BIBLIOGRAPFIY ABBREVIATIONS -l|ti . 1ii i soL,rattnileKavlazsloyu rtrkheographichesAoyuKqxtmissitr u. Cent. Ditt. - Centur! Dictionary. ConrTuest: Baddeley(J. F.), The RussianConTuest of the Caucasus.rgcd. E. o.f I. .-. Enclcla?aediaof Islam. Ex1,lory1iy1: Freshfield(D. W.), Tha Explorationof the Caucasus.rgoz. G. -4.L M. K, : Gosudarstv ennoi'! hademii I starii Matet-ialnoi K ulturi. (].8. : Frazer (Sir James G.), The GoldenBaugh. Gor. : Sbornil saiedeniio KaahazskihhGortsaIh. ro v.. r868-8r. I.R.r{.O.-:- Im?eratorsloyeRusslove lrfrheologhichesloye Obshchestt,o Zapiski. r886- , Iza.: IzrLiestiaKaztlazslaao,Otdielar lrnp. Russk. GeographicheskoyiC)bshchestvo. Iza. (Ing.) : Izviestia Ingooshslavortaoutchno-issledot,ateisAiuo Instituta Kraetedenia. Mat. : SborniAMaterialof dlya Oltisanila Myestntstei i Plemen Kaakaza. Mat, p9 /r!h;.: Imperatorskoye Moskovskoye Arkheologhicheskoyeobshchestvo, Materiali po '{rkheolaghii Kaztkaza. rBBB- . 3.S.aK. : Sbornihsuiedenii o Kaakazie. zap' : Imperatorsk_oyeRusskoye Geographicheshoye Obshchestvcr, zapisli Ka,t,t,iz- slat,o otdiela.rB 5z-r9r6. : Ziss Ztissermann(A. L.), Daadtsatpyat Qct na Koafrazie.zv. t879.

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IND E,X ,4// pagenrtnbers tot innediate/1 precededb1 tle nunera/ ii rrftr:t tait":e i. T'le referencetprinted in roman ca?italt are ta lle napi. Abadzckhs,branch of Tcherkess,ii. zor and Abrskil, AbkhazianPromellieus. ii. z,i6' n. 2. Adai-khokh,IiI, IV, \'-I; asc.'nt:ul' ;; tt. t; Abaiti-kau,I. graphite near, I 5I ; on Digorian fiontlcr' Abiino,I;Zussermann'saccountof,r83. ii. r38; sacredgrove on' I;+: Yie\\-o1-, Abriyeli-,Hadji, 37; Abayevsky family, their from Mamisson Pass,3o, Tsei r-aller', t7t, shrine, r74; legendsand monuments,ii. Kora Pass,ii' rzt, SgheedPass, ii. rj7, r97 and n. 3. Ouroukh valley, ii. z r 8. Abayeva,other name for Suarkh, 176, Addrila' peak,V. Abbas I, Shah, I takescannon over Caucasus, Adheukh-Pandout, Tchetchen musical instru- 33; at Dzivghiz, 156, in Khiliak gorge, ment, 99. r59; his characterand cruelties, 16of.; Adoption,methodsof,zo7rz63f. 'Holy sends Coat' to first Romanofl 234; Adultery, punishment of, among Khevsours mentioned,z43,ii, r37 n.2, r44, t6z n. z, and Ossetines,237. Abbas Kouii, historian of Nadir Shah,ii. 248. Afsriti, patron saint of lvild beastsand hunters, Abdul Kerim, ii. z5g. legends of, 133-4 compared rvith Lapp Abercromby,Hon. J., afterwardsLord, travels forest-god,r 35 ; his daughter, in local in Caucasus,ro7; on armsand armour, I29 Andromedalegend,ii. zo5f.; mentioncd, n. r.; mentioned,r3!, ii.6z n. r,63, 258. r+5,16+,ii. rz6. Abich, H., on Devdorakiice-falls, rgo; zo+, Agdbos'II. 258 n. 9eealsa Bibliography. Agecounted by wrinkles,t78 f. their strongholdon the Aigamughi- Agha-Muhammad'scruelties, r6o f. Abisr{loffs, 'Iadbourtsi, don, ii. r47, Agriculture,unknown to rzz; 'Caucasian Abkhazia,III; remainsof Wall' on under difliculties,ii. 7o; terraced,ii. r9, frontier,rJJ; in Mandeville'slegend, r73; 26f., 68, rzr; at high altitude,ii. rzz; ruled by Shervashidzefamily, ii. r85 and about Khoulam,ii. zrzf' $eea/so HaS', Ploughing. Abkhazians,their specialgod of dogs, 25, Agunda,rn'ife of Sosryko,ii. roz. secrethunting language, r34; rob Lanch- Agzibir,VII; ii.4o. kouti of famousicon, 35; hold racesin Aideb6lofffamily,atKousparti,ii.r97;Arnzor honourof dead,27r n.'r; disarmedby and KournuikA., author'shosts, ii. I95; Russia,r898, rJ9; their versionof Pro- connexionwithTchengisKhan,ii.rg7,2or. rnetheus-legend,ii.'46.SeealsoAbkhaztse. Aigarnoughi-don, VI; archaeologYof vallel', Abkhrizoff,Prince, leads expeditionagainst ii. r49ff.; strongholdbeside, ii. I+7; its Galgais, 146, 222-5, against Tagaour variousnames, ii. r52 n, 2; calledGarniske, Ossetines,r46-8,222, z2S, ii. ro6, roTi ii, 165' 166,Wal1a-kon-don, ii. riz n. z, ordersdestruction of Tchmee, tg3, and 186;ii. r3g, r+3, 165. otherplaces, ii. I r 3. Aildma,peak, VI; heiglit,ii. 196;ii. r 9o. . Abkhaztseabrefu,fottr,saveclbyHadjiMaali, Ainsrvorth, W. F., on Xenophon'sroute, ii' 257 Ablutionsbefore and aftermeals, ii. 83 f. Ak-kaya,Ak-kaya-baslii, \'I; local nenreli,r Abou Mouslim, Arab conqueror,burial at limestoneridge, ii. I 99 ancln. I , 2 I 3. Khouuzal,h,ii. 56,6r andn. Ak-saghenr,\rI. /breb (outlalvs, highwaymen), result from Ak-sakals,u'hite-beards (eicler:), submit on blood-feud,5; chivalry of, zz; well-armed, behalfof tribe to Russians,zz3. z/.r popularity, ii, r93; horse trained by, Ak-su,VI; torrent' ii. t9o. r3o, ii. zzr; TIadji Maali saves four, Akh-su'VII. 257 ff.; tcrrorize Zilghee, ii. zj8 f.; 53, Ak-su-tlash,near Astouli P.r:s' ii' r94. 6o. 8eea/to Brigandage,Brigands. Akhalg6ri,III; t9i. 278 INDEX Akhalkalaki,Paulucci's victory at, 3r. ii. 56; abolishesImperial Convoy, Akhaltchee,V; ii. 58. lrlrr,rtnr, ./'khaltsikh,III; seizedby Turks, 43; alliancc Alerdndrovsky,Fort, IV. rvith Djaro-Bielokanis,ri. z6z i 3r . .\li Bek,defender ofAkhouig6, ii. 3o; (another), Akhi61i,II, lII, V; author at, 235 ff.; local ii.+2. customs and folkJore, il.; tou,er at, n'ith Ali, Hadji, his body mistakenfor Kazi unusuat cross, 243-+. \Ioullii's, ii. 59. Akhoddn-af6n,origin of name,ii. roS. {ii Kadi Hadji, lieutenantof Shamil,ii. 49. Akhoulg6, V, VII; siegebv Russians,ii. z;, .Llikhdnofi-thnrilv, ii. and n. General, -. 56 3; 29 ff.,3*; RockoL ii. :6, :g: ii. r r r. ci:cd,ii.7z n. -A,khrecyeflTchakh, aurhor:r-.:. :r l::goo.h.c. -.\lishkinte,-\bkhazian god of dogs,25. 2a5, 2Io, 2t; n, z; his tcr.:onoi Koloi- --\lkoun,IIr ojd ibrt at,256. Kant lcgend, z;orL: his nc-Fhc'.,;enrer- -\iicn, \\-. 1..D., ii.9-1. 8tt a/soBibliography. tainsauthor, zol lI. 'Jatrlal ,4lpine quot.d, ii. 97 end n. 3, rgo. - CfOi\ n f.lrC>lcr, :qg. .\maiga-khokh,ii. r z9 and n. Akhsaou, \-Ir legendarl'origin of its pcar- Amasia,it. tz7. trecs,ii. r68rii. r7j, r8j. Ambassadors,Russian, in Persia, r60 i'.i to Akhtee,V, VIL Georgia,ii. 3. Aklitougrin, exploits of, ii. zoz. Amgri, II; shrine of HoIy Tree, z3z ff. Akhtuba R., 82. Ami, II, V; in Georgia, rr4. ireight above Akhvakhtsi, degradedand dirty, ii. r3 ff. sea-level,9z; its fierce dogs, 96, poverty, Akhverdi Mahomri, death at Shatil, 9o; zr3. i/., hospitality, 97 f.; copper near, 97, .\kki, seeKii; Akkintsi tribe, zz6, z'49. ror f.; its only horse, ro4; author's erpedi- Akoushd,.V,^VII; dialect, ii. z; curious stones tion to, 28, and Ch. V. near,11.56. Amilishka Pass,II; River, I; rgo. Aksai R., V, VII. Amirrin, Svanetian hero, r 4i f, ; represents AkshentBridge, VI; ii. r S8. Prometheus in several versions of legend, Akstaf;i, 3. 1i. 235 f. AktashR., V; 59. Ammaiat-bek'sinscribed sword, ii. 95. Aktash-Akhtchee,ii. 78. Amulets, worn by Ossetir.rechildren, r 3 r n. 4; "A.ktaslr-aoukh,V; house o{ stdrilira of, 59; attachedto gun, ii. r94. 9eealto Evil Eye. village life, f. 59 Ananour, III, V; buffalo shoeing,{!; tower, Alaghaz, IV. Alaghir, I, lII; its silver-refinery',z2; starting- Aniipa, IV; :9. point of lvlamissonRoad, 38, r66; disrance Anatori, Tomb, II; ancient burial-place of liom Koutais, z9 f., pass, from iv'Iamisson Khevsours,89, 9o; Torver, IL 30; resistsRussians in r 83o, r+6; continuous -A.nchors,ii, 233 and n. z, caverns between it and Dzivghiz, r57 l.; Andee, V, VII; author visits, ii. ff; its 'Kouan', 75 mentioned,2r,23, r57, rT2. prope! name ii. 67; Ianguages Alardi, shrineof, near Sgheed, I, VI; his cult grouped round, ii. 67, 7o; Jewish racial as smali-pox god, ii. r35 f.; possiblecon- influencc,ii, 7r,821' blood-r.r.iteat, ii. 8z; nexion.rvirh St. Baptist, John ii. r37 anJ laurlas a speciality,tz1-8, ii. 52, 7r; in n. 2, lvlth bltala, ll. I+3. trlurid war, ii. 79 f .; ii. 29. Alaverdi, V; standing St. George at, ji. rz7 Gatesofl V; ii. 8o. n. z; church,ii. r37 and n. z. Range,ii. 58,66, 7 3, 86. AlazdnR., IV, V, VII; ii. r37 n. 2, 26r. 