Perspectives Оf the Red Book Species Sorbus Torminalis L. for the Protected and Recreational Zones, and Horticultural and Pharmaceutical Industries

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EurAsian Journal of BioSciences Eurasia J Biosci 14, 6773-6785 (2020)

Perspectives оf the red book species Sorbus torminalis L. for the protected and recreational zones, and horticultural and pharmaceutical industries

Тetiana Моskаlеts 1*, Аlina Vоvkоhоn 2, Vadym Pеlеkhаtyi 3, Nataliia Pеlеkhаtа 3, Olha Ovezmyradova 3 1 Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03027, UKRAINE 2 Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, Bila Tserkva, 09117, UKRAINE 3 Polissia National University, Zhytomyr, 10002, UKRAINE *Corresponding author: Тetiana Моskаlеts

Abstract Background: Wild service tree is a biocenotic Red Book species has socio-economic significance and contributes increasing the biodiversity of natural, semi-natural and anthropic ecosystems, in Ukraine protected by law since 2009 and has LC (Lower Risk) status. Materials and Methods: The ecological and biological peculiarities of the S. torminalis natural and semi-natural genotypes have been studied, forms selected according to the valuable morphological and reproductive indicators as well as the biochemical composition of fruits and leaves determined. The monitoring researches and observations of the populations and individual plantations status under the conditions of the Western, South-Western аnd Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on the immature (Im), young vegetative (V1) and generative plants of the wild service tree during 2017–2020 were conducted. The biochemical parameters were established in the leaves and fruits at the phase of the complete ripeness. Results: The results clearly showed the new genotypes were selected with high fruit (more than 1.5 g) and сorymb mass (32.3-48.2 g), and increased content of the biologically active substances in the fruits and leaves (phenolic compounds, carotenoids, bioflavonoids). The polyphenolic compounds in the fruits ranged 3380.5 – 4876.3 mg/kg, and in the leaves 6042.8-8778.5 mg/kg on the wet mass in the complete ripeness, the content of the organic acіds in the fruits (1.8-2.5 %) is in 1.5 times higher than their content in leaves (1.3-1.6 %) per wet mass. Conclusions: The biological value of the S. torminalis fruits and leaves lets to consider them promising raw materials for healthy nutrition and pharmaceutical branch. This work represented an important species in Ukraine and Europe wild service tree. The widespread use of the checkertree selected forms by means of the introduction in to the new growing spreading conditions it in the culture of the industrial and ornamental horticulture, and forestry will ensure the preservation of the species and replenishment with medicinal and fruit raw materials of the consumer and pharmaceutical markets, increase the diversity of natural, semi-natural and anthropic ecosystems.

Keywords: wild service tree, selected genotypes, biodiversity conservation, ‘The Red Book of Ukraine’, fruits, leaves, biochemical composition

Моskаlеts T, Vоvkоhоn A, Pеlеkhаtyi V, Pеlеkhаtа N, Ovezmyradova O (2020) Perspectives оf the red book species Sorbus torminalis L. for the protected and recreational zones, and horticultural and pharmaceutical industries. Eurasia J Biosci 14: 6773-6785.

INTRODUCTION of space and anthropogenic factors. Despite the fact that Ukraine occupieadd the s 5.7% of Europe's territory, its The planet's biodiversity has long been under threat territory represents at least 35% of European of impoverishment and extinction. Its losses can lead to biodiversity (more than 70 thousand species of animals irreversible consequences both for ecosystems and for and plants) (Didukh, 2009). Unfortunately, a significant the biosphere in general (Jongman et al., 2011; Burke et part of natural and semi-natural landscapes of Ukraine al., 2017). Destruction and transformation of natural rapidly degrades under the influence of human activity. ecosystems, excessive exploitation of natural resources, environmental pollution are the main factors of human impact on biodiversity (Paganova, 2007; Madera et al., Received: July 2019 2013). A powerful factor in changing the environment Accepted: April 2020 were global climate change, occurring due to the action Printed: December 2020

