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Acute Toxicity of Solanum Macrocarpon Linn (Solanaceae) on Wistar Rats: Study About Leaves and Fruits
American Journal of Biochemistry 2013, 3(3): 84-88 DOI: 10.5923/j.ajb.20130303.04 Acute Toxicity of Solanum macrocarpon Linn (Solanaceae) on Wistar Rats: Study about Leaves and Fruits Victorien Dougnon1,2,*, Honoré Bankolé2, Patrick Edorh1,3, Jean Robert Klotoé2, Jacques Dougnon2, Lauris Fah2, Frédéric Loko2, M iche l Boko 1 1Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Interfaculty Center of Formation and Research in Environment for the Sustainable Development, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 BP 1463 Cotonou, Benin 2Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 2009 Cotonou, Benin 3Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin Abstract S. macrocarpon is a highly consumed vegetable in Benin with values recognized by herbal medicine. The objective of this study was to assess its acute toxicity on Wistar rats. Fruits and leaves were shade dried, powdered, boiled and filtered. The powders obtained from leaves and fruits were orally administered to randomly selected animals divided into five groups treated with saline, 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg of powders. The anomals were observed along 14 days focusing attention on different behavior manifestations. Body weight, hematological (Complete Blood Count) and biochemical analyses (urea, creatinine and transaminases) were conducted. About S. macrocarpon’s leaves, the dose of 300 mg/kg resulted in the death of no rat. No mortality was recorded at the dose of 2000 mg/kg. It was the same for the fruit powder. Powders of leaves and fruits of S. -
Floral Scent Evolution in the Genus Jaborosa (Solanaceae): Influence of Ecological and Environmental Factors
plants Article Floral Scent Evolution in the Genus Jaborosa (Solanaceae): Influence of Ecological and Environmental Factors Marcela Moré 1,* , Florencia Soteras 1, Ana C. Ibañez 1, Stefan Dötterl 2 , Andrea A. Cocucci 1 and Robert A. Raguso 3,* 1 Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba CP 5000, Argentina; [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (A.C.I.); [email protected] (A.A.C.) 2 Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; [email protected] 3 Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (R.A.R.) Abstract: Floral scent is a key communication channel between plants and pollinators. However, the contributions of environment and phylogeny to floral scent composition remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized interspecific variation of floral scent composition in the genus Jaborosa Juss. (Solanaceae) and, using an ecological niche modelling approach (ENM), we assessed the environmental variables that exerted the strongest influence on floral scent variation, taking into account pollination mode and phylogenetic relationships. Our results indicate that two major evolutionary themes have emerged: (i) a ‘warm Lowland Subtropical nectar-rewarding clade’ with large white hawkmoth pollinated flowers that emit fragrances dominated by oxygenated aromatic or Citation: Moré, M.; Soteras, F.; sesquiterpenoid volatiles, and (ii) a ‘cool-temperate brood-deceptive clade’ of largely fly-pollinated Ibañez, A.C.; Dötterl, S.; Cocucci, species found at high altitudes (Andes) or latitudes (Patagonian Steppe) that emit foul odors including A.A.; Raguso, R.A. -
The Gradual Loss of African Indigenous Vegetables in Tropical America: a Review
The Gradual Loss of African Indigenous Vegetables in Tropical America: A Review 1 ,2 INA VANDEBROEK AND ROBERT VOEKS* 1The New York Botanical Garden, Institute of Economic Botany, 2900 Southern Boulevard, The Bronx, NY 10458, USA 2Department of Geography & the Environment, California State University—Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92832, USA *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] Leaf vegetables and other edible greens are a crucial component of traditional diets in sub-Saharan Africa, used popularly in soups, sauces, and stews. In this review, we trace the trajectories of 12 prominent African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) in tropical America, in order to better understand the diffusion of their culinary and ethnobotanical uses by the African diaspora. The 12 AIVs were selected from African reference works and preliminary reports of their presence in the Americas. Given the importance of each of these vegetables in African diets, our working hypothesis was that the culinary traditions associated with these species would be continued in tropical America by Afro-descendant communities. However, a review of the historical and contemporary literature, and consultation with scholars, shows that the culinary uses of most of these vegetables have been gradually lost. Two noteworthy exceptions include okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and callaloo (Amaranthus viridis), although the latter is not the species used in Africa and callaloo has only risen to prominence in Jamaica since the 1960s. Nine of the 12 AIVs found refuge in the African- derived religions Candomblé and Santería, where they remain ritually important. In speculating why these AIVs did not survive in the diets of the New World African diaspora, one has to contemplate the sociocultural, economic, and environmental forces that have shaped—and continue to shape—these foodways and cuisines since the Atlantic slave trade. -