'Albanian Andee-koisou,V, VII; crossedby Shamil, ii. Gates', ii. 2fu. 25, 3r, 33;ii. 16,26,29, 58,66f. Aldee,V; SheikhMansow et, r7BS,Tg. Andromeda, similar legend at Tchegem, ii. Aldegouroff famiTy,z t r. zo5 f. Alexander Bridge, I; quarantine post ncar, Anf;iklio, ancestorof Balkar6koffs,ii, zot, r92. Angel comesflying from Russia,ii. r43. Alexander the Great, ii. 6z; A. II, in Daghes- Animal formsfrequent among Kamounta grave- tan,ii. 86 and 5o, n.; A. III, visirsCaucasus, finds,ii. r 5o f., and at Koumbuilta,ii. 17z. INTDEX 279 Anne, Empressof Russia,ii. 8ee a/so Beads,Bronze, Coins, Clclopean 'Anon1'mous' 4r. (author of rh.eTagebucl o{ 178rt Remains,Iibulac, Georgian Rd., Potier.', rar s.r'. and Ste.ierin Bibliography), objects Tombs. and rcs';lr:oi'his journey,ii. r79, r8r f.; Architecture,Q3u 6.l:ix;1- his good relations rvith tribesmen, r48, ii. its relation to locai ntaterial:, r4c. t68; r17, rTai protectsDigors from Badilati,ii. featurescommon to lri'h anl, :cq f., 164, r8l, r85; exploresDzivghiz cavern, ii. rrz. r 58; his account of St. Elias cavern and its apsidalruin, z r beehivetomb * ith groincd 'Caucasian 7; ceremonies,t Sz-4; of the Wa11', vaulting,zo8; cyclopcanuall'. lE: f.r 15\-6; of a Digorian sacredbuilding, ii. step-roofs,r4o. 164 1-. Customs described by him: Osse- domestica.1 2!.tg ii, ro f., rg, 25,5 j, r4+; tine f'amily justice, r73f,; fosterageamong unusual,at Kousparti, ii. tg6. Ossetines,263; Digorian ideas as to deatir 9ee a/so Churches, Guest-room, Houses, by lightning, r 84 tr; superstitionsof Doni- Tombs, Towers, Maghi-erda, Seska- fars, ii. 167. His accuracy praised by Solsa,Tseti-soei. Engelhardt, zoz. DiscussesCaucasus passes, ArdiischesIII of Armenia, extravagantfuneral, 3r. Minor observationscited, t38, ztz, ii. 236 f. ii. z3 n., 106 n. r, r38 n. z. Ardavdzt IV, hero of Armenian Prometheus- Anoushin-rawdn,ii. 62. legend, ii. 236 f.; Batraz correspondsto, Antiquities, trafic in, ii. r49, r7r n. 2. r+3. Antonovitch,Professor, ii. rro, r+7, r5o. Ardji-am, V; Tchetchen name for Lesser Antsouk, Y; capra aegagruJ found near, ii. Trout-lake, q.v., 86. 28, 34. Argoun,Old Fort, V, 8z; River,V; leaturcsof Apraxin in Russianconquest of Caucasus,82, its valley, 82, 86,87 f.; dificulties, 'sacred' 77, 79, Apsheron Peninsula, IV; (naphtha) 84-5, 89; an obstacleto Russianconquest, fire on, 53. Regiment, ii. 4, 48, 49. r2r; copperin valley,77, 83; 58, lo8. Arab geographers,ii. 259. ArgounskayaStation, V; ii. 8g. Aradon, see Ardon. Argoutinsky-Dolgoroukofl Prince, ii. 5, 7o. Aragva R., III, V; valley used by Todieben, Arkh6n, I; CountessOuvdroffdigs at,ii. tz3; 3r; Klaproth's claim to have visited source, defile and. tonent. ib. 196f.; zr8. Arkhotis Pass,II, III, IV, V; height, rr8 and Arakanee,V, VII; restriction on dogs, ii. zz; n.; proposed railway tunnel under, l/.; author visits, ii. 36, and describes,37 f.; weather twice prevents author crossing, industries, 38, ethnology and history, 39 f., 2+2, ii.73; r8z. 6r; destroyed by Nadir Shah, ii. 39r 42, Armavir, IV; scenery near, 66; history of and by Red Army, 39 r. z;'Gates of', ii. modern, 257 andn. z, 43; Nart bonesnear, ii. 6o. Armenia, Cyclopean ruins in, r 8o r jocaI Ararat, IV; descent by tobogganing, 2J8 n.; version of PrometheusJegend, ii. 216 f.; climber murdered, ii. 9Zt mentioned, 3, Xenophon'sroute through, ii. z51f.i 46, ii. 234,237 n. AraxesR., ii. 253, 254, 257. Arm-khi (Kistinka,R.), iI; alsocalled f lakal- Archaeology sf *ls Qauslsu5- don, r92, z+9;2o+, zo8, z17. paucity ofstone-ageremains, r57; Bronze Armourers'marks,ii. 94 f. age remains,z7 and n.; Iron age,ii. tz3, Arrack, brewed for festivals,zo6, zqo. r5z. Theriomorphs, ii. r.69, r7r. Its Arrow-heads,at Rekom shrine, r7o; aucient, lmportance, r39, r8r; illustrated by in Digorian graves: bronze, ii. t7o ff,, Moscow Arch. Series, rrlrrrr{i-+ ra.ii , :- ^ zr9; negiectedby t J t, r / ;, r1 urr, ib. Tsarist Govt., ii. z4r. Arch. Congress Arsha, fortress,2+3. at Tiflis,.ii. r5o; Imperial RussianA. artclee, rarv-hide sandals,rj1. Doclety,11. 7. Artillery takenover Caucasus,l'hcn lirsti, 3r, A. of Digoria (valley of Aigamoughi-don), 3J, r56; in 183o,223-+. ii. 149-52, (right bank of Ouroukh) ii. Art-Khuron, fire-god rvho sendsskin diseases, r87; nameapplied to ritual food,ib. z8o INDEX Arzee, lI; position,Io9; leaningtowers, zo8, Axes, bronze, ceremonial, at Fasnal, ii. r 5l ; ii.98, their architectureand purpose,zo9 f., secretedfrom respectfor tree-spirits,r t 9. z3r; beehivetombs, zo8. Ayrika, Kalmuk khan, 82. -\scension-day, curious observance, ii. t+7 Azi-khi (Toba-tchotch), II; zr7. and n. r. Azov, Seaof, IV; 39,4o. Ashiltri, V; author visits, ii. z! ff.; costume, 28, grape harvest, z9; destroyed bv Rcl B interchanged with initial M, ii. r94 and

A.*" ii ..-.i;Lr'tIt. t urruYLUrrA';J^-^t\-;i ! z\!.-. -1Lrrl/rrrt Ja " /. rll' A. rirer, ii, 26, zg. Bad.il,ancestor of Abisdloffs, ii. r 44, r 47 . .\sia,uncertain boundarl rvitlr Furo:c. :9 t-.I Badila lamilr., Badilati, origin, ii. r++, 2or, viervsof ancients,l/.; \Ianitch iinc l'a.,'oured. lr r n. thcir oppressionof Digorians, 3; '.\nou. j8. .:.J..1 h:' rrrous',ii, r64, r8l f., .\srnan,n'eapon-smith. I :g. tEi; ca::lcseen b!'Countess Ouveiroff, ii, As.i. I(., II. III. \-: g.rscl cu: bl in .furr:iic r47. r66r t67. t7;. linrc.'.onc,I I i, r I6. :r8. :z:. zqS,256. Badoglio,]lar:hai, I66. Featuresof vailer--numerousmurders, z3 5; BagratIli of Imereti.13. ii. 9z n. -1. rnan-vbridges, 2+3; sulphur-springs,zJ!; Bagratides,blazon of, 23+-5. 'three villages',226; proposedrailway, r r8, l3aiburt,idcntification of, ti. z5j, 257. 246. Watershed as administrativedivision, BaidarkaR., r8z. 2+g. Eastern A. or Toba-tchotch, ro7, Baina(Boini), Il; zz5. rrz. Mentioned,27,.ro7, rog, rr1, rSS, Bairadilaksoran,VI; ii. r87. 2t2, 2r7, 22+,232, lr. r2r. Bairam, feast,horse'racing at, zr4; ii. r3, Asseverationof truth after story, zo6, zt5, Baitanga,56. ..4 Bakhaita,VI; rude shrine, ii. r7z. Astarte-cult,traces in Caucasus,r9r. ballazltatti (aubergine,egg-plant), ii. tzz and Astouli?ass, III, VI; view from, ii. rga; 27, ii. t38. Bakhrad.ze, D, 2' his doubtful dating of Astouli-avtzekh,side-pass, ii. r38, r86; ca1led Tkhaba-erdd, 2rg, 22o, 222. 8ee also 'Stulevesk',ii. 188; ditliculties,ii. t9zf.; Bibliography. localname, ii. I94. BaksanR., III; valley inhabited by Svanetians, -\stouli-Tsr.-A,.-Tsad, tarn, ii. tgo. ii. zor f. -{.strabad,disputed bctn'een Persia and Russia, tsaku,IV; oil, 53 f.;6re-worship,ii. rr6; early 11.+4. Revolutionarytroubles, ii. zzr n. ; mentioned, Astrakhan,IV; .1o,ii. 98. 3, | +,r 5,2r, 39,+o, +5, 4g,ii. zr zn, 5,248. -A,tazhukins,Kabardan princelt faruilr, ii. z r r ; Baladjriri,new Baku-Petrovskrailway junction, rapeof PrincessA., ii. 2zr-+. 45,49. Atina,ii.253. Balkaria,VI; route through,3r; cattle-trade Atli-bouyoun,Y; ii, z. rvith Imereti,regulated by Russia,ii. t93 {.; Augary,z7z. 9eealso Divination. rich in towers,ii, r97i sacredtree in, 37: 'Aurochs'wrongly used of Caucasianbison, ii. ii. r38, 18S,rg3-239 patsim. 16zf ., t64n. r. t"11.;"#f,.',privileged family of Tchegem, Avalanches,74, 172, r 89, ii. ro+ f., r87. -\var-koisouR., V, VII; ii.25,28,34,.[j,5o, Balsagor Barsag,wheel of fire and thunder, 52,55, 58' 17o,11,r53. Avaria,last khan of, ii. 57; ancientcapital, ii. Balta, I, II, III, V; post-station,68,7T; ZS, 58;ii. 56,8o. Avars, in Tsounta-Akhvakhdistrict, ii. r 3 f., Barastl'r, the, Nart Rhadamanthus,ii. 4 and at Arakanee,ii. 39; successfullyresist Nadir n.; in Digoria Barastar,ii. r56 and n. r. Shah,ii. 4o f.; perhapsoriginally Georgians, Barbarocited, 46 and n., ii. r32 n. z. 