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Throughout Ukraine, species subject to protection, of the experimental data) were carried out at the Institute conservation and control listed in the ‘Red Book of of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Ukraine’ (Didukh, 2009), which includes 826 species of Sciences of Ukraine аnd the Bila Tserkva National plants and fungi. All species are divided into seven Agrarian University categories according to their conservation status on: EX The study of the checkertree plant populations was (Extinct), EW (Extinct in the Wild), CR (Critically conducted according to the accepted methods (1986), Endangered), EN (Endangered), VU (Vulnerable), DD and phenological observations over the plants growth (Data Deficient). A separate group consists of having the and development as well as the biometric indicers were LC (Lower Risk) status. Representatives of this category carried out in accordance with the methods of need attention and protection due to the existing threat Beydemann (1974). The dynamics of the shoots growth of reducing populations. and development, periods of the establishment and Although they are more or less common in number, formation of generative organs, buds and leaves were however, they have a low risk of extinction. One of the explored in conformity with the accepted methods representatives of this group of species is Sorbus (Tkachyk, 2016). The qualitative and quantitative torminalis (L.) Crantz, 1763 (Bednorz & Nowinska, 2018; characteristics of buds, shoots, inflorescences, flowers Moskalets et al., 2019). The S. torminalis (wild service as well as of leaves and fruits were analyzed, pre- tree) is a typical forest tree specieswith scattered selecting 25 inflorescences and 25 leaves on each of distribution (Aas & Kohles, 2011; Thomas, 2017). In four sides from a tree. The total sample of leaves, Ukraine it occurs as a companion species mainly in inflorescences was 100. Shoots for the research were deciduous forests in its western regions. S. torminalis is selected from the middle part of the crown. The estimate a valuable biocenotic species which increases the of yield plants and seed productivity the weight method, biodiversity of forests (Shpak, 2019). It is a rare species forming the total fruit sample (1 kg) of which 100 fruits in Ukraine, protected by law since 2009 (Didukh, 2009). were selected to establish the qualitative and The protection of genetic resources of forest tree quantitative characteristics. Genotypes were discovered species underlies the principle of ‘environmental and selected under the conditions of the Central, South- imperative’ that is an important issue for European and Western, and Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine as a world ecologists, foresters (Pyttel et al., 2013; Werres, result of the expeditionary researches of the mentioned 2018). Biodiversity protection is impossible without a checkertree plants natural and local gene pool. Plants of comprehensive study of certain species of organisms of different ontogenetic periods: latent, virginal (juvenile different places of growth, their ecological and and immature), generative, postgenerative (senile) were morphophysiological features (Bednorz et al., 2012; analyzed in order to identify differences in the Szymura et al., 2014). morphological signs and biological peculiaitives. In this connection, the aim of our research was study The morphological characteristics were identified by ecological and biological features natural and semi- means of the visual assessment and measurements or natural S. torminalis genotypes and highlight forms by calculations depending on the type of their detection. valuable morphological reproductive features and also The identification of the morphological signs was carried determine the biochemical composition of fruits and out on immature (Im), young vegetative (V1) and leaves. generative plants. The morphological characteristics, their codes and subcodes were used to in order to MATERIALS AND METHODS assess the detection of the distinctness and uniformity Materials were conducted under the conditions of the in keeping with the accepted methods (Tkachyk, 2016), Western, South-Western Forest-Steppe (Western namely: rest period (complete leaves fall or before the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe Province) аnd Central Forest- beginning of the spring sap flow); the beginning of the Steppe of Ukraine (Dniester-Dnieper Forest-Steppe vegetation (swelling of the vegetative buds); the Province) and observations by population status and generative buds budding, the beginning of flowering (5- single trees of wild service tree during 2017–2020, 10% flowers opened on the tree); flowering (≥ 50% of namely: Kamianets-Podilskyi district (not far from the the flowers are opened); growth of shoots (full disclosure village Suprunkivtsi, Khmelnytskyі region, 48°44′ N and formation of the leaf blade); fruits growth and 26°45′ E), the town Kamianets-Podilskyi (Khmelnytskyі formation; fruits technical and consumption ripeness (≥ region, 48°25' N 26°32' E), the village Skаlа Pоdіlskа 50% fruits on the tassel). (Теrnopil region, 48°51′ N 26°11′ E), the Kremenets The Protection Status of S. torminalis was Botanical Garden (Теrnopil region, 50°05′ N 25°43′ E), established according to the ‘Red Book of Ukraine’ not far from the village Myrоliubivkа (Pishchanka district, (Didukh, 2009) and the International Union for the Vіnnytsia region, 48°13′ N 28°49′ E). The experimental Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List database researches (biometric measurements, analytical (Rivers et al., 2019). The total organic acids using the investigations, mathematical and statistical processing photocolorimetric method on the photocalorimeter KFK- 3-01– by titration with 0.1 n NaOH in the recalculation for

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Table 1. Biometric, morphological and reproductive indicators S. torminalis selected genotypes (average for 2019-2020) The number in the сorymb, pcs. The number of seeds in the Variety, form Crown shape flowers fruits сorymb, pcs. Slаvkа (control) rounded 47 ± 2.3 20 ± 0.5 18 ± 1.3 Yeva elongated 35 ± 1.7* 17 ± 0.7* 8 ± 1.9* Podolianochka rounded 42 ± 2.1* 15 ± 0.6* 10 ± 0.8* Vinnychanka elongated 51 ± 1.9* 18 ± 0.9* 16 ± 1.5 Form 1-18-03 ovoid 45 ± 2.0 16 ± 0.5* 12 ± 1.8* Note: *P ˂ 0.05 compared to the control (variety Slаvkа)

