DOCSLIB.ORG

Marlowe's Questionable Racism: the Struggle Between Human Sentiment and Nurtured Principles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Marlowe's Questionable Racism: the Struggle Between Human Sentiment and Nurtured Principles The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research Volume 6 Article 3 2003 Marlowe's Questionable Racism: The Struggle between Human Sentiment and Nurtured Principles Michelle Rizzo St. John Fisher College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur Part of the Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons How has open access to Fisher Digital Publications benefited ou?y Recommended Citation Rizzo, Michelle. "Marlowe's Questionable Racism: The Struggle between Human Sentiment and Nurtured Principles." The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research 6 (2003): 1-7. Web. [date of access]. <https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol6/iss1/3>. This document is posted at https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol6/iss1/3 and is brought to you for free and open access by Fisher Digital Publications at St. John Fisher College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Marlowe's Questionable Racism: The Struggle between Human Sentiment and Nurtured Principles Abstract In lieu of an abstract, below is the article's first paragraph. Written between the years of 1898 and 1899, Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, fictionalized the historical reality of an area secretly steeped in colonial rule by the viciously greedy and cruel King Leopold II. Between the years of 1885 and 1908, the Belgian ruler transformed the African Congo into his personal empire by exploiting not only the Congo's natural resources (rubber and ivory), but also the Congolese Africans' slave labor. Joseph Conrad published Heart of Darkness in response to his own experiences while traveling in the Belgian Congo. For decades Heart of Darkness was hailed a literary masterpiece written with a critical attitude towards tl1e colonization of Africans by foreign powers, and especially the denunciation of Belgium's justified ownership of the Congo. However, during the twentieth century critical debates began to arise around the novella's narrator, Charles Marlow, and whether or not his view of the Africans is racist, and by extension, whether or not Heart of Darkness is a racist novella altogether that does not deserve the literary credit it has gained in the past. This article is available in The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research: https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/ vol6/iss1/3 Rizzo: Marlowe's Questionable Racism Marlow's Questionable Racism: The Struggle between Human Sentiment and Nurtured Principles By Michelle Rizzo Written between the years of 1898 and 1899, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and became the Joseph Conrad's famous novella, Heart of Darkness, common property of Western European fictionalized the historical reality of an area secretly culture ... These beliefs were not yet racist in the steeped in colonial rule by the viciously greedy and nineteenili century sense of the term because they cruel King Leopold II. Behveen the years of 1885 and were not based on an explicit doctrine of genetic or 1908, the Belgian ruler transformed the African biological inequality; but they could provide an Congo into his personal empire by exploiting not only equivalent basis for considering some categories of the Congo's natural resources (rubber and ivory), but human beings inferior to others in ways that made it also the Congolese Africans' slave labor. Joseph legitimate to treat them differently from Europeans. Conrad published Heart ofDarkness in response to his (7) own experiences while traveling in the Belgian From Fredrick's statement, readers of Heart of Congo. For decades Heart of Darkness was hailed a Darkness can historically situate ilie text and, more literary masterpiece written with a critical attitude importantly, Marlow's racist attitude in the novella's towards tl1e colonization of Africans by foreign opening. This statement, and more specifically the powers, and especiaJJy the denunciation of Belgium's phrase "explicit doctrine of genetic or biological justified ownership of the Congo. However, during inequality," is extremely significant because it directly the hventieth century criticaJ debates began to arise states that between the sixteenth and nineteenth around the novella's narrator, Charles Marlow, and century a radical idea regarding the nature v. nurture whether or not his view of the Afucans