A Molecular Phylogeny of the Solanaceae
TAXON 57 (4) • November 2008: 1159–1181 Olmstead & al. • Molecular phylogeny of Solanaceae MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae Richard G. Olmstead1*, Lynn Bohs2, Hala Abdel Migid1,3, Eugenio Santiago-Valentin1,4, Vicente F. Garcia1,5 & Sarah M. Collier1,6 1 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A. *olmstead@ u.washington.edu (author for correspondence) 2 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A. 3 Present address: Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 4 Present address: Jardin Botanico de Puerto Rico, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Apartado Postal 364984, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico 5 Present address: Department of Integrative Biology, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. 6 Present address: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.A. A phylogeny of Solanaceae is presented based on the chloroplast DNA regions ndhF and trnLF. With 89 genera and 190 species included, this represents a nearly comprehensive genus-level sampling and provides a framework phylogeny for the entire family that helps integrate many previously-published phylogenetic studies within So- lanaceae. The four genera comprising the family Goetzeaceae and the monotypic families Duckeodendraceae, Nolanaceae, and Sclerophylaceae, often recognized in traditional classifications, are shown to be included in Solanaceae. The current results corroborate previous studies that identify a monophyletic subfamily Solanoideae and the more inclusive “x = 12” clade, which includes Nicotiana and the Australian tribe Anthocercideae. These results also provide greater resolution among lineages within Solanoideae, confirming Jaltomata as sister to Solanum and identifying a clade comprised primarily of tribes Capsiceae (Capsicum and Lycianthes) and Physaleae. -
Withanolides
Withanolides: Phytoconstituents with significant pharmacological activities TICLE R Amritpal Singh, Sanjeev Duggal1, Harmanpreet Singh1, Jaswinder Singh2, Shankar Katekhaye3 Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dhanwantry Ayurvedic College, Chandigarh, 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely School of A Applied Medical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 2Department of Pharmacology, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Education and Research, Amritsar, 3Deptartment of Natural Products, Medicinal Natural Product Research Lab., ICT, Mumbai, India Withanolides are a group of naturally occurring oxygenated ergostane type steroids, having lactone in side chain and 2-en-1-one system in the ring. Withanolides are present in medicinal plants of Solanaceae family. Formulations based on these medicinal plants EVIEW are widely used in Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. Withanolides have shown a wide range of pharmacological activities including hypno¬sedative, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, angiogenesis inhibitor, anticholinesterase, antioxidant, R antibacterial and above all, antitumour. Withaferin A is the best studied withanolide as far as pharmacological investigations are concerned. The present review summarises the investigative work carried out on bioactive withanolides. Key words: Bioactivity, withaferin A, withania somnifera, withanolide, withanone INTRODUCTION Withaferin A [Figure 3] was the first compound isolated as a major compound from W. somnifera chemotype Some 50 new withanolides have been found in plants, I.[1] 27-deoxy-withaferin [Figure 4] was also reported mostly in roots and leaves, during the period under to have been isolated with withaferin A.[9] Withaferin review [Table 1]. Lavie, Glotter and Shro in 1965 studied A is thought to be the primary pharmacological agent the basic structure of withanolides. Chemically, they are present in the roots and leaves of W. -
Proximate, Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Studies on Solanum Macrocarpon L
Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 9(2): 1-7, 2016; Article no.JABB.27922 ISSN: 2394-1081 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Proximate, Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Studies on Solanum macrocarpon L. C. V. Ilodibia 1*, E. E. Akachukwu 2, M. U. Chukwuma 2, N. A. Igboabuchi 2, R. N. Adimonyemma 2 and N. F. Okeke 1 1Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. 2Department of Biology, Nwafor Orizu College of Education Nsugbe, Anambra State, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author CVI designed the study, carried out the experiment, managed the literature searches and produced the initial draft. All authors performed preliminary data analysis and interpreted the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2016/27922 Editor(s): (1) Afroz Alam, Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India. Reviewers: (1) G. Annadurai, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, India. (2) Charu Gupta, AIHRS, Amity University UP, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/16072 Received 25 th June 2016 Accepted 4th August 2016 Original Research Article th Published 7 September 2016 ABSTRACT Proximate, phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of leaf, fruit and root of Solanum macrocarpon L. were evaluated using standard methods. Protein, fat, ash, fibre and moisture as well as bioactive compounds (alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin and tannin) were present in the plant parts but at varied levels. The leaf contained significantly the highest quantities of nutrients and phytochemicals. Antimicrobial screening showed that the leaf had the highest inhibition against the pathogens (Aspergilus niger van Tieghem (NR 241), Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach (NR 201), Candida albican (C. -