Fig. 1. The colouration of the wild service tree shoots of different genotypes: а – Vinnychanka, b– Form 1-18-03, c – Podolianochka, d – Slаvkа, е – Yeva the malic acid in accordance with SSU 4957:2008; the Podolianochka, F 1-18-03), the largest –in Slavka, amount of the total polyphenolic compounds utilizing the Vinnychanka ≥ 47 pcs. The number of fruits in the phase Folin-Dennis reagent spectrophotometric method on the of biological maturity are 2.4-2.8 times less than the spectrophotometer Spekol 1500 under the wavelength number of flowers in the сorymb (Table 1). of 270 nm with a photometric accuracy of 0.004. The New genotypes differ in the shape of the apex of the biochemical analyses were conducted in the 3 fold vegetative bud and in the coloration of the annual shoot. repetition in each variant of the experiment. Тhe colouration of the shoot can be light brown The differences between the researches variants (Vinnychanka), brown (Form-1-18-03), dark brown notions in the control and experimental groups were (Podolianochka, Slаvkа) and brown with a grayish tinge established using the ANOVA, where the differences (Yeva) (Fig. 1). were considered significant under P < 0.05 (with Marker sign of a young shoot of wild service tree may Bonferroni correction). The average notion of the be intensity of the anthocyanin coloration of its apex, in standard error (x ± SE) was determined. particular in some genotypes (Form 1-18-03, Vinnychanka) its weak, and in others (Yeva, Slаvkа, RESULTS Podolianochka) its clearly expressed. The size of the Under conditions of the Central, South-Western, and vegetative bud, as a marker of the genotype varies Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine plant natural and greatly: within 8-10 mm (small), middle (11-14 mm in local gene pool wild service tree of different ontogenetic plant Form 1-18-03), large (≥ 15 mm in Vinnychanka, periods: latent, virginal (juvenile and immature), Yeva, Slаvkа, Podolianochka). Slаvkа, Form 1-18-03 generative, postgenerative (senile) has been studied plants have a rounded shape apex of bud; Yevа – acute- and found differences in morphological signs and ovate, pointed; Vinnychanka, Podolianochka – obtuse. biological peculiaitives. The plants differed in habit. In this case, their position as concerns the shoot being Thus, most generative plants in the studied habitats either tightly (Yeva, Slаvkа), lightly declined have a height up to 15 m, which are classified as (Vinnychanka), or clearly declined (Podolianochka, medium-sized, in particular, these are Yeva, Slаvkа, Form 1-18-03). Podolianochka and tall – higher than 15 m Special decorative plants become wild service tree (Vinnychanka, Form 1-18-03). The new genotypes differ during flowering, which lasts the third decade of April to in the shape of the crown (Table 1). the first decade of May. Checkertree produces In particular, genotype Form-1-18-03, Slаvkа have a hermaphrodite flowers visited by a wide range of rounded and ovoid shape; Yeva, Vinnychanka – generalist pollinators (social bees, bumblebees and elongated, Slаvkа, Podolianochka – rounded. The beetles). The flowers are located at the ends of the number of flowers in the сorymb 35-45 pcs. (Yeva, shoots, they are white, five-petalled, more or less

