Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 128(2) (2019) 328-347 EISSN 2392-2192 Bioprofiling of phytochemicals and phytonutritional potentials of Solanum incanum L. Kaliyamoorthy Kumar1, Darwin Christdhas Henry2 and Kathiresan Sivakumar1,* 1Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India *E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRACT In recent decades, a lot of interest in pharmaceutical industries to focus on ‘Phytochemicals’ and healthcare sectors to concentrate ‘Phytonutrients’ deriveed from natural products of plant origin. Solanum incanum L. is a roadside weed shrub and its ripened berries were treating various ailments. In the current decade, an attempted have been made for screening of Phytochemical and Phytonutrients values. Its leaves, stem, root and fruits of ethanolic extract were evaluated. In percent phytochemical Solanum incanum contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, steroids and triterpenoids. The maximum amount of Phytochemicals and Phytonutrients (Na, Al, Mg, Mn, P, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn) was recorded in fruit when compared with leaves, stem and root. They were analyze for their basic proximate composition, Vitamin, mineral elemental compositions and phytochemical profile to the results of this study suggested that, Plants play with altering environmental conditions to accalamize to these changes of its archetypes variations. This adaptation is accompanied by an unusual phytochemical diversity, especially for Phytochemicals and Phytonutrients. Keywords: Phytochemicals, Phytomineral, Proximate composition, Vitamins, Solanum incanum, Solanum panduriforme, Solanum bojeri ( Received 24 April 2019; Accepted 10 May 2019; Date of Publication 11 May 2019 ) World Scientific News 128(2) (2019) 328-347 1. INTRODUCTION India has immense wealth of biodiversity concisely, its having 10 biogeographical regions and also it is renowned as one the world’s top 12 mega biodiversity nations, In this view of the considerations, biodiversity is facts for chemical diversity and reliable phytochemical sources for the discovery of new drugs. Therefore, recent years the growing clinical demands on motivating the biomedical technology to searching for the new therapeutic compound depends upon the biodiversity of the nations. Over 70% of new valuable chemical substance (New Chemical Entities - NCEs) introduced into remedial practice to test the quality of the product and also they can play a vital role in drug development of Pharmaceutical industry were derived from natural products from plant origins. Solanum incanum L. (Family – Solanaceae) Synonyms: Solanum panduriforme E. Mey. Solanum bojeri Dunal. Vernacular Name is Mullakathirikkai, with Common name is Indian nightshade, thorn apple, bitter apple, bitter ball and bitter tomato. It is a nightshade family that is native to sub – Saharan Africa and grown in many regions of Far East Asia, Africa, and Middle eastwards to India. The Plant is an erect or spreading perennial shrub small prickle in leaves and stems. They creepy in nature, leaves are arranged in alternate, usually simple and lack stipules. In nature, the flowers are actinomorphic of only slightly zycomorphic. The young green and ripened fruits are yellow coloured. It is found that effective in treating various ailments such as, throat like a sore throat, angina, stomachache, painful menstruation, liver pain, pneumonia and rheumatism and it is having antimicrobial and anti-tumor activities. For these purposes, leaf, root and fruit decoctions are drunk, roots are chewed and sap swallowed, leaf sap is used for washing painful areas, and ash of burnt plants is mixed with fat and applied externally. In the present investigation, we are concluding that a screening of phytochemicals (Alkaloids, Flavanoids, Saponins, Phenols, Phytosterols with anodes, Glycosides, Triterpenoids, Tannins, Anthaquinones, Carbohydrates and steroids) and Phytonutrients constituents (Na, Al, Mg, Mn, P, Cl, K, CA, Fe, Cu and Zn) from Solanum incanum plant root, stem, leaves and fruits by Scanning Electron Micrographic with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopic analysis were made (SEM-EDS). 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2. 