. SENVILLE ing. Besides serving the obvious remem- Mark Twain’s grave marker (above) at Elmira’s brance of family and friends for a lost Woodlawn Cemetery is 12 feet tall, or mark loved one, cemeteries can meet broader twain. Instead of the usual flowers, a visitor left needs, such as providing valued open something (inset) Twain undoubtedly would have space and park land, and offering better appreciated. insights into the community’s cultural heritage. During the 19th century, ceme- of the few municipalities in the country teries were oft visited places. Many Amer- to hire full-time professional conserva- icans viewed cemeteries not as places to tors on staff. Savannah’s cemeteries are so avoid, but as places to treasure and regu- well-cared for and maintained, they’ve larly visit for contemplation. In some The City of Soldotna has since aban- become major tourist destinations, places this attitude towards cemeteries doned its plan and the mayor is looking attracting visitors interested in learning has never been lost. for land somewhere else. A 2002 Soldot- more about the city’s history or who just In Brunswick, Maine, cemeteries are na Cemetery Task Force report identified want to stroll the beautiful grounds. addressed as part of the town’s “Parks, other potential sites for a cemetery with- In Elmira, New York, the city recently Recreation & Open Space Plan.” Inter- in the city, including 11 acres at the Arc budgeted $100,000 (to be matched by estingly, the Plan includes photos not Lake Recreation site and 80 acres off the funds from the State of New York) to just of several of the town’s scenic and end of the Soldotna airport, but accord- repair portions of its historic Woodlawn natural areas, but of its cemeteries. ing to Anna Johnson with the Soldotna Cemetery. The cemetery, burial place of Among the Plan’s recommendations Planning Department, “the Alaska Roads author Mark Twain, hall-of-fame foot- are ones focused on the accessibility Commission gave the (Arc Lake) proper- baller Ernie Davis, and many other Elmi- and maintenance of the town’s historic ty to the City to be used for recreational ra luminaries, had suffered from years of cemeteries. purposes only.” neglect. In supporting the allocation of In 2004, Vail Memorial Park was cre- In some cities, cemeteries are viewed these funds – a large amount for this ated on an 11-acre site in Vail, Colorado in a more positive light. Savannah, Geor- city of just over 30,000 people – Council- as a place for the living to memorialize gia, for example, takes pride in its his- woman Susan Skidmore noted that the dead. It is designed to be more like a toric neighborhood cemeteries. So much “the condition of the property is really continued on next page so, the city in 1992 transferred responsi- reprehensible, and if we want to attract 8 As reported in the Elmira Star-Gazette (May 12, bility for its cemeteries from its Park and more people and build tourism, it’s cer- 2006). Tree Department to a newly created tainly a destination point we need to take 9 See Green-Wood’s web site for detailed information: Cemetery Department, and became one care of.”8
PLANNING COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL / NUMBER 64 / FALL 2006
5 Respect for Our Veterans Respect for our veterans has long included providing for their burial needs. This has been met by both national and state veterans cemeteries. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs is facing the challenge of providing burial space for a rapidly aging veteran population. The VA has determined that a national cemetery should be available wherever more than 170,000 veterans live within a 75-mile service radius. As a result, the VA is currently developing new cemeteries, scheduled for opening in the next few years, to serve veterans in Atlanta, Detroit, Oklahoma City, Pitts- The main entrance to Brooklyn’s Green-Wood Cemetery, designed by Richard Upjohn, was built in 1861. burgh, Sacramento, and the South Florida area. Congress has also authorized the VA Planning for Cemeteries marble industry. A number of visitors to to establish new national cemeteries in continued from previous page central Vermont are drawn to visit these Bakersfield, California; Birmingham, park than a traditional cemetery and only special places. But of even more impor- Alabama; Jacksonville and Sarasota, Flori- accepts cremains in biodegradable con- tance, the cemeteries connect local resi- da; Columbia-Greenville, South Carolina; tainers, which are then placed beneath a dents to an important (and continuing) and southeastern Pennsylvania. slab of stone. Individual memorials are aspect of their city’s heritage. In addition to constructing and arranged to be compatible with the nat- ZONING FOR CEMETERIES maintaining national cemeteries, the ural landscape. The Park’s policy is that VA provides grants for the construction, State statutes typically contain health- “No formal carved headstones or monu- expansion, and