is racist, and conflict developed. by extension, whether or not Heart of Darkness is a By the nineteenth century, Europeans felt that racist novella altogether that does not deserve the they were excluded from the concept of "savagery" literary credit it has gained in the past. based primarily on their biological and/or genetic From examining the tension between Marlow's makeup rather than their intellect. According to the innate human nature and his nurtured principles an Australian Psychological Society, "Psychology's answer to tllis discussion can most appropriately be emergence as a new branch of science [in the mid­ developed. However, in order to be familiar with how nineteenth century] was also located within the this conflict applies to Marlow, the reader must first context of the rise of imperial powers such as understand exactly what the terms "human nature" Germany and Britain. Pioneers in the new science of and "nurtured principles" refer to within the context of human measurement. .. contributed much to theories this discussion. The concept of"nature" holds that all which relied on skull measurements as 'proof of the organisms possess distinct characteristics that are not superiority of ilie European (male) brain" (1). created or developed as a result of one's environment Therefore, racism towards others included and but ratller because of one's genetic framework. For demonstrated biological inferiority as well as humans, one's "nature" includes one's instinctive intellectual inadequacies. In fact, Herbert Spencer's emotion and/or behavioral reactions to instances that concept of Social Darwinism spread all throughout occur within one's environment (Macionis 62). Europe in the mid-nineteenth century and heightened Therefore, for this discussion references to Marlow's the Western attitude that society was a "jungle," and "nature" refer to his emotional reactions based on his that Europeans were the "fittest" to survive. genetic code. What is meant by nurtured, or learned, According to Ian Watt, "[Social Darwinism] provided principles are the attitudes towards imperialism and an ideology for colonial expansion. Merely by Africans that Marlow possesses due to the influence occupying or controlling most of the globe, it was and teaching of his environment. By the 19th century, assumed, the European nations had demonstrated that most Europeans held many arrogant attitudes they were the fittest to survive; and the accelerating regarding themselves. Europeans defined themselves exportation of their various economic, political and as a technologically and intellectually superior race, religious institutions was therefore a necessary and they used this haughty attitude to justify the evolutionary step towards a higher form of human colonial rule of those less "civilized." According to organization in the rest of the world" (80). George Fredrickson, Therefore, Marlow's attitude towards imperialism Whatever their practical intentions or purposes, the in Heart of Darkness' opening centers around tlle invaders did not confront the native peoples without nurtured principle that Europeans nobly brought certain preconceptions about their nature that helped "civilization" to the world's "savages" specifically for shape the way they pursued their goals. the latter's spiritual and/or intellectual benefit. As a Conceptions of 'savagery' [developed] in the result of this line of reasoning, the harsh treatment of Published by Fisher Digital Publications, 2003 1 The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research, Vol. 6 [2003], Art. 3 the Africans as well as the conquest of the earth (more depersonalizes a portion of the human race, can appropriately referred to as "the scramble for Africa") be called a great work of art. My answer is: No, was JUStified. it cannot. (12) Based on the language in the opening of Although Marlow becomes extremely judgmental of Marlow's narrative, one can unquestionably state that the moral breakdown of Kurtz and attributes it to the Marlow does indeed depict the Africans in a negative influence of the barbarous African jungle, Achebe's manner and supports the European's so-called argument that Marlow is racist is rather tenuous. humanitarian explanation of imperialism. Marlow's Marlow's direct experiences in the Congo do nurtured principles chiefly govern his inner self by challenge his previously racist conceptions of the suppressing his human sentiments, and so his racist Africans, so even if Marlow cannot positively be references towards the Africans are appropriate for labeled racist or not racist, one can certainly prove that portraying 19th century attitudes of European racism. the "fostered attitude" that Achebe speaks of does in However, after specific incidents where Marlow fact diminish. For instance, one example emerges in interacts with these supposedly "savage" natives, the Part II when Marlow journeys up the river toward the emergence of his intrinsic emotions begins to Inner Station and obtains glimpses of African villages influence his previously prejudice views and demean along the riverbartk. The following statement Europe's attempted justification of imperialism. highlights Marlow's internal confusion of the Therefore, in order