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Fig. 2. The location of the petals of wild service tree different genotypes: а – free (Yeva), b – free (Vinnychanka), с – tangential (Slаvkа), d – tangential (Podolianochka), e – tangential (Form 1-18-03), f – overlapping tomentose, collected in corymbs-like inflorescences. In individual fruits fall off, under weak – falls 5-10 % (Yeva, the inflorescence an average of 10-20 flowers. Flower Slаvkа), medium – 11-20 % (Podolianochka, diameter – up to 8-10 mm, the shape of the flower petals Vinnychanka, Form 1-18-03) (Table 1). is broadly elliptical, rounded or elongated. The position We detected varying parameters of the wild service of the petals is usually horizontal (Yeva, Slаvkа, tree fruits – lengths, widths, mass and so on. Thus, Podolianochka, Vinnychanka). The location of the petals concerning the length the fruits of the studied forms can can be free (Yeva, Vinnychanka) or tangential, be divided into short (˂ 10 mm), medium – 10-15 mm sometimes there overlapping (Fig. 2). The flowers smell (Form 1-18-03) and long – more 15 mm (Slаvkа, is strong. The corolla and perianth are simple. Vinnychanka, Yeva, Podolianochka). As for width: Аnother wild service tree plant polymorphism is the narrow (˂ 7 mm – Vinnychanka), medium – 7–10 mm pistil type which can be simple, or complex (2, 3 stylodiyi (Yeva, Podolianochka), wide – more 10 mm (Slаvkа, or more). The results of the research have shown that Form 1-18-03). Their mass varies 1.6–2.4 g, although the S. torminalis flower is pistil apocarpous, usually 2, there are small-fruited forms with a fruit mass of 0.5-0.8 rarely 1, 3, or 5 styloids (pistil columns). Ovary 2-3 nests g. The largest mass of one сorymb during the years of lower, stigma being two-bladed. The morphological sign research was observed in Slavka (48.2 g) in others – ≤ of the checkertree flower was revealed, namely: the 32.3 g (Table 2). stigma position relative to the stamens, it can be lower A pedicel of S. torminalis is a stem that attaches a Yeva, Slаvkа, Vinnychanka, Podolianochka, or at the single flower to the inflorescence. Pedicel occurs by one level with stamens (Form 1-18-03). The shape of length average – 3.0-4.0 сm (Form 1-18-03) and long – stamens can be elliptical (Yeva, Slаvkа, Podolianochka) more 4 сm (Yeva, Podolianochka, Slаvkа, or broadly oval (Vinnychanka, Form 1-18-03). Their Vinnychanka). The main colouration of the skin of the colouration varies from yellow (Form 1-18-03) to dark fruit of the wild servic tree studied biotypes represented yellow (Yeva, Slаvkа, Podolianochka, Vinnychanka). by light brown (Slаvkа, Yeva, Podolianochka, Form 1- The calyx with 5 sepals is, as a rule, low or medium, but 18-03) to dark brown (Vinnychanka). The texture of the peduncle length short: Slаvkа, Yeva, Podolianochka (2– surface of the fruit may be smooth or slightly rough. An 3 сm), or long (≥ 3 сm) – Vinnychanka, Form 1-18-03. interesting feature of the S. torminalis fruits is the The leaves of S. torminalis can vary greatly in shape, presence lenticels – adaptation to ensure gas exchange appearance, and location on the stem. Despite this, of internal tissues of the fruit. On this signs, the fruits are there is much in common between them: most of the classified into 3 groups: weakly dense (Slаvkа, Form 1- leaves of this species are green in colour and consist of 18-03), average (Podolianochka), dense (Yeva, a leaf blade and a petiole connecting the leaf to the stem. Vinnychanka). According to the research results the shape of the leaf The seeds of the studied biotypes S. torminalis blade of the mature plants may be ovate (Slаvkа, varieties vary slightly concerning colouration. In Vinnychanka), obovate (Form 1-18-03), оr widely-ovate particular, from light brown (Form 1-18-03), brown (Yeva, Podolianochka). In accordance with the biometric (Slаvkа, Vinnychanka, Yeva, Podolianochka). Wild parameters, the leaves of the mature plants are 6-15 cm service seeds are small. The average mass of 1000 long, and widely wedge-shaped at the base (4-8 cm). seeds of most of the forms is 15.9-20.7 g. The average The ecological success of trees depends on their number of seeds in one tassel varies between 8 ± 1.9 – ability to capture and utilize light. The crown shape and 12 ± 1.8 pcs. (most of the studied genotypes) up to 16 ± the consequential spatial display of leaves directly affect 1.5 – 18 ± 1.3 pcs. (Vinnychanka, Slavka). light capture, water transport, mechanical support, The biochemical analysis of the wild service tree reproduction, wind resistance, and ultimately, the forms and varieties of fruits and leaves enabled us to competitive advantage of trees. S. torminalis plants detect such biologically active substances as total differ in the shape of the crown: rounded, elongated, flavonoids content, total polyphenolic compounds ovoid. Wild service tree fruits characterized by certain content (Raudone et al., 2014). The total polyphenolic shedding patterns. It can be very weak under which compounds content in the fruits varies within 3520.0–

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Table 2. Biological features (the mass of 1 fruit and 1 сorymb) of S. torminalis selected genotypes (average for 2019-2020) Fruits, g Variety, form Shedding, % mass of 1 fruit mass of 1 сorymb Slаvkа (control) 2.4 ± 0.1 48.2 ± 1.3 5.7 ± 1.5 Yeva 1.9 ± 0.0* 32.3 ± 1.8* 8.4 ± 0.5* Podolianochka 1.7 ± 0.1* 25.5 ± 1.1* 12.3 ± 1.0* Vinnychanka 1.6 ± 0.0* 28.8 ± 2.1* 18.6 ± 1.0* Form 1-18-03 1.9 ± 0.1* 30.4 ± 1.4* 15.0 ± 1.5* Note: *P ˂ 0.05 compared to the control (variety Slаvkа)

S. torminalis variety, form Fig. 3. Total polyphenolic compounds content of fruits and leaves S. torminalis selected genotypes

4876.3 mg/kg, and in the leaves 6042.8–8778.5 mg/kg pigments and function as antioxidants and anti- per wet mass (P ˂ 0.05) (Fig. 3). inflammatory agents (Mikulic-Petkovsek et al., 2017). Flavonoids are a diverse group of phytonutrients Carotenoids are highly lipophilic molecules located (plant chemicals) found in almost all fruits and inside cell membranes, protecting the membrane from vegetables. Along with carotenoids, they are responsible oxidative stress damage. Lowest contents of total for the vivid colours in fruits and vegetables. Flavonoids carotenoids were analyzed in fruits of genotype are the largest group of phytonutrients, with more than Podolianochka (143 ± 6 mg/kg). Fruits of S. torminalis 6,000 types. Some of the best-known flavonoids are (Yeva, Vinnychanka, Form 1-18-03) had substantially (P quercetin and kaempferol (Olszewska, 2012). ˂ 0.05) the highest content of carotenoids (178 ± 4 – 190 Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic secondary ± 5 mg/kg) compared to control (Slаvkа) (Fig. 5). metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly Synthesis and accumulation оrganic acids are consumed in diets (Olszewska & Roj, 2011). In recent important for plant metabolism. They are involved in years, scientists have turned to various flavonoids to numerous metabolic pathways in all plants. Organic explain some of the health benefits associated with diets acids are involved in many and diverse metabolic rich in fruits (Mikulic-Petkovsek et al., 2017). Like other pathways, including energy production, carbon storage, phytonutrients, flavonoids are powerful antioxidants with stomatal conductance, the biosynthesis of amino acids, anti-inflammatory and immune system benefits. Diets plant–microbe interactions, and mechanisms allowing rich in flavonoid-containing foods are sometimes plants to deal with excess cations, changing osmotic associated with cancer, neurodegenerative and conditions, and soils low in nutrients as well as those cardiovascular disease prevention (Mrkonjić et al., 2017; with high metal content. In addition to these varied roles, Sołtys et al., 2020). S. torminalis fruits somewhat inferior organic acids play a major part in the C4 photosynthetic to the leaves in accordance with the content of pathway as the intermediates connecting CO2 uptake flavonoids and carotenoids in the period of full maturity and fixation (Raudone et al., 2014). The definition of the (Figs. 4, 5). organic acids content allowed identifying certain Important biologically active substances of leaves differences between the studied genotypes. In and fruits are сarotenoids, there are fat-soluble plant particular, their content in the fruits (1.8-2.5 %) are in 1.5