Floral Biology and the Effects of Plant-Pollinator Interaction on Pollination Intensity, Fruit and Seed Set in Solanum
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(84), pp. 14967-14981, 18 October, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.1485 ISSN 1684–5315 © 2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Floral biology and the effects of plant-pollinator interaction on pollination intensity, fruit and seed set in Solanum O. A. Oyelana1 and K. O. Ogunwenmo2* 1Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria. 2Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, P.M.B. 21244, Ikeja, Lagos 100001, Lagos State, Nigeria. Accepted 20 April, 2012 Reproductive biology and patterns of plant-pollinator interaction are fundamental to gene flow, diversity and evolutionary success of plants. Consequently, we examined the magnitude of insect-plant interaction based on the dynamics of breeding systems and floral biology and their effects on pollination intensity, fruit and seed set. Field and laboratory experiments covering stigma receptivity, anthesis, pollen shed, load and viability, pollinator watch vis-à-vis controlled self, cross and pollinator- exclusion experiments were performed on nine taxa of Solanum: Solanum aethiopicum L., Solanum anguivi Lam., Solanum gilo Raddi, Solanum erianthum Don, Solanum torvum SW, Solanum melongena L. (‘Melongena’ and ‘Golden’) and Solanum scabrum Mill. (‘Scabrum’ and ‘Erectum’). Pollen shed commenced 30 min before flower opening attaining peak at 20 to 30 min and continued until closure. Stigma was receptive 15 to 30 min before pollen release, making most species primary inbreeders (100% selfed) but facultatively outbreeding (12.5 to 75%) through insect pollinators such as Megachile latimanus, Diplolepis rosae and Bombus pennsylvanicus. -
Phytochemical Study of the Genus Salpichroa (Solanaceae
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CONICET Digital Article Type: Full Paper Phytochemical Study of the Genus Salpichroa (Solanaceae). Chemotaxonomic Considerations and Biological Evaluation in Prostate and Breast Cancer Cells. Ana Valentina Basso,a Segundo Leiva González,b Gloria Estela Barboza,*,a Valeria Pilar Careaga,c,d Juan Carlos Calvo,d Paula A. Sacca,d and Viviana Estela Nicotra*,a a Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina, [email protected] (V. Nicotra), [email protected] (G. Barboza) b Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, CC 1075, Trujillo, Perú c Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a la Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias, Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Article d Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina Twelve Salpichroa taxa have been phytochemically analyzed. From the aerial parts of S. scandens, the four known salpichrolides A, C, I, S, and an unreported withanolide named salpichrolide V (1), were isolated. In S. dependens, S. gayi, S. glandulosa subsp. glandulosa, S. glandulosa subps. weddellii, S. leucantha, S. micrantha, S. microloba, S. proboscidea, S. ramosissima, S. tristis var. tristis, and S. weberbauerii, no withanolides were found. The chemical content of ca. 85 % of the Salpichroa taxa is in agreement with molecular studies, which suggest that Salpichroa and Jaborosa, a genus considered morphologically close to Salpichroa, are distant in the systematic of the Solanoideae subfamily. -
Spiranoid Withanolides from Jaborosa Odonelliana and Jaborosa Runcinata
Spiranoid Withanolides from Jaborosa odonelliana and Jaborosa runcinata Adriana M. Cirigliano and Rosana I. Misico Departamento de Qu´ımica Org´anica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabell´on 2, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EGA) Buenos Aires, Argentina Reprint requests to Dr. Adriana M. Cirigliano. Tel/Fax: (54-11) 4576-3346. E-mail: [email protected] Z. Naturforsch. 60b, 867 – 869 (2005); received December 28, 2004 Two new spiranoid withanolides, (20R,22R,23R)-12β,17β,22-trihydroxy-1-oxo-12,23-cycloergo- sta-2,24-dien-26,23-olide (3) and (23R)-5α,6β,12β,21-tetrahydroxy-1,22-dioxo-12,23-cycloergo- sta-2,17,24-trien-26,23-olide (4) were isolated from plants of Jaborosa odonelliana and Jaborosa runcinata, respectively. Compounds 3 and 4 were characterized by a combination of spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, MS) and molecular modelling. Key words: Jaborosa, Withanolides, Jaborosalactone Introduction Results and Discussion The withanolides are a group of natural C28- Jaborosalactone 24 (3) was isolated as a minor com- steroidal lactones built on an intact or arranged er- ponent from the aerial part of J. odonelliana. The gostane framework that occurs mainly in plants of cer- HREIMS showed a molecular ion corresponding to the tain genera of Solanaceae. The first member of this formula C28H36O6, whereas the EIMS showed peaks group of compounds, withafarin A, was isolated from at m/z 299 (42) and 168 (31) corresponding to the the well-known Indian medicinal plant, Withania som- cleavage between C-20-C-17 and C-23-C-12, distinc- nifera [1] and its structure was fully elcidated by Lavie tive for this type of structure [8]. -