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Although a Quality Text Will Explore Universal Human Concerns, All Texts
    Although a quality text will explore universal human concerns, all texts are fundamentally influenced by the values of the respective composer’s context, and therefore will not easily transcend time without the act of appropriation. Shakespeare’s play, The Tempest, has enduring value as it both reflects and criticises the standard perspectives of his Jacobean era. Margaret Atwood has effectively appropriated this text within her novel, Hag-Seed, by adapting Shakespeare’s concerns to a modern era and utilising it to critique her own societies context. Atwood transposes the exploration of the treatment of marginalised people from the ostracised figure of Caliban to the disadvantaged group of prisoners that Felix seeks to direct. She also translates Shakespeare’s temporal commentary of gender roles within the patriarchal society of 17th century England as depicted through Miranda, into the feminist character of Anne-Marie. Finally, Atwood has reflected the provocative discoveries made by Prospero, as he experienced a reassessment of previous perspectives in order to evaluate new perceptions, through Felix, who undergoes a similar transformation of self. In this respect, Atwood’s text transcends time through effectively becoming a portal which draws values from the Jacobean era and translates them so that modern audiences can reflect on themselves and their society. PARAGRAPH 1: Shakespeare’s play, The Tempest, explores the colonial expansion that took place during the 17th century and the vexed relationship between the ‘explorers’ and the indigenous, as the impacts of colonialization began to permeate the common beliefs of society. The negative insinuations associated with indigenous groups becomes evident within the text when Prospero, the embodiment of European colonisation, uses a zoomorphic description of Caliban to present him as a creature less than human, “not honoured with human shape” in which Shakespeare satirizes the ethnocentric view of white ‘explorers’.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Marlow the Colonizer, Or, the Ironic Necessity
    Teksty Drugie 2014, 1, s. 199-212 Special Issue – English Edition Charles Marlow the Colonizer, or, the Ironic Necessity. Zofia Mitosek Przeł. Jan Pytalski http://rcin.org.pl III ZOflA MITOSEK CHARLES MARLOW THE COLONIZER^ 1 9 9 Zofia Mitosek Charles Marlow the Colonizer, or, the Ironic Necessity ne of the fundamental rules of every ideology is the Zofia Mitosek, Orevision of what has been done in the past, in the professor in the history preceding its emergence. To contradict, however, Institute of Polish Literature of the does not mean to break away. Speaking in the name of University of Warsaw. the truth, ideology attempts to show the illusory cha­ Visiting p rofessor racter of the former and, at the same time, asses the at the Université de practical dimension of uncovered illusions. The cho­ M ontréal, C anada; ice of the name post-colonialism is meaningful: even Paris IV-Sorbonne. Dyrektor C entre de though it presents itself not as an ideology but a theory, Civilisation polonaise, researchers who represent this current have a similar Sorbonne. Member critical approach. It is not concerned with resistance, o f the Association with anti-colonialism. It is concerned with reflection, Internationale de an interpretation of the facts, with the “analysis of world Littérature comparée. Her research views constructed from the imperial (hence dominant) interests include point of view”i and checking “how, de facto, it all happe­ literary theory, ned.” Interestingly, even though post-colonialism was theories of mimesis, created primarily by scholars often coming from for­ and irony, novel. mer colonies, it is primarly a product of American uni­ She is the author of among others, versities, a country that, for at least two hundred years Poznanie w powieści, now, feels good about itself, since whatever there was Co z tą ironią?.