'Holy ii. 6r; customat beginningof pioughing Bari, Coat' atr 23+. season,ii.63; featuresofspeech, ii, zz,25, Bariritinsky,Prince, rZ, ii. r, 5 ff.; conqueror 35, 58,64,66,78,86i women'sstatus, ii. of Shamil, ii. +8, +9, 68, 263; another, 7z n.; ii. z6t. t6o n. z. II{DEX z8t 'Berdanka'(Russian Barkin,1I. serviccri,le). +, ?, zz, Barkinand Tamerlane's ion, story of, zt3 f, Ioo, r9:, z4r; alapleJto nativeu:e, t68. Barkin-Khoifamilv, zr 3. Berdikel,\'; 79. Barley,in communalstorage, 244; replaces Berekei,\', \ ll; oii-tielJsar, lr. a taiiure, oatsas fbdder, ii. r8+. !of.; scencrr',irl ii. r-. Barsi-kau,I; r47. Beresford,C. E., ii. 6. Barsouk-A,gapeeyevitch Khaouteeyeff, hunter, Berkinkhoyeff family, z 26. 229. Besh-Bermak,cliff abor.eHidirsindi, 49. Bartabos,II; murderat, I 17i 228, bes/tnet(silk under-robe),ho',r' maJc, l: i t.; Barthold,Professor, cited, ii. 6r n. z, 248, r19. Besh-tau,Horse Mountains, ii. zz5. Basaitifamily, ii. zor. Beslan, III; railway junction, 57, ii.9o; Bashi,Moulla, ii. z4g. assassinationat, ii. zzr; breed of horses Bashli,VII. called,ii. zz5. batlljl (capuchin),material and patternof, Betl river, ii. 26, 3o. rz6 f.; coversface, tt7, ii.85. Bezinghi glacier, VI; district, ii. r94; bad Basiani,ii. 17g. reputation of inhabitants, unjust, ii. zoo; Basti,II; described,9r f.;96, ro4, 11. 200. Basti-khi,II; formsboundary of Georgia,89, BielayaR., ii. zzg; rra Ours-don. rr4; rockygorge, gr; flowsunderground, Bielayefr Lieut., visits Akhieli, z3 5 f. 92,98: pathbeside, ro6 f.; ro8. Bielokhani,V, VII; rebelsagainst Pcrsians, ii. Basti-lam,II; 267. stormed by Russians,ii. z6z. 9ee also ogates9r, 92, 96, 40; Bat,I; oftrz6. Djaro-Bielokani people. Batal Hadji, Zi frristleader, z6o, 264, 266. Billaghi-korn-don,VI; or Belagi-don, ii. r75; Batoum,III, IV; r, 53. entersOuroukh by cascade,ii, r 83. Batraz,Nart hero, his magicsword, r4z f.; Birds of Caucasus,4, 45 ff.' 50, 58, 66, 98, legendof his deathand burial, r7o f.; and r2o, r+3, ii. 7o, 74,90, rol; bee-eaters, Narts'cauldron, 17Z i hisanger with Syrdon, li. to7, rzz, r38; bird-god, r34; habits, ii. t SS combatwith seven-headedgiant, r+3 n. 2; in Soslan-legend'ii. r54 f. Eee n. 2o5n.".t alto Eagles, Game, Rose-starlings, Batsaligo,II; or Batali-khoi,r8z. Birki, iL Ilaumgarten'stravels in Palestine,ii. 93. Birth customs,1 58, 236 and n. 2, 2+7, 27o. Bazardiusi,VII. Biso, I, II; cave and stone-huts,z4; legend, Bazirko,famous Ingoosh horse-thief, r9z f.; z4 {.; remarkable houses, ii. t 33 n. z, hiscastle visited by author,zrr f ., z16. ailuded to in Tkhost-legend, ii. r34; ii. Bead.s,very various,at Kamountaand Koum- 12+,128. builta,ii. r1r, r7t f.; few, at Zadelesk,ii. Bison (dombai), give namc to Dombaita r69; anrber,ii. r7o, 17z. Gully, ii. r5g, 16r; remainsof, in Olisai- Beer,for festivals,t{g r57t 2rg, z+o,ii. r3r, dom cavern, ii, r6of.; Caucasian and r 36, | +r, r{3 ; brewedin coppervats, 16z, Lithuanian compared,ii. r6r, r67;survival 176,ii.99; magiccrystal for brewing,r4!; and proposedpreservation, ii. r6z anJ n. .2. borvlof, in shrine,as oracle, r531' at Saniba, Blackanimals, superstitions about. z;. ii. t 5; ; /5; at Akhieli,z++; Ossetine,ii. 99, roo black steedsfor evii, white for good riders, andn.; Digorian,ii. r87. z+f., ri. 137and n. I; blackeagle, ii. t85, Bees,religious scruple concerning, ii, ll5. Bek, meaningof title, ii. position and Black Horseman, tobber's saint, legend, z4 I-. 3; 'Black' privileges,ii. 9; Divanbeft: judge,ii. r75. Mountains (dark schistoserocks), z6 {., BekayeflMarkus, Kist robber,zz4. 74, r:'6:,dark n'ith forests,t zo: 167. Belkhan,II; zrr. Black Sea,III, IV. Bells,inscribed, at Rekomand Dzivghiz, r68; Blaramberg,Gen. von, fanrill' history, zz3 at shrineof Tseti-soel,z3z; in towers,2o9 n. z; in Ossetiancampaign, r+6 ff., 223, ii. andn.; 17o,ii. 82. r r 3; notablemarch to Koban, I47; destroys Berdaa,VIL Tchmee, r 93 f. ; his interestin churches,az4. II oo z8z I}IDEX Blindness, believed sent to punish sacrilege, Green procession as rain-charm, ii. 63; 'Imperial rS3, r7o. Road' startsfrom, ii, 86. Blood-feud,connexion with brigandage,5, r I ; Botoko-Shirtga, in Koloi-Kant legend, z 5 r not satisfiedby Russianlega1 system, 16z; andn., z5z f. Seealso Syrdon. leadsto migration, 16+, t7z, ii. r45 f., and Boucher,M., on Xenophon's'lnabait,ii. 256, preventiveexile, ii. 7e f.; renderssons morc Boudoukh, VII. necessarythan daughters, rTzi ended bv Bouga-tchai,rain-charms practised beside, ii. mediation, r55, 16r ff., r75; methods of 63, effecting reconciliation,zo7, z6z-3; be- BouganR., VII. tween Khevsours and Ineooshec, z3.., Boula, author's guide and interpreter for betweenLadz and Tsmiti, ii. r r-. Balkaria,ii. rB8 tr.; his djigtitry, li. r9o, Blood-rvitc.eramples. I (i. l6r f., zz6, ii. 2r+. .zr9iii. r9l. 198.zr3. I2+; amount varics locall-.',r:9, 2.7; Boulat-khair,courase of, ii. 8Z f. small,for descendantsoi siaves,zc7, z6;; Bouloungo,\'I. t--;1.- ---'.;L.....- ,^ l4llllli' LUIlLllUutC) tur 'K..lUZi -.'.. f^.lUl r^-kLUtltU RnrrneLh^ ^F'l'",.i"-^-.,,+f lenrilr- rt l)i;.. r t r 14.\! DUu.raNrru, ra\,..!r. r(ri1rr. r d, r u.,, r r.), andfunerai ieasr,ib., r78;amongKhevsours, zz8, zq6. 238 f.; s]'stemcontinues side by side with baurrta,"25,227)horv madeand \r'orn, rz7 f..ii.35; of RussianLaw, t6z f., ii. 82, tzq. Seealsa Andee, rz7,ii.52,7r; usedas tent, ii, 188, Land. zt6;as toboggan,258and L,t tr,77,ii,6g. Blooding in venery, r79 f. Bournaya,V; ii. 6o. Blue as apotropaiccolour, z4r (and cf. l4o); Bouroundouk-Kale,ii. 36. blue eye, Evil eye, ii. 46. Bow, two-stringed, to shoot bullets, 6z; for Bodiesof Murid martyrs, incorruptible, ii. 32. playing sringed instrument, 99. Boghko-bashi,raa Dashi-khokh. Branding of horses, 164; Shaulokh brand, ii. Bogotur, zz4. zz5; death penalty for forging, ii. zz6. Bohtan-su(Kentrites, EasternTigris), ii, zSS, Breast-sucking,as form of adoption, terminates 257. blood-feud, zo7, z6r ff. Bokhara, author visits, 6, 7; submits to Nadir Bride-price,see lalin. Shah,ii. +o, 2Sa; z, ii. z3o. Bride-stealing, encouraged by burdensome Boldartilakhsoran,fall of Ouroukh, ii. r87. ftalin, 75; nolv mere convention, 237; Bolgarians'(Volga) curiouscustom, 228. Ourousbi demonstrates rnethod, 265 f., Bolgarskr',Johann, missionarl'to Ossetines, ii. havingdone it for a friend, r5r; ii. 88 and rz1. n.r 89, zoz, zzt ff. Bondmen, etnancipated,scttled on Cossack Bridges,over Assanumerous and unsafe,z{5; tenure,r38 f.; their progress,r39. cantilever,ii.25,35l' wooden,ii. rr8, rzz; Bones,ancient, reburied for fear of ghosts,r+r ; Georgianword for, i/.; Devil's, ii. 34, 35 f.; ofsacrificed shcep,as charnr againstu'olvcs, Preobrazhensky,ii.68; Saltinsky,ii. +5, +7. r84; of unburied Russian dead, ii. 85; Bridle-postofstone,ii.r96. of giants, Narts, l3l, used as rain-charm, Brigandage,cause, 5, 8r; Tchetchens much ii,6o. ^i,,^nr^ r e r^f .-f.practisedbygentry, bongan,areathat a yoke of oxen can plough in a il;.;';i]';i;t;i j8 i.t aurhoritiesrveak, day, as part ofblood-wite, 16z. r+f., r9z f.,22r,258 f.; goesunpunished, Borbalo, peak, IV. j8, | 37; near Vladikavkaz, r r 8; dogsmade Borisbeeyefffamily,ii. zoo. fierceas protection,ii. 238. Borki, Tsar in raiiway accident at, z, +2. Brigands as popular heroes, r 3, 168; enlisted Borts family, zrz. in mounted police, 75 f., zo4; mutilate the Borzeeyefffamily tower, ii. r97. dead, ii. 239. 