improvement of state related standards governing cemeteries. ments are available. Memorial inscrip- veterans cemeteries. Laws vary from state to state on how tions [are] placed on natural stones in cemeteries may be regulated at the local low dry stacked walls, on native boulders level. Most municipalities have some … and on flagstone slabs along pathways type of ordinance that addresses the of crushed stone.” operational aspects of establishing and According to Vail Community Devel- maintaining a cemetery in their jurisdic- opment Director Russ Forrest, the idea of tion. Many also regulate the location and the memorial park evolved after attempts characteristics of cemeteries through to establish a new cemetery had failed. their zoning code. Some communities As Forrest notes, many citizens had an include cemeteries among the list of per- aversion to the idea of a traditional ceme- mitted or conditional uses in various dis- 10 tery. tricts; others designate and define The first phase of the New Hampshire State Our older cemeteries are often rich specific cemetery zoning districts. Most Veterans Cemetery was completed in 2004. with collections of fine sculpture and dis- The cemetery includes both gravesites and ordinances also require that they be mausoleums. It is located in a beautiful wood- tinctive architecture. According to Susan located away from floodplains and sensi- ed setting in the small town of Boscawen, Nichols, director of Save Outdoor Sculp- tive environmental areas. north of Concord. ture, a national non-profit, more ceme- Other standards often found in zon- tery managers are recognizing that ing ordinances include: minimum parcel sculpture enhances the cemetery’s value sizes; minimum setback limits; screening as a community resource and the public’s requirements; drainage standards; maxi- appreciation of those memorialized by mum density standards for grave lots; the sculpture. standards for accessory structures and In Barre, Vermont, local cemeteries uses; and even special platting require- include hundreds of headstones and ments for burial lots.11 “Typical Zoning memorials sculpted by some of the Requirements” world’s finest artisans, skilled immigrants Given the increased trend towards from Italy who came to work in the city’s cremation – and the fact that cremation can reduce demand for new cemetery
W. SENVILLE 10 For more details:
PLANNING COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL / NUMBER 64 / FALL 2006
6 Hope Cemetery, in Barre, Vermont Typical Zoning is home to scores of beautifully sculpted gravestones and memorials. Requirements It is not surprising perhaps, to find Minimum lot sizes. Some at sculptor Albert Ceppi’s gravesite communities establish minimum lot sizes a carving of him at work. for cemeteries. Typical is Fayette County, Georgia’s, requirement of ten acres for a human cemetery and five acres for a pet cemetery. Setback provisions. Many regulations establish a minimum distance between cemetery buildings and grave sites and the cemetery’s property lines. Appurtenances and Associated Land Uses. Cemeteries often include accessory uses or structures, such as mausoleums, storage vaults, chapels, and columbaria. In some areas, retail uses such as flower shops, monument sales, and related trades may be appropriate. Crematoria may or may not be associated with the location of the cemetery and may be sub- ject to less opposition if located away from them. Many zoning regulations allow them as permitted uses in industrial zones. In some cases, crematoria may be more appropriately associated with funeral homes and related services. Design Review. Communities may include special design criteria for historic has removed from its definition of ceme- cemeteries. For example, Atlanta, tery “the sprinkling of ashes or their bur- Georgia’s Oakland Cemetery Landmark ial in a biodegradable container on District zoning regulation is intended W. SENVILLE church grounds, or their placement in a “to ensure that future development and for mausoleums and columbaria. The columbarium on church property.” maintenance considerations are sensitive Government and Legal Affairs Task to and compatible with the unique LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE Force of the International Cemetery and character of this irreplaceable portion Funeral Association recommends that: All cemeteries require administration of Atlanta’s heritage; and to preserve “Zoning ordinances should unambigu- and financial resources in order to be Oakland Cemetery as a park-like oasis for passive recreation in this 19th century ously state that mausoleum and colum- kept in good repair. One problem facing sculpture garden.” barium usage is consistent with cemetery a growing number of cemeteries as they reach capacity is the loss of revenue that Other Requirements. As we’ve noted, usage. Zoning ordinances should not in addition to zoning ordinance criteria, comes with new burials. For example, require special