    [Show full text]
  • Literary Criticism the 2020-2021 Reading List
    University Interscholastic League Student Activities Conference Literary Criticism The 2020-2021 Reading List Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness ǀ Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman ǀ William Wordsworth: selected poems ❖ "I was on the threshold of great things." ~ Kurtz "Dad is never so happy as when he's looking forward to something!" ~ Happy "Dost thou despise the earth where cares abound? / Or, while the wings aspire, are heart and eye / Both with thy nest upon the dewy ground?" ~ Wordsworth ❖ Marlow, Loman, Wordsworth, and the "august light of abiding memories" Conrad's Heart of Darkness In his Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad offers a framework-story, the central narrative of which is spoken by one of five men who share the "bond of the sea." The framing narrative's unnamed narrator does little more than raise and lower the curtain on the young—now experienced—Charles Marlow, who shares his own story while the five sit on the Nellie, a cruising yawl, on the ebbing Thames in the darkness that hangs at the edge of "the lurid glare" of civilization's principal city, the commercial center of a vast colonial empire. The sharing, a story-telling concept foundational to many of Conrad's stories (as is Charlie Marlow himself), necessarily in- cludes a larger audience, the readers—you and me. The unnamed narrator recounts Marlow's beginning the tell- ing of his story: "'I don't want to bother you much with what happened to me personally,' he beg[ins], showing in this remark the weakness of many tellers of tales who seem so often unaware of what their audience would best like to hear; 'yet to understand the effect of it on me you ought to know how I got out there, what I saw, how I went up that river to the place where I first met the poor chap.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CONCEPT of the DOUBLE JOSEPH'conrad by Werner
    The concept of the double in Joseph Conrad Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Bruecher, Werner, 1927- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 16:33:07 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318966 THE CONCEPT OF THE DOUBLE JOSEPH'CONRAD by Werner Bruecher A Thesis Snbmitted to tHe Faculty of the .' DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE OTHERS TTY OF ' ARIZONA ' STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable with­ out special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar­ ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below ^/viz.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dark Night of the Soul: the Archetype and Its Occurrence in Modern Fiction
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1973 The aD rk Night of the Soul: the Archetype and Its Occurrence in Modern Fiction. Ibry Glyn-francis Theriot Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Theriot, Ibry Glyn-francis, "The aD rk Night of the Soul: the Archetype and Its Occurrence in Modern Fiction." (1973). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2577. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2577 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Heart of Darkness (Paginated)
    Heart of Darkness (paginated) Heart of Darkness Conrad, Joseph, 1857-1924 Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library All on-line databases About the electronic version Heart of Darkness Conrad, Joseph, 1857-1924 Creation of machine-readable version: Judy Boss Conversion to TEI-conformant markup: University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center ca. 225 kilobytes -- rounded up to the nearest 5KB Publisher: Charlottesville, Va. Copyright 1999, by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/ Commercial use prohibited; all usage governed by our Conditions of Use:http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/conditions.html 1993 About the print version Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad Note: Checked against the Signet Classics reprint: New American Library spell-check and verification made against printed text using WordPerfect spell checker Published: 1902 Revisions to the electronic version http://chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/i2l/hod-uva.html (1 of 54) [4/5/2004 7:59:47 AM] Heart of Darkness (paginated) October 1992 corrector David SeamanSpellchecked; unambiguous line-end hyphenation removed; basic TEI tagging; paginated to the Signet Classic edition, based on source information supplied by Judy Boss. [email protected]. Commercial use prohibited; all usage governed by our Conditions of Use: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/conditions.html Page 65 The NELLIE, a cruising yawl, swung to her anchor without a flutter of the sails, and was at rest. The flood had made, the wind was nearly calm, and being bound down the river, the only thing for it was to come to and wait for the turn of the tide.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography and References
    Bibliography and References (NoTE: the following list does not pretend to be exhaustive; items are only included if they are mentioned in text.) Primary sources and collections Conrad, J., Heart of Darkness (Harmondsworth: Penguin Modern Classics, 1982, first published 1902). Conrad, J., Preface to The Nigger of the Narcissus ( 1897) (Penguin Modern Classics Edition). Conrad, J., Tales ofHearsay and Last Essays (London, 1928 and 1955). Cox, C. B. (ed.), Casebook: Heart of Darkness, Nostromo, Under Western Eyes (London, 1981). Dean, L. F. (ed.), Heart of Darkness: Backgrounds and Criticism (Engle­ wood Cliffs, NJ, 1960). Kimbrough, R. ( ed.), Heart of Darkness: An Authoritative Text, Criti­ cism, Backgrounds, Sources, 3rd edn (New York & London: Norton edn, 1988). Mudrick, M. (ed.), Conrad: A Collection of Critical Essays (Twentieth Century Views Series) (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1966). Sherry, N. (ed.), Conrad: The Critical Heritage (London, 1973). Secondary sources Achebe, C., 'An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Dark­ ness' ( 1975) (amended 1987), reprinted in Kimbrough (ed.) ( 1988). Baker, R. S., 'Watt's Conrad' (1981 and 1986) in Kimbrough (ed.) (1988). Bakhtin, M. M., The Dialogic Imagination (Austen, Texas, 1981). Barthes, R., S/Z (London, 1975; orig. in French 1970). 84 HEART OF DARKNESS Barthes, R., /mage-Music-Text: Essays (translated and edited by Heath, S.,) (Glasgow, 1977). Belsey, C., Critical Practice (London, 1980). Belsey, C., TheSubjectofTragedy (London, 1985). Benjamin, W., Illuminations (Glasgow, 1977). Bhabha, H. K., 'The other question: difference, discrimination, and the discourse of colonialism', in Barker et al. (eds), Literature, Politics, and Theory (London, 1986). Blake, S. L., 'Racism and the Classics: Teaching Heart of Darkness', College Language Association Journal, 25, no.