1. Source of Plant collections The Plants were collected in Southern Western Ghats Ecoregions of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. In India consists of 18 Biosphere Reserve, the Nilgiri biosphere Reserve is a chain of hills and one of the most floristically richest areas in India, established under the MAB Program by UNESCO in 1986. The tracts chosen was at once large enough to form a biosphere reserve with biologically valuable phytogeographical unit and small enough to be Nilgiri regions. This region consists of many exotic species, of which 2700 species are flowering plants (District of Nilgiri 2018). The frequent field visits were made to collect from dense forest continues to be forested tracts at edges and in bush land and grassland, from sea-level up to 2500 m altitude viz., Cherangode (Panthalur), Muthumalai (Gudalur), Masinagudi (Ooty), Jagathala (Godhagiri) and Wellington (Coonoor). It lies between Latitude: 11°0’ to 11°37’ N and longitude: 76° 27, E to 77°4E with the total regions of 2,479 square kilometers and there are ranging between 750m and 2580m above Mean Sea Level, it is an important region in the -329- World Scientific News 128(2) (2019) 328-347 overall biodiversity ranking in South Asia. It is situated in the north western corner of Tamil Nadu, are bounded on the north by the Mysore district of Karnataka, on the west and south west by wyanad district of Kerala on the east by Erode district and south of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu states. During summer, the temperature is around 21 to 25 degrees of Celsius. Likewise, winter the region has an average rainfall around 1,960 mm. The collections were accompanied by comprehensive field information (Fig. 1). HABIT FLOWERS UNRIPENED FRUIT SEEDS Fig. 1. Solanum incanum L. flowering details. 2. 2. Identification and authentication of plant materials A survey was carried out during December, 2018 to March, 2019, than herbarium specimens prepared, the plant species were primarily identified and got a specimen accession number and herbarium voucher specimen (ACC No. BOT 242) was deposited at Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu. Further, identified and authenticated by Dr. G.V.S Murthy, Scientist ‘F’ & Head of Office, Botanical Survey of India -330- World Scientific News 128(2) (2019) 328-347 (BSI), Southern Regional Centre, Coimbatore. Herbarium Voucher Number is BSI/SRC/5/23/2015/Tech. 2. 3. Phytochemical screening of Solanum incanum L. Phytochemical Studies on plant based secondary metabolites have been increasing over the last 50 years. However, plants having suitable alternative, clinically useful therapeutic compounds for low cost production of high quality much safer and biologically active. Present phytochemical examinations were carried out for as per the standard methods. 2. 3. 1. Sample preparation The fresh samples powder was prepared in our phytochemical laboratory. The unripe fruits were detached from the stalk and thoroughly washed with distilled water. Then, it is dried out in the hot air oven at 60 °C and left overnight. The dried sample was blended into powder and stored in a sample container. Otherwise, the shade dried plant material is powdered using mixer grinder, and subjected to Soxhlet extraction apparatus with ethanol for 18h in the order of increasing polarity of solvents. The condensed extracts were used for preliminary screening of photochemical. 2. 3. 2. Detection of Alkaloids Extracts were dissolved individually in dilute H2SO4 and filtered. a) Mayer’s Test: Filtrates were treated with Mayer’s reagent (Potassium Mercuric Iodide). Formation of a yellow coloured precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. b) Wagner’s Test: Filtrates were treated with Wagner’s reagent (Iodine in Potassium Iodide). The formation of a brown/reddish precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. c) Dragendroff’s Test: Filtrates were treated with Dragendroff’s reagent (Solution of Potassium Bismuth Iodide). Formation of a red precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. d) Hager’s Test: Filtrates were treated with Hager’s reagent (Saturated picric acid solution). Presence of alkaloids confirmed by the formation of a yellow coloured precipitate. 2. 3. 3. Detection of Carbohydrates Extracts were dissolved individually in 5 ml distilled water and filtered. The filtrates were used to test for the presence of carbohydrates. a) Molisch’s Test: Filtrates were treated with 2 drops of alcoholic α-naphthol solution in a test tube. Formation of the violet ring at the junction indicates the presence of Carbohydrates. b) Benedict’s Test: Filtrates were treated with Benedict’s reagent and heated gently. Orange red precipitate indicates the presence of reducing sugars. c) Fehling’s Test: Filtrates were hydrolysed with Dil. HCl, neutralized with alkali and heated with Fehling’s A & B solution. Formation of a red precipitate indicates the presence of reducing sugars. -331- World Scientific News 128(2) (2019) 328-347 2. 3. 4. Detection of Glycosides Extracts were hydrolysed with Dil. HCl, and then subjected to test for glycosides. a) Modified Borntrager’s Test: Extracts were treated with a Ferric Chloride solution and