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S. torminalis variety, form Fig. 4. Total flavonoids content of fruits and leaves S. torminalis selected genotypes

S. torminalis variety, form Fig. 5. Total carotenoids content of fruits and leaves S. torminalis selected genotypes times higher than their content in leaves (1.3-1.6 %) per total area of mixed forests (Demesure et al., 2000; wet mass (P ˂ 0.05) (Fig. 6). The highest total organic Hoebee et al., 2006). Checkertree free felling was acid content analyzed in Podolianochka and suspended at the state level in the second half of the Vinnychanka fruits (2.3-2.5 %) and in Slаvkа Yeva, 20's only through the awakening of ecological Podolianochka leaves (1.5-1.6 %). consciousness, and over time, this species is listed in ‘The Red Book’ (Didukh, 2009) and state programs for its protection have been launched (Shpak et al., 2017). Wild service tree is adding to ‘The Red Book’ is only the initial stage of the save program on the territory of DISCUSSION Ukraine as a rare and endangered species, increase in Both in Ukraine and abroad the main reason for its populations (Bednorz et al., 2005; 2015). population decline is the species of S. torminalis there is The northwestern border of the area of its natural an unconscious selfish destruction of its natural distribution starts on the British Isles (to 54 degrees plantations, which led to the end of the XIX century and north latitude). It does not occur in lowlands of the in the early XX century to the catastrophic Netherlands, in the north-west part of Germany and on impoverishment of its population almost up to 1% of the the Jutland peninsula. Northern border of its distribution

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S. torminalis variety, form Fig. 6. Total organic acids content of fruits and leaves S. torminalis selected genotypes continues along the coast of the Baltic Sea up to 20 in particular in Germany, laws were passed to restore its degree of east longitude, where it turns south and plantations, which allowed to increase their area today crosses north foothills of Carpathian Mountains, leads more than 1 % in the structure of all green areas (Aas & up to the Dnieper River, and then continues to Caucasus Kohles, 2011; Werres, 2018). Mountains (Bednorz et al., 2018). It should be noted, that There is also evidence that it is becoming rarer in Ukraine checkertree is an aboriginal species and the insome areas such as eastern France, starting in 1988 extreme north-eastern limits of its distribution in (Allegrini et al., 1993), and central Europe (Drapier Zаkаrpаttia, Peredkarpattia, Bukovynа, Pоdіllia, some 1993a; Drapier 1993b). It has also been suggested localities are in the mountainous Crimea. In addition, the thatparticularly tall trees of good form are being species covers large areas in Western Europe, northern preferentially harvested and not replaced (Grilli et al., part Asia and Africa (Demesure-Musch & Oddou- 2016; Thomas, 2017), leading tothe species becoming Muratorio, 2004; Zwierzyński & Bednorz, 2012; Szymura increasingly shrubby. Few countries consider wild et al., 2014; Thomas, 2017). In Europe, this plant is service tree don’t need nature security efforts (Rivers et widespread in countries as Great Britain, France, Italy, al., 2020). For example in Russia, in Belarus this species Germany, Romania, Serbia, as well as in other countries despite the rare occurrence in the Red Book not listed. of the Balkan and Iberian Peninsulas, in some parts of In Great Britain where it has been classiﬁed as Least Switzerland, the Caucasus (Rich et al., 2014; Bednorz Concern using IUCN threat criteria (Hector et al., 2010). et al., 2015). Yet, the species is considered endangered or, that International and Ukrainian scientists experts stayed under threat disappearance, in particular in the (Oddou-Muratorio et al., 2004; Zwierzyński & Bednorz, north of its range (Northern Europe), central Germany, 2012; Madera, 2013; Shpak et al., 2017; Thomas, 2017) eastern Denmark, Serbia, Croatia and the Czech proven priority in the study, preservation and restoration Republic (Bednorz & Urbaniak, 2005; 2007). In Poland of populations of wild service tree given its vitality and it has been pro-tected by law since 1946 (Bednorz, environmental significance. Checkertree was listed in 2007), as one of the rarest trees in the country (Rich et the ‘Red Book’ in such countries as Germany, Serbia, al., 2014; Szymura et al., 2014). State bodies are Hungary, Czech Republic, Austria, Poland and others. actively engaged in in situ and ex situ conservation Today started carrying сheckertree selected genotypes (Pyttel et al., 2013).The main threats to checkertree are to the ‘State Register of Plant Varieties’ (Ireland, considered to bewoodland clearance (reducing Austria). Areas under plantations of this species for the population size and increasing fragmentation), last 10-15 years in Germany, Austria, Poland increased increased browsing, especially by deer. from 1 to 10% of the initial area after its mass Ecology and biology of the species S. torminalis have destruction. Monitoring studies are conducted by the been studied in detail in France (Allegrini et al., 199; state of wild service tree populations and the study of its Drapier, 1993), in the UK (Cheffings & Farrell, 2005; distribution area so that the species does not disappear Rich et al., Thomas, 2017), in Poland (Bednorz et al., completely from the green network of Ukraine (Budzhak 2007; 2012; 2018; Ulaszewski et al., 2017), in the Czech et al., 2000; Shpak, 2019). In some European countries, Republic (Madera et al., 2013), in Serbia (Mrkonjić et al.,