9eealso abrefu,Zelim-khan. Borzhom, III; country-seatof Grand Duke BritishinBaku,rescuedinRevolution,ii.zzrn. Michael, 15; B. de6le,ii.253. Bronze Age remains, E.B.A., 27 t. ?i at Botlikh, V; author visits,ii. 68 f,.; cultivation, Koban, ii. roe n. 69 f., ornithology, Jo; ethnologn 7o f,, Bronze objects, at Saniba, r4r, on Digorian position of women, 7r f.; produces shecp- sitcs, ii. r5o f., t69-72 passim; chrono- sLins for capes, ii. z9; holds Jack-in-the- logically confused.with iron, ii. 233 and * INDEX 283 Brutsabseli,III; ii. r77 f. Cattle,houseJ uith familr',244r givcnout to 'cheptel' Bryce,Lord, cited,7z, r88, ii.65 n. z. feed on basi'. z6q t'.: included in Buchner,E. -\., on rviid goats,ii, t7 3. kalin, 267; .in Russir.lci out to graze on Buckie1.,T. A., citcd,ii. ro8 n. z. St. George'sdar', ii. r:8: :acrii.cJ. I j f., ,Q4..^+ C'-- ii..'".1 1-.-.1:-l-,t^i-- Buffaloshod, 4i. /)r r)+t tuut rlr ltcc rl r.ruL\ L','r-Yrrrrtr|Er Bullets, shot liom borv, 6z; held in racers' I8S, or asgilt to dead,r86--; slauehtered mouths,ii. 6+. lvith headto south,zz5l ur.ofrt:.rlroll on Burials,above ground, 7or 74, r12, 2o5, 216, passage,zz6; seasonalpasturcs, 88r rlinter 27a, ii. 169; customdiscontinued, z7o; in housingand feeding,ii. 189; tradein, ria sitting posture,r32, r+o, ii. r69; ofskulls Sharivtzekh,ii. r93 f. alone, ! Mongoi, ii. 169; in Dzivghiz and Cattle-plague, ii. z3g; quarantine-post lbr, other caves,| 3r, I 57 ; two typesat Zadelesk, 87 f., ro8, ii. r93 f., warden against, ii. r69 f.; thoseof Koumbuilta amongrichest 178. in Caucasus,ii. 17r1'exposed by iandslides, Caucasia,constitutes individual region, 4r; r32, r3g; attributedto Narts, r3r, r8o; Semiticracial influence in, ii. 7 r. modern, of woman struck by lightning, CaucasianWall, legend of, origin, r r 6, r f. ; 'Devs' 5 5 r84f.; ii. 2o7. 9ee alrc Bones, Kourgans, attributed to (q.v.), ii. 6z; rapid Tombs. communicationalong, il. and n. z. Burj, VII. Caucasians,early connexion with Hittites and Butterfliesin Ouroukh valiey, ii. r 8i. Mitannians,r45. Byzantineremains in Caucasus,ii. r5 r, 17r ff.; CaucasusMts.: directionof Main Range,39 f.; writers, plagiarists,ii. r8z. watershed sometimes considered Euro- 'nith Asian boundary, +o; compared Aips, ii. r38, rgr, rg1; TrigonometricalSurvel-, Calendar,provided by stone pillars, 167f., ii. 234; ethnology,ii. 58 and n.; aurorel r87, ii. 63, t86i theseallied with sacred displays rare, rr, +g; defence against trees,ii. r 87 n, rnvaslon, I9I; remalns ol lortresses rn Calf-skin,piebald, as prayer-mat, gg, rr+. gorge, r 55, r 9o ; Russianconquest aided by Camels'skulls in Olisai-domcaveln, ii. r6o. native lack of unity, ii. 79f.; risings in, Camera,fear of, 6tr 63; no fearof, 84, ro9, encouragedby Russo-Turkish war, ii. 47, z36,ii.tr3. 8o; beginningsofrevolutionary troubles in, Candles,reiigious and magicaluse, ii. ltt, ii. zzt Doukhobors leave, ii. zr8; Kabar- rr4 f.; ii" 239. dan influence, ii. zzo; payment of guides, cartridge-cases,gazirei, ornamental, feature of ii. zrg; first lady alpinist in, r79; first Circassiandress, rz6; price of silver set, crossedby motor, 2o4; mostvaiued u.eapons r28,83. among, ii. 77 f.; ?rometheuslegend at- Cascades,rare in Caucasus,ii, r87. tached to, ii, z3z ff. Northern, problems Casius,Mt., +g, 6+ f .i ZeusC., 64. of race and religion, ii. zo3, 9ee a/to CaspianSea, IV, V, VII; dangerouscoast, r 5; Geology, Glaciers. depth of meanlevel below Black Sea,ii. z Caves,caverns, as family shrines, r j r ; burials n. z; its shorethe routeofinvaders, r9r; in, ib., r57; bonesof giantsin, ii. 6o; Russo-Persianrivalry on western shores, Batrazburied in oue, t 7 r f.; tomb of ]Iurid ii. f.; Englishtrade with, ii. martyrs, ii, unexplored,though prob- 'Castle4r 42. 3z; of the Divs' or Giants (Cyclopean ably of great archaeologicalinterest, r 56 f.; ruins),r8o. fortified, near Dzivghiz, r55; containing Castle,ruined, on hill-top, 87 ; two,picturesque, spring,r67; lvith iron cross,2zo. Caveof at Vobr.roushki,t t z; on splitrock, zr8, zz5, St. Elias, r 5r, r 53 f .; of Tamazh-erda, zz6; built by Doudaroff,r9{ f.; Tamara's, zrr f.; of Koloi-Kant, z5r ff.; Digor sacred t9o f.; of Bazirko,2rr f.; at Khoulam,ii. csvern,ii. r39, i58, r59 fi-.; ilegendary 2og. 8eea/to Tolvers. origin, ii. r68. Refuges for travellers, Cat, erplorescavern, t57; magic,I53; con- 232, ii. 57, 86, r77, and for Zeiim-khan, nectedn'ith witches,ii. 64; Mussulmans ii.9r. ContainingN{SS., ii. zo4. -.-f:. r^ .r^,. i; j, ,. r Pttitql lu uuBr rr. j; rO!1 I I7' tl. 155, Celts, Cyclopeanremains attributed to, I8 L z8+ INDEX Ceremoniesbefore eating, r37 f., zz7. 9ee zro; disused,at Iskilti, ii. zo3; external a/ra Abiutions, Etiquette, Guest, Hospi- seating,ii. r97 n. 3; paganized,ii. r38. tality. Near Minaret,ii. zz9. Cbain, seeHearth-chain anil Kettie. Classical allusions and paraliels: Aepytus at Chain-armour,z, rz9,ii. tr. Nlantinea, r7o; Andromeda or Dragon- 'bongan' Changeling,legend of, ii. rz8 ff :tor/, ii. r27 f., zo5 f.; and Chantre, Ernest, ii, r7z, jrgerum, r6z; daughter of Erechtheus, ii. tcheptelt custom ofBasques,in Caucasus,264, 223 n.; drawing lots for first blorv, ii, ro3 265 and n. z; extendedto human beings, n. r ; fountains in Aeetes' garden, t67 n.; 26+. lunerai games,27 | n. r ; hearth assanctuary, Chickensas harvestsacrifice. zlc. 263; Homeric and Caucasianuse of swords, Children, among Klier':ourj, :noke tobr.cco, ii. ;-:'iove-clrarmsof Aphrodite'inbag, ii. z-1{; gir)s lbrmerlv soll. :r, i. O"c:inc, i;z; Lupercaiia and Caucasianwolf-cult, amulct>\'.orn b:, ii. r 3l n. 4; huckle-boncs ii. r z; t.; ruutilationof dcrd tbe,ii. 239 and 'l^^iino-tim"' buriedrvirh. ii. I69. Taboo on touching n r. nhre.e ii roR nn.l n a. b.r'parents in pre"enceof seniors,269 and Poll'phemus,49, ::8 and n. z, 2Son. 5i n.; not fondledin public,ii. 87, 88 n. Prometheus,2+r n., ii. zo5, 2zg, 232-T; Chivalry in Nart stories,ii. ro3 n. r. shrinesdecked with horns, r7o n. 2; treat- Chodzko, General, ii. 234, ment of parricide, t7g. Christ, in Georgian version of Prometheus- Clothing dedicatedto the dead, ii. rzo. legend,ii.235. unpopularwith Europeans,5z Christianity: in N. Caucasus,z8; first preached "offj,n:uttt by St. Andrew, 3/; when reachedDzivghiz, Coins: in burials: Arabic and Sassanid,at 156; tradition of its early spread,ii. 39; Saniba,r4r; Byzantineand Arab, abundant original Ingoosh tower-builders Christians, at Kamounta, ii. r 5 r ; Byzantine, at Koum- z r o ; nominal among Ossetines, | 3Z, ii. t t7 , builta, ii. r7r. Yalue of ablas and taman, Khevsours,z+Sr 2Sg, and at Abano, r83; 16o and notes I, 3. Necklace of modern, decay due to Mongol invasion, ii, tz5: ii. 68. evidenceof this at T'chegem,ii. zo3 f., and Column, rectangular,beside church, ii, r4z f .i 'laluna, Khoulam, ii. zro. Traces of, at stone, as bridle-post, ii, natural, ii. 'I'olerance ry6i ii. 82. shorvnbv nrodern,r33. zt2. 