Solanum Macrocarpon)
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 6 Issue 5, May - 2019 Effects of Magnetic Treated Domestic Wastewater on the Growth of African Eggplant (Solanum Macrocarpon) *Adeyolanu, A.S., Olanite, W.A and Ariwoola, L.A. Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic, Saki.Nigeria Abstract—Disposal of wastewaters from different cultivated for its use as a food, its medicinal purposes, sources has always been a major issue of and as an ornamental plant (12). The African Eggplant environmental concern. Domestic wastewater may which is popularly called Efo gbagba or Efo igbo is be applied into a more beneficial use through one of the most glamorous vegetables in Lagos area irrigation rather than being allowed to constitute markets, the vegetables does not come to the market nuisance to the receiving environment. This study in comparatively large quantities like the others; it is determined the variations in the growth cherished amongst the Yoruba people. parameters of the African eggplant under different The plant is usually cultivated for its leaves, which treatments of irrigation with freshwater, is a bit bitter, the fruits are eaten occasionally but are magnetized and non-magnetized domestic mainly preserve for the purpose of propagation. The wastewater replicated thrice in a derived roots, leaves, and fruit of African Eggplant contain savannah region of Oyo State. The study was medicinal qualities. In Nigeria, the fruit is used as a carried out in a screen house situated at laxative, and as a means to treat cardiac diseases. Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering The flowers are chewed on to clean teeth. -
Nuclear and Non-Nuclear Interactions in F1 Hybrid Populations of Three Solanum Species in the Subgenus Leptostemonum, Section Melongena (Solanaceae)
Turk J Bot 33 (2009) 243-255 © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-0803-18 Nuclear and non-nuclear interactions in F1 hybrid populations of three Solanum species in the subgenus Leptostemonum, section Melongena (Solanaceae) Olatunji A. OYELANA*, K. Olusola OGUNWENMO Babcock University, Department of Basic & Applied Sciences, School of Science & Technology, P.M.B 21244, Ikeja, Lagos 100 001, NIGERIA Received: 24.03.2008 Accepted: 14.05.2009 Abstract: Reciprocal crosses involving Solanum gilo Raddi, S. anguivi Lam. and S. macrocarpon L., subg. Leptostemonum (Dunal) Bitter sect. Melongena Dunal were produced in order to assess inherent nuclear and non-nuclear influences on hybrid fitness, the extent of genomic change, and species compatibility. Hybrids expressed intermediacy and overlaps in leaf, petiole, petal, and plant height dimensions. Maternal influence was dominant in growth habit, leaf shape and texture, flower colour, and fruit size, while paternal control was limited to fruit colour in Solanum gilo × S. macrocarpon. Pollen viability was reduced from 97.3%-86.5% in parents to 53.8%-20.5% in hybrids. S. gilo × S. macrocarpon produced single- flowered inflorescence, whereas the reciprocal S. macrocarpon × S. gilo developed the ability to perennate, indicating the heterogeneity of the parental genome. Fruits of the hybrids were intermediate or smaller, and had fewer seeds. They were wrinkled in S. gilo × S. macrocarpon, with many aborted seeds. Meiosis was irregular, with few laggards, and isolated uni- and bivalent chromosomes associated with foreign genes in the parent species. Conversely, multivalent and chromosome clumps revealed the extent of homogenization of the parental genomes and species affinity. -
Repositiorio | FAUBA | Artículos De Docentes E Investigadores De FAUBA
Journalof Natural History, 20\Jt Vol. 47, Nos. 1^, 139-165, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.742162 Species diversity of entomophilous plants and flower-visiting insects is sustained in the ñeld margins of sunflower crops Juan Pablo Torretta^* and Santiago L. Poggio'' "CONICET- Cátedra de Botánica Agricola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martin 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; ''IFEVA/CONICET- Cátedra de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martin 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Received 14 September 2011; final version received 17 October 2012; first published online 15 January 2013) Field margins are key landscape features sustaining biodiversity in farmland mosaics and through that, ecosystem services. However, agricultural intensification has encouraged fencerow removal to enlarge cropping areas, reducing farmland biodiversity and its associated ecosystems services. In the present work, we assess the role of field margins in retaining farmland biodiversity across the sunflower cropping area of Argentina. Flower-visiting insects and entomophilous plants were intensively sampled along the margins of sunflower fields, in eight locations across eastern Argentina. We recorded 149 species of flowering plants and 247 species of flower-visitors. Plants and arthropods were mostly natives. Most of the floral visi- tors captured provide ecosystem services to agriculture. Our results show that many species of beneficial insects and native plants occur in semi-natural linear features in the intensively managed farmland of Argentina. Field margins may constitute the last refugia of native plant species and their associated fauna in farmland mosaics. Conservation of field margins in Argentine farmland may therefore be essential for preserving biodiversity and associated ecosystem services.