    [Show full text]
  • WINNIE VERLOC and HEROISM in the SECRET AGENT THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Parti
    7w WINNIE VERLOC AND HEROISM IN THE SECRET AGENT THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts By Cynthia Joy Henderson, B.A. Denton, TX May, 1993 Henderson, Cynthia Joy. Winnie Verloc and Heroism in The Secret Agent. Master of Arts (English), May 1993, 77 pp., bibliography, 65 titles. Winnie Verloc's role in The Secret Agent has received little initial critical attention. However, this character emerges as Conrad's hero in this novel because she is an exception to what afflicts the other characters: institutionalism. In the first chapter, I discuss the effect of institutions on the characters in the novel as well as on London, and how both the characters and the city lack hope and humanity. Chapter II is an analysis of Winnie's character, concentrating on her philosophy that "life doesn't stand much looking into," and how this view, coupled with her disturbing experience of having looked into the "abyss," makes Winnie heroic in her affirmative existentialism. Chapters III and IV broaden the focus, comparing Winnie to Conrad's other protagonists and to his other female characters. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . - - - - - - - 1 CHAPTER I THE PLAYERS AND THEIR SETTING . 5 CHAPTER II WINNIE . .......... 32 CHAPTER III WINNIE AMONG CONRAD'S MEN AND WOMEN . 60 CHAPTER IV MADNESS AND DESPAIR . 71 WORKS CITED . ... 76 WORKS CONSULTED . ...... 79 iii INTRODUCTION The Secret Agent, although primarily approached by the critics as a political novel, is also a social and a domestic drama played out in the back parlour of a secret agent's pornography shop, and on the dreary streets of London.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching the Short Story: a Guide to Using Stories from Around the World. INSTITUTION National Council of Teachers of English, Urbana
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 397 453 CS 215 435 AUTHOR Neumann, Bonnie H., Ed.; McDonnell, Helen M., Ed. TITLE Teaching the Short Story: A Guide to Using Stories from around the World. INSTITUTION National Council of Teachers of English, Urbana, REPORT NO ISBN-0-8141-1947-6 PUB DATE 96 NOTE 311p. AVAILABLE FROM National Council of Teachers of English, 1111 W. Kenyon Road, Urbana, IL 61801-1096 (Stock No. 19476: $15.95 members, $21.95 nonmembers). PUB 'TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) Collected Works General (020) Books (010) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC13 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Authors; Higher Education; High Schools; *Literary Criticism; Literary Devices; *Literature Appreciation; Multicultural Education; *Short Stories; *World Literature IDENTIFIERS *Comparative Literature; *Literature in Translation; Response to Literature ABSTRACT An innovative and practical resource for teachers looking to move beyond English and American works, this book explores 175 highly teachable short stories from nearly 50 countries, highlighting the work of recognized authors from practically every continent, authors such as Chinua Achebe, Anita Desai, Nadine Gordimer, Milan Kundera, Isak Dinesen, Octavio Paz, Jorge Amado, and Yukio Mishima. The stories in the book were selected and annotated by experienced teachers, and include information about the author, a synopsis of the story, and comparisons to frequently anthologized stories and readily available literary and artistic works. Also provided are six practical indexes, including those'that help teachers select short stories by title, country of origin, English-languag- source, comparison by themes, or comparison by literary devices. The final index, the cross-reference index, summarizes all the comparative material cited within the book,with the titles of annotated books appearing in capital letters.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannibalism in Contact Narratives and the Evolution of the Wendigo Michelle Lietz