8ee also Calendar. Society for Advancement of, 24.1. l\Iuch Communai action among tribesmen, z+4, ii, mixed rvith paganismat Tkhaba-erda,2r9, | 53. Its rites and shrinesoften derived froin and Copper:ore, at Ami, 77,83; dificult to reach, again perverted..to paganism,.38. and n. r, 9Tr rott toz f.; near Vladikavkaz,ii, roz J$, r45,239, ii. rro, I58; similarhistory and n.; early rvorking, ii. 233 and n, 3; of St. Theodore Tiron, ii. rz5. skulis patched with, r8o; in legend, 254. Christiansand Mussulmansshare shrine. ii. r I z . Vessels: large dishes, 59, 2+9t kettle, Christmascustoms, t83, z4o. cherishedpossession, 259 ; trunk (legendary), Chrysostom,St. John, veneratedin Caucasus, 2r 3; vatsfor beer-brewing,16z, 176, ii. gg; 65. rvater-jar, 265 ; of ecclesiasticalorigin, used Churches:Akhieli, in building, 244'f.i Ala- lor secularPurPoses, n. t17. verdi, ii. t37; Dzivghiz,jealously guarded, Corruption among Russianoficiais, 53,260. ii. I ro, rrjt architecturaland other Corv6ein Daghestan,ii. 9. features,ii. r r r f.; Goliat, double, ii. Cossacks,at battle of Shalee,8o; in Ossetian r+o*3; Ilori, 37-8; Khamketi, 9o; Ladz campaign, r83o, 146 f.; terms of military ii. r17 f.; IVlizour,ii. rz5; Taluna,ii. 8z; tenure, r39. Greben C. moved by Ap- Targhim, visited by Blaramberg,22+; rarin, 82. Women warrt pay for being Tkhaba-erda,date, description,&c., zr9- photographed, 63. Disliked by natives, zz; Zrotg, r75 f., Zugdidi,38. Built by rl'ho massacrethose of Denikints army. ii. Tamara,go, r7S, 22o, 222, ii, t4o, tg7 8z and n., 228, Mentionecl, 8, 9, to, n. 3; candlesonly light allowedin, ii. r r r; 56, 58,78, 8r, 83, r37, r9z, t93, ii, 14, destroyedthrough Moslem fanaticism,ii. 2rq ff. oQ r INIDEX "") Costume,nati\-e, r7, 68-9, 83, r3+,ii.8, 52; ethnologv,ii. 7r; diaiccts.ii. i, 67: aouls madc fnr author, I2;-8 i growingrare, ii. buiit for dcf.ncc.ii. .i-: rul.s nl hospitalit.', zzo; ctiTcLctchcn girl, 84; of Khevsours, ii. 8, r 31., t6; *-onran'sstatus, ii. 7z anJ z{r; of Imrerial Convoy, ii. rr, Sheep- n.; name originalh'Dcr-ii.tar'.,ii. 6ct skin coats oi Ashiita, ii. z8 f. 8ee also boundari'ri'ith'lchctchnia,ii. S6:corljc in, Bashlvk, Bourka, Headgear,Trousers. ii. 9; brigandaserarc, (, S; en:!gr'r'.:,rn ti{1nl, -:: Corvric rhclis, apotropaic, z4t and n,; in 83; N'IountainJovs i::, zc, :i. \'rrl' il, Zadeleskgraves, ii. r69. ii. 6o; Islam reaclie' br' g:1, ..:-.:.. .lS: Colr's as unit of currency, t6t f .i valae, ib.; Nadir Shah in, ii. 39-gz, 2.{- ; slianil cheaper in Digoria, 168; price of blood enforcesShariat, I22, defeated it.t, tzil reckoned in, 238*9; skin of forelegsmade largelyrevolts ir t877, ii. 8o f.; Denikin's into bag,ii. zt9. enterprise,ii. 82. Digorian aoul rescmbles, Cox, Mr. Alfred W., on armourers' marks, ii. 144. IJse ofstone columnsas calendars, ii. 94 f. 16l. Crime, rvithin family, ancient and Ossetine Daghestanis,early become t'arriots, ii. e,1; view o{l rT+i as qualification for marriage, relations with Nadir Shah, ii. 4o; called 'Lesghis', 13 and n. r. ilt.3hard on horses,ii. zr4. 'Crooked Gates' (Zilin-douar), 26, zgi rtins Daid Bek of Temir-Khan-Shoura,r\, t7,5r, ( at, 17I-2. ^';ii. ff. Cross, brazen, found near Soslantstomb, ii. Dal, Svanetianhunting-goddcsi, pos:ible origin, r 53 ; iron, embeddedin stone,z12, z2o, in r J+-). Bakhaita shrine, ii. r72; pierced, in tomb- Dalgat, cited, ztz and n., 228 n. 2. Err wall, ii. r97; plaster impressionsin church Bibliography. wail, ii. t r z; wooden, in Goliat church, ii. Da1lag-kau,I; author's visit, ii. Ic9, IIj; r{z; worked into masonry of towers, zo8, depopulation,ii. r14; r59, r68, ii.9;. zrZ, zr8; indicating previous Christianity, T)rmrcrrrc ii zz ii. zo3 f.3inlaid on swords,ii.73,76,93 tr.; Dancing, in honour of one killed fy lightning, unusual,perhaps Crusaders', form, at Akhieli, r85; on the green,at lvedding,ii. zzz; no 2+3-+. Of ears of corn, in harvest rites, plrysical contact allowed, ii. 13. 9ee a/to ii.64, Monument on cruciformbase, zt7. Lesg/t1nka. Cross Mountain or Gouda, rg8. Daniel, sultan of Elisov, ii. z6z f, CrossPass, III, IV; peacefulinvasions through, Dargavs, I; called Dergipsch by Anonymous, r9r; first crossedby motor, 2o+; r9z, 183, rSz; in Russian conquest, r47; local 196, 2or, Seealn Dariel, chieftain'shead-quarters, ii., r+gt burialsat, Crusaders, cross, 2++; swords believed to r48; figure of ram-god,i/.; slcred chain, belong to, ii. 76, 93; possible connexion r+ri r+6,ii. ro8. with Khevsours,and Georgians,ii. 92. Darghom-don,I, VI; ii. r39f. Crystal, magical, r49 and n.4. Darg-khokh,III; station,zr; pcrhep:ntcn- Cuerch, has fountain of holy water, {6. tionedin r688,33; 7o,238. Culbertson, Mr., American oil-borer, 63, 67, Dargo,V, ViI; ii. 8+. Cumania, fort,26. DarielFort, I, II. Cumberland, Major, big-gamehunter, r65. Pass,used by Todleben, 3t ; carl.' use, a r. '^,rfa ^F -^"^.fi'l ;..".i^."':^. ^-l'' Curse,effective, 164; favourite Avar, ii. 78. JZ i IUULC Ur PC4LSrUr Cyciopeanremains, r 8o f. t9I, ii.24I; narro\\'ncssof torge,t88: 'Tamara's Cyprus, king of, sends to Armenia for holy Caslle' in, I9c f.; traces of *'ater, 46. Astarte-cult,t9r. 26, r 18, : r r. Dashi-khokh,VI; ii. r t.q. DatchaBarzoi, 82. Daghestan,V; author's journey in, ii. r-96 Datikh, II, \r; 263. passin; physical character, ii. r9; com- Daughter,birth greeted rr'ith reproaches,I 58; munications,ii. 43; characteristicdefiles, ii. value in shapeof Aa/in, z7z; lent to guest, qo; cultivation,ii. z6 f,; make of boarrtas, in Daghestan,ii. r3 f., and elservhere,r5. iz7; productionof armsand armour, rz9; David, guide,at Akhieli, 235 f ,, 2+r. 286 Ii\iDEX Dead, the: clothes dedicated to, ii, rzo; cuit CaucasianWall attributedto, ii. 62. 9eealso of, ii. rzo f.; curious ofl,ceringto, at Fasnai, Divs. ii. 146 f.; drink provided for, 7o, food and Devlistan,original name of Daghestan,ii. drink, z7o; even numbers used to invoke, bo. ii. r19; feastin their honour forms part of Dialects,of Daghestan,ii. 5,67,7o; Digorian, blood-vrite,r55, 16z; fires lit for, r83-.1; ii. t85; of Goliat, ii. r+6: examplesof harvest supper for, ii. tzo horse-racesand differences,ii. r9o, r94; namesfor tour in gamesin their honour, ii, tzo, z7r and n.; various,ii. r6q, r89. in Nart Hades,ii. re5rlc:iunril ar'.nlcl. Digor-Izet (Olisai-dom),VI; Kiaproth's +: 'Dueurr-Iset', t6z, t66; to leaveuntendecl an ouirase, ii. ft3 f .; I origin,ii. 168and

z6tl tombthcir honru, ir. r.zr. rri \!rr. r\\rrr! DebeddR,. ii. zDesi, I; r7g, rgg. risingin Tchetchnia,ii. 78. Devdoraki Glacier, I; falls of ice, &c., lrom, Diulti-dagh,IV, V, VII. r89 f.; watchman {br, r88. l)ivination, by biade-bone,r++, ii. 34, r88; Devil's Bridge, V; over Argoum, 84; over sheep'sintestines, ii. 34; spoon,zo6; r8z. Avar-Koisou, ii. 3q, 35 f. Divorce and remarriage, frequent among Devils, feastin honour of, r84; identified with Khevsours, 237; excessivefacilities for, in house-spirit,il. n. 1; kept off by blazing Daghestan,ii. 72. brand, z4o; watch thought to be one, r78, Divs, Castle of, Cyclopean ruins, r8o f. 8rr Dei'ler, Daghestanequii.alent of Narts, ii. 6o; Devier. INDEX t87 djaba, boileJ rvinc drunk br )lussuhnans,ii, Donkin and l'cr.. kril:i on Ko'htan-tau, i.i. 38,53,69; hos-prepared, ii. 54. r95 andn. Djanashlili,11., r7j. Donos-Ilta. I\'. \'. Djankho:otarnil., orjgin. ii. t97. Doppakh,peak, \-l: ri. r _i9.r g:. Djantec;'eri, (iaveezh, old nan of privileged Double church,ii. l+c F. famih',ii. rc8. Doubr6vin,on Khevsours,z116 i.: ti. 2 r+. 6r. Djarego, Djaree, Kist aoul, 89 and n. z; a/ra Bibliographl'. Abercronbl''sroute to, I07. Douddroff, landorvner, r j7 and n. r r ianiil Djari, resistsPersians, ii, 4o,z6r. legend,_194f.;origin and rclati"r.hir.::. Djaro-Bielokanipeople, Appendix D, ii. 26v3, 2tt ano n. 2. Djateel'eff family, r +2 i A. NI., r 79. Doudeeyeff Khadzimet, attcmpts abduction, Djemal Eddin, ii.9z. 1r.r24. Djengouti,VII. Doukarghisht,II; Doudriroff in, r95. Djerakh, I, II; Terek unfordabie at, II5; daul/tan, near Ounal, li, tzz f.; absence of transfer of name, r9z; in Ingoosh adminis' etiquette(q.v.), ii. r35. trativedivisionr z+gi 98, rog, rr3r zS3, Doukhobors (Balkarian), emigrate to Canada, Djevat, YII; ii. 249 f. ii. zr8. Djidro, III. Doumrila R., VI. djig,hit, meaning, 22 and n.; zo8, ii. rr4; Dounti, I, II, VI; graphitcnear, r 5r; double djiglitavAa, 268, ii. zt 4. church, usecl as pagan shr.ine,ii. l4o i., 'dzouar', Djilki-su, VI; remarkablegorge, ii. zo3, zo6. dimensions,&-c., r4z f.; local ii. Djimana, I. t{3; ii. t38. 