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2017), in Italy (Demesure-Musch & Oddou-Muratorio, made it possible to determine that the intensity of 2004), in Iran, Hungarica and Germany (Aas & Kohles, pubescence of the calyx is a marker. It can be more 2011; Pyttel et all., 2013; Werres, 2018). In Ukraine – pubescent (Yeva, Podolianochka, Slavka), or less issues of study, conservation and protection S. pubescent (all other forms studied). According to the torminalis engaged in a number of researchers length of the peduncle, we differentiated the genotypes (Budzhak, Shpak, et al., 2017). with short – up to 2 cm (Form 1-18-03), medium – 2-3 Today more and more attention is paid genetic cm (Yeva, Podolianochka) and long peduncle – ≥ 3 cm research of this species to find out the center of origin, (Slavka, Vinnychanka). affinities of genotypes of different habitats, etc. According to the shape of the leaf blade, we found Significant results have been obtained by European four varieties: obovate (Form 1-18-03), ovate (Slаvkа), scientists (Grilli et al., 2016; Ulaszewskiet al., 2017), widely-ovate (Yeva, Podolianochka), wedge-shaped individual populations of S. torminalis studied for (Vinnychanka). Very rarely in the conditions of Podillya molecular genetic markers (Demesure et al., 2000; there were biotypes from wide-triangular, heart-ovate Austerlitz et al., 2004; Hoebee et al., 2006; Angelone et аnd narrowly wedge leaves. However, for this species is al., 2007; Ulaszewskiet al., 2017). shown (Bednorz & Urbaniak, 2005; Werres, 2018) high In order to preserve of the wild service tree as polymorphism – from broadly oval, heart-shaped, species its widespread implementation is required in the elliptical to wedge-shaped with different length and width culture of fruit and ornamental horticulture, in particular, of the leaf blade, different depth and number of blades. valuable forms in terms of vitality, decorativeness, etc. Some researchers (Shahraji et al., 2013 Thomas, 2017; These genotypes must be included to the ‘State Register Bednorz & Nowinska, 2018) note that the shape of the of Plant Varieties of Ukraine’, National Plant Genetic leaf due to high variability can not be a criterion for Bank, as well as to the Plant Variety Database, namely, identifying genotypes. to specific categories of varieties of decorative or fruit According to the data Shpak (2017, 2019) fruit mass use, which will ensure their official registration and is an indicator that depends on the age of the wild distribution as in the European Union, and in other service tree plants. This pattern is not confirmed by countries. To do this, it is necessary to select valuable observations made in Northern Bukovyna of Ukraine forms, creation of working collections, formation of a and European research (Bednorz & Urbaniak, 2005; genetic database. In this regard, in Ukraine inventory, Hoebee et al., 2006; Pyttel et al., 2013; Madera, 2013). restoration, introduction and study of S. torminalis by According to biometric studies, the length of the fruit bioecological features, morphological features have varies within 8–15 mm (most of the researched forms), priority nature, data and developments in the twentieth Although there are large (Slаvkа, Podolianochka, Yeva). and early twenty-first century (Budzhak, Shpak, 2019) The width of the fruit varies between 7-10 mm, although will serve as a necessary addition to the new ones there are some forms among them (Form 1-18-03, modern information. Vinnychanka, Yeva), width more than 10 mm (Slаvkа, Our research is confirmed by research a number of Podolianochka). According to the shape of the fruit we authors (Demesure-Musch & Oddou-Muratorio, 2004; found an elliptical shape, however, cone-shaped fruits Pyttel et al., 2013; Nemeth, 2015; Bednorz et al., 2018), occur (Form 1-18-03), rounded are less common which show that the checkertree plant is inherent the (Slаvkа, Podolianochka, Yeva, Vinnychanka). The result phenomenon of heterostyle, and cross-pollination, of fruit shape distinguished Shahraji et al. (2013) in because the flowers have adaptations to entomophilia western part of Guilan province (Iran) indicated two (the presence of nectar secretion; pollen and pistils ripen shapes such as apple shapes (spheroid type) and pear at different times – manifestation of dichogamy shapes (ellipsoid type). (Demesure-Musch & Oddou-Muratorio, 2004; Bednorz The average size of the wild service tree fruits in the et al., 2007; 2018); often unequal height of the stigma UK, France, Hungary (Nemeth, 2015; Thomas, 2017), and stamens – the phenomenon of diversity – or Germany (Aas & Kohles, 2011; Pyttel et al., 2011) etc. heterostylia, which serves as protection from self- countries varies between 12–15 mm in length and 8–12 pollination, a kind of adaptation of flowers to pollination mm in diameter, which is consistent with our data. by insects (Madera et al., 2013; Nemeth, 2015; Werres, According to a number of authors (Szymura et al., 2014; 2018). Bednorz & Nowinska, 2018; Werres, 2018) the number According to morphological observations, we found and dimensions of fruits and seeds are important that the diameter of the flowers 8-14 mm. A number of biological properties which, among other things, authors (Drapier, 1993; Thomas, 2017; Werres, 2018) influence the ability for generative propagation of the detected as large (10-15 mm), and small (7-10 mm) wild service tree. flowers. The flowers with five white patent petals and 18- Seeds fruits of wild service tree isolated from which 24 creamy-white stamens; they are produced in germinate in areas of Great Britain, France, the Czech corymbs 5-12 cm diameter. A comparative study of the Republic, Italy, Spain, Germany (Drapier, 1993a; generative parts of different genotypes of S. torminalis Demesure-Musch & Oddou-Muratorio, 2004; Bednorz,