use or nonconforming cemeteries typically need to meet other use permits for mausoleum construction the town of Williston, Vermont, this year, state and local requirements, often and other cemetery-related structures had to allocate $21,000 for its four focused on ensuring public health. Some on acreage dedicated for cemetery municipal cemeteries, only one of which communities also require the local gov- operation.”12 still has available plots. The combination erning body to specifically approve any Some zoning ordinances are also now of increased upkeep costs and declining new or expanded cemeteries. taking into account the reduced impact revenues (due to fewer plots being avail- of burying (or sprinkling) cremains. For able for purchase, and reduced revenues example, Albemarle County, Virginia, from the endowment fund) made it nec- essary for the town to draw on its general 11 Most cemeteries do not actually sell the platted funds to meet the growing shortfall.13 land like a subdivision; rather, they sell the “rights” to continued on next page be interred there. 12 The Government and Legal Affairs Task Force of 13 As reported by Mariana Lamaison Sears in “Ceme- the International Cemetery and Funeral Association; teries Struggle for Solvency,” Burlington Free Press
PLANNING COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL / NUMBER 64 / FALL 2006
7 Where Space Planning for Cemeteries percent of the sales price of a cemetery is at a Premium continued from previous page plot be placed into a perpetual or long- According to Bob Fells, External term care trust fund, a level Fells believes In other parts of the world, Chief Operating Officer of the Interna- may be too low to ensure that future where available cemetery space can be maintenance needs will be met. even more limited, the trend is to squeeze tional Cemetery and Funeral Associa- ever more capacity into cemeteries. tion, one problem facing a number of Of course, there is nothing to prevent According to social psychologist municipal cemeteries is that “they a municipality that owns and operates Bethamie Horowitz, in Israel the combi- are run using a business model of a cemeteries from setting up its own ceme- nation of population pressure and scarce charity,” with plot prices being set to tery trust fund – and adequately funding land has led the country “to adopt a pref- break even and too low to cover future it – even if not required to do so by state erence for burial in tiers, a policy known maintenance needs. Fells argues that if a law. In fact, this may be the best as ‘saturated burial sites.’ ”14 The govern- municipality operates a cemetery, it approach to lessen the risk of future ment will allot areas for burial only if should use proper long-range financial problems. saturated (i.e. tiered) burial methods are planning to ensure that down the road used. Israeli architects Tuvia Sagiv & Uri SUMMING UP: the municipality won’t face large Ponger note that while the cost of con- Cemeteries have too often been given amounts of deferred maintenance, struction of saturated burial sites is high- scant attention by planners and other requiring taxpayer funding. er than traditional sites, in the long run local officials, becoming a concern only Fells notes that some cities and towns the tiered approach will save more on when a crisis erupts, such as the aban- 15 facing budget problems in operating land and cemetery infrastructure costs. donment of an existing cemetery. Yet Tiered cemeteries are not unknown their municipal cemeteries have sought cemeteries – like parks, schools, roads, in the U.S. For example, the Indiantown to sell them to private cemetery opera- and housing – are integral to the life of a Gap National Cemetery in Central Penn- tors. But it can be difficult to find a buyer, community. Moreover, cemeteries can sylvania provides tiered burials, where as there will only be interest if the ceme- serve as more than just the resting place the first interment is made at a depth of tery can be run profitably after its pur- of the dead; providing the living with approximately 7 feet, and the second at chase, an unlikely prospect if there is areas for contemplation, seeking solace, approximately 5 feet in the same little remaining capacity or if the ceme- gravesite. and gaining insights into the past. ◆ tery is located in an area where there is 14 Bethamie Horowitz, “A Wandering People, low demand for interment. Valerie Capels, AICP, is Redefining Final Resting Place,” The Forward A related issue that a number of com- Town Administrator for the (Feb. 24, 2006). munities have faced is abandonment of a Town of Waitsfield, Vermont, 15 Tuvia Sagiv & Uri Ponger, “Burial As a Way cemetery. In Montpelier, Vermont (just and former Director of the Of Life,” Architecture of Israel, Issue 36, online 30 miles south of Williston), St. Augus- Department of Planning at:
PLANNING COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL / NUMBER 64 / FALL 2006
8