'dar', 'der', Djimarri, I; glacial phenomena near, r doar (gate), identity rvith Eng. 50; 'doott, graphite,il.;torrent, I66; emigrationfrom, 26. I 7 8 ; two villagesof name, ii. r o9. Dourdour, river, III, VI; basin, n'ith that of Djimarriikhokh, I; great fall of ice from Ouroukh, constitutes,roughly, Digoria, ii, shoulder,ii, ro5 ; doubtsas to name,ii. ro9; r85; ii. 229; town, VI. t 5o, 167, z67r li. ror , ro6, r 37. Doushet, III, V; buffalo shoeing, 45; cruci- Djimee, I; stone pillars as calendar at, t67-8, form icon,65;98,258. r87, ii. t86; zg, r66; Djimee-kom,ii.tzz. Dreams giving guidance, 2ejt 2+o and n. 2, Djinikh, VII. ,a I Djouti Pass,II; used by Khevsours to avoid Dresschler,Dr., travelsalong Mamisson Road Ingoosh territoryr 235i r82. in 1688,3z f. River, I, II. Drunkenness,among natives,ii. 38, +7, atr'ong Dobson, George, r9z. Russiantroops, 258, ii. 46. Dogs,scarcity ofgood, 4, !; fcrocity in viliages, Dubois de Montpdreux, cited, 3c.,32 n. +, 95-6, Io8, ii. zz, 237 f.; restrictionson r88 n. !r r89, z7r n. r, ii. 6r n. r, r6j, keeping, in Daghestan,ii. zz; i\Iussulman r7g, 229, z6z; criticizesKiaproth, ii. r6;, attitude to, ib. and 23 n. r; herdsmens', r 8o f. Eee also Bibliography s.r'.. and r3zi ancient Caucasian breeds, 96 n,; Interiano, Note. Abkhasian god of, z5; black, feared by Duel, crypticchallenge to, ii. z 5. spirits,i/.; in St. GeorgeJegend,ii. r68; in Dyke, Grim's, 213 rt. 3; Tamerlane's,i /. Prometheus-legend,ii. 234 f. Qursha, ii. Dykh-su, VI; quarantine-Fostar bridge. ii. rg3.f.; scenerl,ii. l9{; localpronunciation, Do-6uita Gully, VI; origin of name, ii. r59, to.i 11.r9r, r6r. Dykh-tau, peak, III, IV, VI; hidden in mist, Donifars, VI; antiquities, ii. r Sz, r7o-r ) ii. r98; lastr"iel', ii. zl8; ii. r:3, r90, r93, meaning of name, ii. r54; all inhabitants Mussulmans, il., r7o; strife with men of Dzinago.Vi; calledShinaghi-kau. ii. r77 f.; Zadelesk,ii. 16o, and others, 186; demo- ii. r75, r7g, r8o. craticindcpendence, ii. r67; peopleofResi Dzivghiz, I; Church of St. George at, rSS, come from, r78. seenand describedby author, ii. rro-I3; Donkey asculprit in blood.-witecase, ii. r 2.4. other interesting features, I 5 5; caverns, 288 INDEX Dzivghiz (cont.). Erckert, General von, cited, ii. 58 and n., 67, r 56 tr. ;'Mairem-stone' (fertility-talisman), 7r. r 58; inscribedbell, r68; ancientwalls, r69. Erimani, r79. Dzomakh, ii. z3r. Eristoff, Prince Raphael,on Khevsoutsr2+6. Dzouar-kau, I; Ourousbi carriesoff girl from, Erivan, IY; z, 3. r5r; ii. ro9, rr3. Erpelee,..V; author visits, ii. Z tr.; history, ii. Dzouar-rakh, ii. r45 and.n. r. 9 L; 11.3. dzouafi, varied meaningof uord, ii. r 3; n.; Ersh,II, III,V; authorvisits, 249 {.;248,255. angeredby approachofrvoman, ii. rzr f.; Erzeroum. IV. asspirit of dangerousslacier, ii. r c4 r haunt Esen-anr(Retlo), lake, V; ii. 68, 87. -6, sacredgroves, ii. tzz; lrolect Frorerit. r Etchmiadzin, IV; monastery supplies holy ii. tI8; senddiseases, ii.98,99;oi-Dounti, 1\'ater,+7 l magicagainst thunder, I Sz. 'Etcrnal ii. r43. lrire' at and nearBaku, z, 53, ii. tt6. Lthnologi'oi nrountaintribcs, ii. 39, 59; of I'.aglci,numerou:, I 2, ii. 89, zo8l Dcedosso Daghestan,ii.6l. called,ii. r+i onrenof victor.',ii. r67; in Etiquette,of arrival,ii. 8; of departure,ii. r6, lcgend,r ;3. ii. r 85; in PrometheusJegend, 84; at meals, r j7-8, 163, zz7; when ii. z3z, and localvariant, 235; gold, reward riding, r5r, 163; absencein doullat per- for valour to Moslems, zo8. mits early departure, ii. t35; detail of, at Ear of murderer brought to victim's grave,z7z. Kousparti, ii. r98; Kabarddn, ii. zzo; Edena Pass,YI; 32, ii. r7g. resultsof European ignorance of native, ii. Edisa, I; Cyclopeanremains at, I8o-I i I79. rr3. Eeeako Guest, Hospitality. 'Euphrates Edji, author's host at Fortaoukh, zo5-6, zz7. Valley Expedition', r835-7, ii. Eetoum-Kald,V; hospitalityat, 86. .)-. Eghee, eponym of Eghikal, zz5 f. Evil Eye, methodsof averting,zS, z+r n' Eghikal, II; beehivetomb at, rr5; legendof 244n. 3, ii. 98, r3r n. 4; castby camera, ePollym, 225 L 6r; blueeye, evil eye,ii. 236 (but cf. r 58). Egyptianobjects in Caucasiangraves, ii. r 5t. Evst)6e6 Lieut., ii. zzz. Ekaterinodar,IV; norv Krasnodar,r ; ii. Exileofmurderer to preventblood-feud, ii. z f. 95, 'Eye-stones', 7 Ekaterinoslav,ii. 96. ii. 98. Elbrous,III, IV; at sunrise,r z; Dr. Freshfield -.., y). li'.t.1i..i..1 L,-..'\\'olnen,1924, l79i l'abrician,General von, I48. first sli-asccnt,t97 n. z; .hape. on llaikop Fair,at Grozny,5 5 ff, ii. 7 r ; at Tsagerakh,ii. \-ase,2or and n. r; scene ofrvitches' frolic, r9+' :: a, -- I ^f ^..1.^,',King r1. v+, drru ul LulL vr of rhe Jann',ii. Families,must contribute to blood-wite, r62 f ,; z3o; Prometheuson, ii. 231 ff.1 -{rrian's partakeof ritual new-),eardish, r87; taboos 'Pasa' (privileged', mention,ii. z3z; called by Klaproth, rvithin, z69 ; crime'n'ithin, r 74 ; ii. rz6 f.; not visiblefrom Gourdzivtzekh ii. ro8, r85; those of certain districts of Pass,ii. r7g; r, z, 2r. lbreign origin, ii. zor i early feudal rights, Elioz, legendaryJew of Mtskhet, z 33. ii. zr r i joint sacrificeby two, ii. r4o f. Elisou, VII; sultan wavers between Shamii lasnal, VI; tombs,ii. r46; curiouscustom, ii. and Russia,ii. z6z f. r+6f. Elizavetpol(Gandja), IV, VII; 4,ii. zz9. !'athAli, Khanof Kazi-Koumoukh,ii. 47. Elkh6tovo, III; gold objects at, ii. r73; re- Fatima,Shamil's sister, ii. 3r. founded to guard Terek crossing,ii. zz8; Favre, Ernest, ii. 139. Ser Bibliography. savageryof dogs, ii. 47 f . Feastin honour of slain as part of blood-wite, Ellis, George, friend of Walter Scott, his map t55, t6z; as part of rain-charm,ii. 63; at of Caucasus,z6z and,n. 7. opening of ploughing season,l'l. Eloyeff, victim in blood-wite case,ii. tz4. Feldmann, N1lr., Hebrew lanil-broker, 58 f,, Illton, John, and Nadir Shah,ii. 42. 6o. l.-.^-i.t"i trilro t tA Engeihardt, Moritz von, companionof Parrot, .Lrvrr --v' 196 n. r, zoz and.n,, 22r f, Ferta-Shoyoulifamily, zz6, Enkhelee, Lower, V; dialect, ii. 67. Fertilityclrarms, r58, r7o, 187. INDEX 289 (, Fraz"r Sir I.'.". ^" I ;; r ' - f ,C"" Festivals,semi-pagan, 7 r r 8, t 57, r87-g4, "-,.'..,'l' -harvc.t, 2+o; at har ii. r 3 r f.; in honour of a/.,rBibiioFr:.rh.'. smallpor god. ii. l161 u'omen excluded Fredcrick\\'iilian III ofPru:si:.ii. rEz. 'F. from. ii. r j:, rl6i (All Ft"."^." O..,.';"^v--.1 'l.l\, .l^.-'.. I h" r l^^-.:"- 'A^. of the dead' l j. Souls)at -\bano, r 8 at Zrorg, 17). Feudal rights. ii. : r I . Eee aho Familics, Freshfield,Dr. Douglas.on :uf iec: n:'I'.1.r"u,. privileeed. 95, Zakka Pass,2cz, Pasi-.\lr:. ii. r79, l-iag-don, I, III; salnon in, 164; sourceof, Tiutiun torrent,ii. rgrl Ru:.i::: c::r:.-i;r:r r98; r5r, r5i, r 58,t66, ii. ro9, rrr, r17, of, due to misprint,ii.'r9:; mcn::^rcl .r rTn ItY citedr4o, 7t,89n..2, r5o, i69 n. r, rE8 Fibulae, bronze, numerous at Kamounta, ii. n. r, rgo n. r, rg+,ii.rr3, r39 andn., r6E r5o, scarceat Fasnal,ii. r5r; cross-boq., n, +, 176,r98, rgg, 2r+,233. miniature, ii. r69; in form of tortoises,ii. Fuel, scarce,ii. 'prototypes 52. t7z; of cloisonnd enamel', ii, Funeral customs: Ossetine, described by 173. Ourousbi, z7o f.; Scythian, 27r n. r, ii, I'ilimonofl Professor,ii. 243 ff., 246. z 37. Sacrificeprovided by slayer, r 62. Finger-prints, inked, as illiterate's signature, Furniture, raaGuest-room, Houses; of summer zz3 and n. r. shelters,ii. rgo, zr 8 f. Finland, r59 f. Fytnarghin,VI; glacier,ii. l9r; peak,ii. r93, I'ire-god, r87. r95. 'for Fires lit the deail', 183-4; to keep oIf devils, z4o; against witches, ii.64; at Gaenat(Ghelati), III; monastery,irs trcrsurcs Equinoxes, ii. 63; with great skiil, in rain, and history, {z ff. ii. zt6. Gagatl, makesbest sheepskin robes, ii. 29, 7 r. Firi-dzouar, Ossetineram-god, r48; invoked Gai-komd, peak, II; view, zt7. at ntaniage, zfo. Galantchodj, L., II. Firkdvitch, reports Mussulman desecrationof Galbatsteeyeff family, author's hosts at Andee, churches,ii. zo3, zto. ii.75ff. Aldat, ii. 8o; Mamadee,Russian Fish,6shing,5c,72, r30; nonein L, Kel, r79 officer, ii. 75, 79f., 84ff., 88 f.; Temir- and n. 3 ; trout-fishing, rg f . 