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2005; Madera et al., 2013) elongated, pointed, length derivatives, cyanidin 3-galactoside, peonidin 3- from 0.6-0.8 сm, width – 0.3-0.5 сm and a thickness of galactoside (Hasbal et al., 2015); from organic acids – 0.2-0.3 cm, sometimes flat. These authors found that chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid depending on the variety of shapes wild service tree derivative, ferulic acid and derivatives, hydroxybenzoic seeds by colouration can range from light brown to dark acid derivatives protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, shikimic brown or even black. Thus, according to Thomas (2017) acid (Olszewska & Roj, 2011) and also carboxylic acids: the seed itself is very variable in shape, size, even within tartaric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, citric acid (Mikulic- the same corymb. More commonly obovate to round, Petkovsek et al., 2017; Mrkonjić et al., 2017). and sometimes obovate or elliptical shaped, they Also showed (Olszewska, 2011; Kushniеrоvа et al., measure an average of 14 mm long and 11 mm wide but 2014; Hasbal et al., 2017; Mikulic-Petkovsek, 2016, can measure anywhere between 8-19 mm long and 8- 2017; Mrkonjić et al., 2017) S. torminalis extracts have 15 mm wide (Bednorz, 2007). Angelone (2007), Bednorz antioxidant activity, exhibit anti-inflammatory, (2007; 2018), Thomas (2017) reported that the seeds hypoglycemic action, which is important in the range in shape from mostly obovate, to elliptical, to prevention of atherosclerosis. It was shown (Budantsev, oblanceolate, to wide obovate and sometimes occur as 2009; Hasbal et al., 2017; Simon et al., 2018) that oblong or roundish; their average size is 5.7 mm long extracts of checkertree fruits using both in traditional and 3.3 mm wide, but they range from 3.0–8.2 mm in medicine as antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, length and 1.4–5.8 mm in width. vasoprotective and in foods. The connection between According to our analyzes, weight 1000 pcs. seeds the content of phenols and flavonoids of fruits and checkertree natural and anthropogenic plantations antidiabetic activity is shown. S. torminalis extracts ranges 13.4-25.0 g, their number in the fruit – 1–2, exhibited strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, more seldom – not one. We noted that not all wild service tree effective than that of standard drug acarbose (Mikulic- fruits contain seeds. This phenomenon of parthenocarpy Petkovsek et al., 2017). The above authors suggest, that can be associated with mechanical, chemical or thermal antidiabetic effects of the fruits may be due to wide range stimuli. Plants compensate for low seed productivity due phenolic compounds present therein. Studies by various to vegetative propagation – root cuttings. However, authors (Raudonе et al., 2014; Sołtys et al., 2020) according to Pyttel et al. (2013), Thomas (2017) repeatedly shown that the fruit of the wild service tree is parthenocarpia in S. torminalis is a regressive a valuable raw material for health food and the phenomenon and doesn’t have evolutionary pharmaceutical industry. significance. But, whether it is vegetative (autonomous) S. torminalis – as a widely ecologically plastic or stimulating parthenocarpia (fruits formation with the species, resistant to modern climate change, which is participation of pollen from other plant species) needs important in phytodesign and the creation of long-lasting further research. compositions (Madera et al., 2013; Thomas, 2017). The S. torminalis as a promising multipurpose species wild service tree possessing a number of important should be more considered. Therefore, based on their biological qualities is one of the best companions for own research, research by national and foreign authors Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Fagus we have compiled a system of signs indicators, which sylvatica L., Carpinus betulus L. and other forest-forming can be the first step in the useing of criteria enabling species due to which it can be widely used in forest characterization and assessment of variability, to carry crops, field protective forestry and green building. For out identification which facilitate S. torminalis germplasm now, scientists and foresters necessarily to make some recognition and exchange at the regional, national and effort, to ensure the conservation of species on international levels. interstate level, in favour of each single tree (genotype). To date, insufficiently studied detailed biochemical Further observations of new genotypes and composition of checkertree fruits, but the reports about populations of S. torminalis, generalization and ranking the healing properties biologically active substances of of their ecological, morphological characteristics, will its fruits, leaves (Mikulic-Petkovsek et al., 2017; Simon expand the already known data and give new et al., 2018), bark, flowers and inflorescences (Hasbal et information about this species. Selection and al., 2015; Mrkonjić et al., 2017). In fruits it is above all subsequent storage ex-situ (green corridors of the aglycones: quercetin, luteolin, quercitrin, and others. In ecological network, natural parks and tracts, botanical the leaves – aglycones quercetin, kampferol, gardens, seed funds, and tissue culture collections). In isorhamnetin, luteolin, chrysoeriol, apigenin. In flowers the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of and inflorescences – quercetin, sexangularetin, Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine initiated the formation of kampferol, apigenin, hyperosideb, isoquercitrinc, the collection (ex-situ) wild service tree selected glucopyranoside, torminaloside and others (Olszewska genotypes. Its purpose is the reproduction and selection & Roj, 2011; Olszewska, 2012; Mikulic-Petkovsek et al., of valuable forms in ornamental and fruit horticulture and 2017; Mrkonjić et al., 2017). Of the flavonoids further transfer to the National Bank of plant genetic predominate epicatechin, catechin, procyanidin resources of Ukraine and repatriation of the species.