    Eastern Michigan University DigitalCommons@EMU Master's Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations, and Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations Graduate Capstone Projects 3-1-2016 Cannibalism in contact narratives and the evolution of the wendigo Michelle Lietz Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.emich.edu/theses Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Lietz, Michelle, "Cannibalism in contact narratives and the evolution of the wendigo" (2016). Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations. 671. http://commons.emich.edu/theses/671 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations, and Graduate Capstone Projects at DigitalCommons@EMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@EMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cannibalism in Contact Narratives and the Evolution of the Wendigo by Michelle Lietz Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Language and Literature Eastern Michigan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in Literature Thesis Committee: Abby Coykendall, Ph.D., First Reader Lori Burlingame, Ph.D., Second Reader March 1, 2016 Ypsilanti, Michigan ii Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my kind and caring sisters, and my grounding father. For my mother: thank you for beginning my love of words and for every time reading “one more chapter.” And for every person who has reminded me to guard my spirit during long winters. iii Acknowledgments I am deeply indebted to Dr. Lori Burlingame, for reading all of my papers over and over again, for always letting me take up her office hours with long talks about Alexie, Erdrich, Harjo, Silko and Ortiz, and supporting everything I’ve done with unwavering confidence.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Apprentices to Knowledge'
    UNIVERSITY OF S T. THOMAS PRESENTS RESEARCH ‘Apprentices to Knowledge’ An apprentice is a person who is learning a skill or trade at the side of someone who is accomplished and recognized in the field. Some teaching styles view students as persons who must be "filled" with knowledge by the professor or mentor, and is more passive. An apprentice helps to construct their own knowledge base and by doing so, they develop ownership of that knowledge. 2013 Research Symposium • Thursday - Saturday, April 11-13 Thursday, April 11 Friday, April 12 Saturday, April 13 Crooker Center Crooker Center & Jerabeck Gymnasium Crooker Center & Jerabeck Gymnasium 4 - 6 p.m. Poster Reception 8 a.m. - 3:45 p.m. Oral Presentations 9 a.m. - 3 p.m. Oral Presentations (Crooker Center) (Crooker Center) 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. Posters on Display 9 a.m. - Noon Posters on Display (Jerabeck Gym) (Jerabeck Gym) 4 - 5 p.m. Honors Colloquium (Scanlan Room, Jerabeck Center) 5:30 - 8:30 p.m. Poster Judging (Jerabeck Gym) 2013 Research Symposium Apprentices to Knowledge “Every year our undergraduate students present educational, interesting and even inspiring topics at our Research Symposium. Their accomplishments reflect the inspirational guidance of their faculty advisors who devote a great amount of time and energy to their students’ research and presentation. The annual Research Symposium is a glimpse of the excellence of a St. Thomas education.” Dr. Robert Ivany President University of St. Thomas “The theme of the 2013 Research Symposium, “Apprentices to Knowledge," describes a way of learning that has a long tradition in Catholic education, and that thrives at the University of St.
    [Show full text]
  • JOSEPH CONRAD: THREE NOVELS Joseph Conrad in 1923, Aged About 65 (Estate of John Conrad/Photo T
    JOSEPH CONRAD: THREE NOVELS Joseph Conrad in 1923, aged about 65 (Estate of John Conrad/photo T. and R. Annan and Sons) JOSEPH CONRAD: THREE NOVELS Heart of Darkness The Secret Agent The Shadow-Line Joseph Conrad Edited with an introduction and notes by NORMAN PAGE M MACMILLAN Introduction, notes, glossary and chronology © Norman Page 1995 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1995 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-61096-1 ISBN 978-1-349-23831-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-23831-6 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by EXPO Holdings, Malaysia Contents A Note on the Text vi Introduction ix Heart of Darkness 1 The Secret Agent 93 The Shadow-Line 339 Notes 446 Glossary of Nautical Terms 451 A Conrad Chronology 453 v A Note on the Text Heart of Darkness was begun in mid-December 1898 and finished within about a month.
    [Show full text]