9eealso Salmon. khan, sportsman,ii.75 f., 8r f. !-lowers of Caucasus,50, 52, 66, 7t, 89, r17, Galgai country, inhabited by Mountain rzo, r36, t68, t7r, ii. 43, tozr 2rg; use Ingoosh, rr4; photographsof, r3o; Ab- of azaieas, r7r; fine delphiniums,ii. ro7, khazoff punitive expedition, | +6, 22 St r2 S. zo8; near glaciers,ii, ro5 and n. Gaigais, author's travels amongr 203-3t Flute, magic, helps to saveKoloi-Kant, z53. passin; their semi-paganfestival at Tkhaba- !'orelnoe fort, ii. 86. etda, 2rg; pig-keepers, therefore never Forests: their clearancesuggested in Tagebac/t, Mussulmans, 'fchetchnia, zzo and n. 4; Engclhardt fi6; of destroyedin and after ?.trollgr2zr f,; expeditionsagainst, zzz f.; Russian l9 f.; Shamil .conquest,.Zqf., : . administrativelyincluded among l\lountain fleesto, ii. 3r; varietiesof trees in, lzl. Ingoosh,249; namevaguely appiied, u;c. l,egend of miraculous, and consequent Galitsin,Prince, 14, r5, ii.8r. Laboo,t7zf.; forest-gods,r3J. Dcforcsta- Galouat-kau,ruins near, r8o f.; uniclue torver tion, ii. zo8. at, 2+3. l'oresters, ill-paid, 249. Gamba on Rose-starlings,46 f . Forfeit for forsaking company,zz7. Game and game-birdsof Caucrsus,*f.,7r, Fortanga R., II. 73.f., ii. 75f. Antelopes,!; bcars,sma1l Fortaoukh, I, II, V; author visits, zo+ff.; but p)entiful,{, non-hibernating. bcar- 'autunn ;41 legendsof, zo6 f.; ii. 98. skin, r68; birds, flight' of, near Fosterage,among Circassiansand Ossetines, Derbend, 4; bison, 1+3, 2+g; remainsin of tie in Daghestan,ii. 18 Olisai-dom cavern,ii. r 59 f.; boars,method ;fj;:T:on of hunting, 4, plentiful near Ersh, 249; Fox-broadsword,meaning, ii. 95. bustards, great, 4; caPra atga&rar (bezoar Fox-skins,black, price in r6r8, 16o. goat),z3y ii. z8 and n.z, 34,69, r7+; c. II PP 29c- INDEX Game(cou.). Georgian Road, direction, 39, +zi atrocious pallasii,ii. 34, 173f.; chamois,near L. Kel, murder ofr, 77, 8r; once boundary of rTg,riearErsh, 249, ii. r 59 f.; deer(maral), Tagaour Ossetines, r{6; threatened by ii. 34, size of skins,ii. ry6; ibex, ii. z8; Devdoraki glacier, r89, and by men of mountainpartridge, ii.66; tour,see s.v. Tchmee, r93; excavationson, Appendix A. Ganal,I; resistsRussians, r+7;eaily destroled Mentioned, 26, 68, 75, rog, r3o, r37, ii, by ice,ii. ro6. 97. Ganal-don,I, III; sourcein glacier,73; land- Georgians,hated by Deed.os,ii. 8 r; take part slidein &efrle,r3z; hotsprings, r92; \rarer in Crusades,ii.9zf.; shaveheads, ii, r3z suitablefor beer-brening.ii. rcc; disa;trou, n. z; have aristocracy of same biood, ii. ico-frll in ttrll".' ii aA-ra- a trriq. A) r.a : r r n. 3 r buv Tcherkesshorses, ii. zz4; in ii. rzr. Djarr, it. z6t {. 'fsarlkho, Gandil rroprietor oi Ganaldon Gczevzek l)ass,'raquettes'(sno,.v-shoes) used baths,ii, rc1 al.J-n., rc6. on, j j i dittrcrrlLie:,ii. r :6; variantspellings Gara-auzdeile, ii. zc8. i A ' *1. t',.J. ''i. i... i r g+. 'Tavlintsi' ". Girber, CoioneiJ. G., on customs, Ghebi,III; approachto, 3of., ii. r76; people rl r I amazedat European appctires,9,[; as ^^-f^-^ -l-:: -^ u4rscuJ, ruSr rr. 5v, Chlobiin Tageluch,166. Garniske,name for Aigamoughi-don,/.?). Ghelati, seeGaenat. Gastan^ti-zai-wayen,'pathof the avalanche', GhenJam,landsiide from, 248. ll. r d7. Ghenshek,'Aesculapius of the Caucasus',r 8 'Gates' 5. in Caucasus:of Andee,ii, 8o, Araka- Gheok-tchai,VII. nee,ii, Bat,26, Caucasian,z5 f,, t9o f,; Gheorghievsk,ii. zz4. 'crooked',43, Zilin-douar,26, 17r. Ghergebil,V. Gatouyefl, Father, on church of Zrolg, Ghergeti,I. t7 5-6; citedby Vs. Miller, ii. r4o, r 53. GherghecR., II; ezr. gazi rei, raaCartrid ge-cases. Ghermentchoug,Y;Zilrists at,79 f . Geology of Caucasus:architectural results, GhertchekPass, II; zr2,22!. r{o; Jurassicschists, r r 3; Lowerand Upper GherzelAoul, YII. Cretaceous,256; columnar basalt near Ghez6-tau,VI; ii. r38. Gvelethi,r88; Kazbekstones, r88, zo{; GhidatiiBridge, Y ; zr 5,ii. 55 n. z. sphericalstones, ii. 58 and n. Features: Ghilan,disputed between Russia and Persia, ii. near Djimara, r5o; of Shouradistrict, ii. +r. 2 n. 2; of Digoria,ii. r3g, r83 f.; near Ghiliar, VII. Makhtchesk,ii. r 49 ; Tcherekvalley, ii. r 9 5; Ghimree,V, VII; authorvisits, 16 f.; reputa- at Tchegem,ii. zo3; 23,26 {.,69, 84, r 8r, tion for fanaticism,ii. r7; typicalDaghistan r83, z+8, ii. 26, 66, 97, roS n, 9eealso aoul, ii. 19 f.; famous grapes,ii. zr f.; LimcstoneRanges. historicscenes, ii. 24, 59)some inhabitants George Mikhailovitch, Grand-Duke, bridge oppose Shamil, ii. 25, 33; capture by calledafter, ii. 45. Bolsheviks,ii. 33n.; ii. 3. GeorgeXI, king of Georgia,donor of church- Ghiultshi, peak, VI; height, ii. r96, first bells,r68. ascent,ib,, n.; localnames, ii. r98; ii. l9r. Georgia,III; boundaries,89, r14; kings,26, t, Ghizel,. l.tt t magic crystal from, r,f! i 44, a descendantof, 258f.; martyredqueen, sulctdear, t.zzl r6r; royal arms, z3+-5. Invaded by Ghizei-aoul,68. Tamerlane,234; ShahAbbas' cruelty in, Ghizel-don, I, III; von Blaramberg'sfeat in r59 f. Absenceof towers,zro; influenceon valley, r47; head-waterscalled Midagrabin- mountaintribes, ii. 38 f. Birth-customs, z+7 i don, r 5o; 68, r3o, r+6, ii, ro8, ro9, rzr. harvestcustom, ii. 64; precautionsagainst Ghosts,fear of protectsancient tombs, r4r, ii. rvitches,ib.; rain-charms,ii. 6z f. Religious I I9. useof wax candies,ii. r 15; confusionbe- Ghulan RisaKhan,48. trveenSS. George and Theodore,ii. rz7. Giant's Causeway, similar columns near Local form of Prometheuslegend, ii. 235. Gvelethi, r88. Ii\*DEX 29r Glacierpasses, 30 ff., r 5o, r99, ii. r38, r8o; GourdzivtzekhPass, \'l; height, ii. r 78; Kiaproth claimsto have crossed,ii. t76, cavcrnsnear, ib.: jz, ii. l lE. '^\non','mous' r76. Gourieff, Salomon,host oi at Glacicrs of Caucasus:results of retreat, 7r, Ladz, it. r r7 . I5oi sourceof rivers, 73; buried beneath Gourko, General,8 t. debris, r 36; retreatingnear Puy, 227 i marry Gouro, II. but snall, east of Terek, zz7-8; disaster Grabovski,N. F., cited,249, ii. 6 E r. Srr trl-tr causedby in Ganal-don va}ley, ii. 96to7; tgrace steeperthan thoseof Alps, ii. ro6 and n. z. before meat' among Tnonnrhr. rr.,l 8ee a/soDevdoraki Glacier. Ossetines,zz7. Glasgow Exhibition of r9rr, Daghestanisat, Grand Khan, GreatCham,confuscd u'ith 1c.:cr ii. 3s,gs' potentates,ii. r 5, n. 4. Giola, III; where Mamisson Rd. meets Rion, Grapes, of Ghimree, excellence,ii. zr, z3; 38;ii. 176f., 17g. rule for harvest,ii, zz; firstfruits dedicated, Goat, sacrificedat goat-shrine,Tsaou-dzouar, ii. z9;.gathering, it. 3z; specialu'ine made 7.o., ii. r4of. With human speech, in rrom, 11,57;11. 59. legends, 212, z5r ff. Caucasian lvild, Graphite depositnear Djimarii, r;o f. Supplementar/ Note, ii. 173-5. 9ee also Great Bear, its sevenstars sons of snou'storm Taar. goddess,rSgr zoz. Godar, R., V; ii. 67. Grebendts,F. S.,cited, r57,ii. tro, rrr n.2. Godi-avtzekh,VI; dificulties, ii. t76, t8o; Greek and Latin authorscited: Aeschl'lus,39, called by Freshfield Gezevzekh (q.v.), ii. ii. z3z; Apollonius Rhodius, 167 an.1 n., r76;native versionof name,ii. r 86. ii. z3z, z3g n. z; Apuleius,ii. r8z n. -1; Goita R., 79. Arrian, ii. z3z f.; Herodotus,ro n., r27 Goiten forest, its part in Russianconquest of n. r, r77 n. 5; Hesiod,ii. z3z; Homer, Tchetchnia, 79 f. 25, r35, ii. ro3, ro8 and n.; Hyginus,ii. Goitre in Andee Koisou valley,ii.67. 