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Today the S. torminalis collection has, in addition to the Biological value S. torminalis fruits and leaves refers hybrid fund, 5 varieties (Yeva, Slavka, Podolianochka, them to promising raw materials for health food industry Kyianochka, Vinnychanka) and 3 forms (F-18-03, F-1- and pharmaceutical branch. The widespread use of 18-205, F-1-18-116). representatives the species by introduction in the new conditions of growth, spreading it in the culture of CONCLUSIONS industrial and ornamental horticulture, forestry will Wild service tree is a biocenotic Red Book species ensure the preservation of the species and has socio-economic significance and contributes replenishment medicinal and fruit raw materials increasing the biodiversity of natural, semi-natural and consumer and pharmaceutical markets, will increase the anthropic ecosystems, in Ukraine protected by law since diversity of natural, semi-natural and anthropic 2009 and has LC (Lower Risk) status. In Western, ecosystems. Selection and subsequent storage ex-situ South-Western аnd Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (green corridors of the ecological network, natural parks according to the results of monitoring researches and and tracts, botanical gardens, seed funds, and tissue observations of the S. torminalis natural and semi- culture collections). In the Institute of Horticulture of the natural populations, new genotypes were selected with National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine high fruit mass (more than 1.5 g) and increased content initiated the formation of the collection (ex-situ) wild of biologically active substances in fruits and leaves service tree selected genotypes. Its purpose is the (phenolic compounds, carotenoids, bioflavonoids). reproduction and selection of valuable forms in The results of biochemical analysis showed that the ornamental and fruit horticulture and further transfer to content of polyphenolic compounds of the wild service the National Bank of plant genetic resources of Ukraine tree fruits ranged 3380.5 – 4876.3 mg/kg, and in the and repatriation of the species. Today the S. torminalis leaves 6042.8 – 8778.5 mg/kg (P ˂ 0.05) during full collection has, in addition to the hybrid fund, 5 varieties maturity, however, the content in the fruits (1.8-2.5 %) (Yeva, Slavka, Podolianochka, Kyianochka, are in 1.5 times higher than their content in leaves (1.3- Vinnychanka) and 3 forms (F-18-03, F-1-18-205, F-1- 1.6 %) per wet mass. The biological value of the S. 18-116). torminalis fruits and leaves lets to consider them promising raw materials for healthy nutrition and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS pharmaceutical branch. The widespread use of the wild The authors gratefully thank Myroslav Humeniuk & service tree selected forms by means of the introduction Viacheslav Frantsishko for assistance in conducting in to the new growing spreading conditions it in the route surveys and technical assistance during fieldwork culture of the industrial and ornamental horticulture, and and acquisition of field data. Special thanks Maria forestry will ensure the preservation of the species and Sоtnichuk & Ludmila Shevchuk for determining the total replenishment with medicinal and fruit raw materials of polyphenols content and total flavonoids content in S. the consumer and pharmaceutical markets, increase the torminalis fruits and leaves. diversity of natural, semi-natural and anthropic ecosystems.

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