23+n. r; Julian the Apostate,64; Martial, Goktcha L., IV; R., IV. t7on.2; Ovid, rr n,;?ausanias,rgon.2i Gold, absentin Kamounta graves,ii. r 5o; little Pliny, z5 f,, 49, 64, rz7, r9o, zzg; Pro- at Fasnal,ii. r 5r; abundant at Koumbuilta, copius,r9o n. 3; Ptolemy,ii. zz5, 263; tr. 17r. Strabo, Io n. r, 34 n. z, r97; Tertullian, Goliat, I, VI; sacredffee at, ii. 136; pagan ii. rr!; Theophilus the Confessor,34; practicesin curious double church near, ii. Virgil, ro n. rt 35; Xenophon, ii. 3o and r4o ff.; architecture,ii. r44; local legends, rt. z, 2(,2 ff. ii. r44 f.; dialect,ii. 146. Greeks, towers attributed to, zro and n.; 'tombs Golotl, V, VII; authorvisits, ii. 53 ff.; fever so-called of', ii. r 17 f.; traditior.rand fren'rant ii r r some evidence of presencein Digoria, ii. Gorak, II; towersat, 2o8, qz f. Gori,III; 166,ii.z6z. Greyhoundsnot unclean,ii. z3 n. Goudermess,V; 6o. Grove, F. C., alpinist, author of T,le Frt,ity Goudour-dagh,VIL Caucasas;at Ghebi, 9.1; adrniresTcl.erck Gouliar,VI. valley,ii. r9r; Russiancriticisnr ot. du. to Gouloi, II, III, V; author visits, ro8 ff.; misprint,ii. r9z; at Tubenel,ii. r99r on rarelyvisited by travellers,r ro; inhabitants Djilkisugorge, ii. zo6r ii. zr1. NlountainIngoosh, Kists, r 14, Gtove, sacred,rde Wood; Icgendarl origin of Goulree,near Soundja, zr 5. one,ii. r68. Gounee.V: 6r. Grozny,IV, V; foundrtionand dcvclopment, .r f ,.""^"-,li-^.. --.nil-len,l- rnrr rt Gouneeb,V, VII; nelvroad to,ii,43; author )+r.r r(rIIvullurlrE)t al. -,. ...-.*. '^..f .rf.L.i^--,].i-^-l ,.--- I visits,ii. 46 ff.; defencesand garrison,ii. t9t tJ t.t )/ 1.t urrS4lru) lll dtllt lrcdlr l," ut 45 f.; commandant,ii. 46,49 f.; historical tt, t3 f., 53i thcrmalc:tablishrnent near, incidents,ii.47 tr.; fuelfor, ii. 5e; massacre 58; \{ountain Jewsin, zo; hotel,5z; Fair, of Denikin'sCossacks, ii. 8z; ii. r 5, r8. 55 ff.; goodhorses, 57; lourrtatsold in, rz7; Gourddn,slvordsmith, ii. 94, 63,77,78,ro8, ii. t, 57,9t,96,239. 292 II{DEX 'Struggle Guest, correct behaviour, ii. 8, 16, zof,r 75; or bad, magicallyforetold by for never questioned,2 57 ; surrendersweapons the Sheaf',ii. z3r. 8eealso Hay-harvest. to host, ro8, r39; one betrayed by host, ii. Hasluck,F. W., cited,ii, t33 f . ry3. 9ee a/ra Etiquette, Hospitaiity. Hassan-kala,VII. Guest-room, always best in Daghestan house, Hatoo,hunter, of Saniba,69, Jo, ii. 98, ror, ii. 8; at Erpelee,ii. ro f.; at Ghimree, ii. rz5; Golotl, Andee,ii. li. 53; 75 f.; Kous- Haxthausen,A. F. L. M., criticized,ii. 59 n., Partl,11.r95 t. roo n, SeaalrcBibliography. Gugushvili, A,, ++. Ha1',lrrp'making, 93, gSf,, rTS; hay and Guides, payment of, ii. zr9. 9eea/ta Boula, barleyripen together,ii. 98. David, Islam,Ourousbi. Hal.harvest,date, ii, r89; festivals,at Goliat, Gi.ilJenstidt,J. .A,.,hc)d up bv Tagrours. r+r.; ii. l1o f., under sacredtree, ii. r87; er- his rvork edited and used bv Kiacroth. planatorl'legend,ii. rz8 ff. zoof ., ii. r7 S,r7g f .; descriprionof Tkhaba- Head,partlr' shar-cr.r, ii. r 3z andn. z. erda,z zo; onbi'on at Oiisai-dom,ii. r 6o f.; Head-dressof --\ndeeand Botlikh 'n'onen,ii. first to describe taar, ii. r73 f.; visits f. 'Passa' 7r Digoria, ii. r7 g f. ; on , ii. 178 f .; Headgear,native, r 28,ii, 52. 8eea/sa papalla, reports huge herd of mares, ii. 2zS; orr Hearth-chains,sanctity of, among Ossetines, minarets, &c., near Tatartoup, it, zzg. See r4r f., 268, ii. trz, rr4, and Khevsours, alto Bibliography. 2++i asasylum, 263; in marriageceremonies, Gulistan, Treaty of, ii. 263. 268. Guns, valued in cows, 16r f.; fired on Holy Helena,Empress, 234. Thursday, z4o, li, 64; rested to 6re on Helmet,unique bronze, ii. r5l. forked sticks, ii. 9; Russian,recaptured, ii. Hensand eggs, taboo, r3r and n. r. {!; introduction drives Narts from Daghes- HeracliusII of Georgia,238. tan, ii. 6o f.; Hungarian and Crimean makes Herdsmenresponsible for stolenbeasts, r32, most vaiued in Caucasus,ii, 77; valuable, Hidirsindi,IV; oil-field,45, 49; rose-starlings inlaid, ii. r86; n'ith amulet attached,ii. r94. at,4l f.i locallegends, 49. 8eealso Berdanka. Highland and lowland dwellers, opposition Gvel8thi, I; colurnnarbasalt near, r88; de- between,ii. 168and n. z, z3r andn. portation of its inhabitanrs,ib.; boy held to Hittites,r45. ransomln, I9+. Hollywood,Wicklow, ii. r49 and n. z. Gymnias,identificetion of, ii. z5j. Holy Coat,at Mtskhet, 233 history,233 f.; duplicates,234. Hadj, pilgrimage to Mecca, objected to by Holy Thursday,Khevsour observances, z4o; Russiangovernment, ii. 17 f.,65 n. z; de- Georgian,ii. 64. partureceremony, ii. 65. Holy Tree, or Colurnn,of Mtskhet, story of,, Hahn, Professorvon, on Astouli Passand neigh- ... f bourhood, ii. rgz f .; his translationo{,4ry0- Hol!-water, from Cuerch, cures leprosy, 46; . nzrtirn tt,ii oac. L.,f iitr. a"L ^ taa , t. f "B*"1u, J. / tt., rve, r ) 4 r. effect on rose-starlings,46 tr. 8ee St. Jacob's Halai, Abdoul, Daghestanihero, ii.45. sPnng. Harrtzad Bek, second Imam, r22, ii, 29, 36; I{omicide, accidental, fine and penance for, murdered,ii. 56; at Andee, ii. 8o; ii. z6z. t6z. Hands, nailed outside towers, 2roi of Hommaire de Hell, cited, ii. 95. Georgians, in Deedoland, ii. 8r; plaster Honeli life risked to gather,ii. 5o f. impressions of, in church rvall, ii.- rrz; Honorius,Pope, ii, 92. impressionson tombs, ii, rr8; representa- Horns, set up in honour of gods,75; piled at tions in graves,ii. r Sr. shi-ines,to6, t69, t1o n. 2, zt6, z3z, 244, Hanno the Carthaginian,zz8. ii. r r 3 ; hugeheaps at Rekom, r 7o; adorning Hanway, Jonas,ii. +o, +2 ^. roof of tomb, ii. r52; usedas water-pipes, Harmastis,ancient Armaz, z6 and n, ii. I4S, and speaking-trumpets, i/.; in HarpasusR., ii. 253. cavern of Olisai-dom, ii. r59 f.; of bezoar Harvest, festivelsbefore and after, 2+oi good goat, presentedto author, ii. z8r 6917 Sr 89; II{DEX 293 r^ lv Jq;irln-nr: Khevi' 35; has Arabic inscribed monuments, (vailey),used as place-name, a+z-3, il.50. INDEX 297 Khoud)doff, \.. on KlLcvsours,2+6i on 22+f.; obtains\lSS., r?r, i;. zc4: pla- routeof rc.c:o Clrcck:,ii. 253f.,258, giari:esfronr Ta.'tl:t:1,-t n. r, zr2. ;2:, Khouisidi-Jor.'.,:r.1-vilJagc-river',ii. r87. :71, ii. r _iRn. :. iionr Rci:ec:..:-r n. -i. I'lroulanr, III, \'I; aLrihorvisits, ii. zogff,; ii. -g r:. :, anJ fron \-a;hL:ihr,2-:; religion,ethnolog:', ii. zro f.; feudalism,ii. Tchetchen vocabular.' checl-cJ, dis- 'Journer'3'-i6 99; zr r 1'.;agriculture, ii. zrz f. cussion of his souic.s of Khouli. l-ppcr anJ Lorver, II; massacreof Ksan, r95-zor, to Digoria, i:. t6z f., to C)rtlrolos-\lission at, 20S, zrr, 263; Oni, ii. t7+-82. Stea/so Biblicrra:l:'.'. rr;orn rit"c nf rtt F Klein, 1\{r., of Baku, 8. KhoulkhoulauR., V; valIey,ii. 85, 87, 89. Kloukhor Pass,III, IV. LL^,,-."1.^ ;; ../ l\llvul!4146'!1.1.+| Klugenau,Colonei Kluke von, ii,3 f ., ;, 17n. r. I(hounzakh,V, VII; new road to, ii. 43, Kob;in, Upper and Lower, I; resistanceto 45, 55; quininedistribution centre, ii. 54; Russiansr.r4T.;tombs, ib. arrd n.; bronze- sacredrelics at, ii. 56; zt5,ii.7, 34. age remains, ii, roz n.; parallelsat Fasnal, KlrousarLamardon, I; seeLamardon, Khou- ii. r5r f.; post-station,r83; uncertaindate sarand Tsagat. of burials, ii. z4z {. Khoussou,VI; author visits, ii. r 84 ff.; Kobi, I, ill; 176. sacredsacrificial tree, ii. r87; ii. zol. Kobizefffamily, specialsacrifice, ii. r4r. Khozrek,V, VIL Kodja-Doghoushti Pass, iI; height and view (rn- KhramR., ii. n. 2, 2Sz,253. arvrur ctq-r .tn 3o t, "+Y. Khtsau,Ossetine name of Deity, ii. lr8. KodorPass, IV, V; 28,17 3. Khudah,VII. Koechlin-Schlvart4A, cited,r 88. Khusraw-mirza(Rustem-khan), z 43. Kogolkin, Abdul, receivesauthor ceremo- KibishaGlacier, II; largestin neighbourhoocl, niously,ii. zzo; ownerof Shaulokhherd of 228. horces,ib., za5. Kii (Akki); Upper and Lower, iI; within Kogolkino,III, VI; etiquette,ii. zzo; scene Tchetchnia,rr+; 96, to7, rg+, zz6, zz8, of rapeof PrincessAtazhukina, ii. zzr ff. rtinja/,best made at Koubatchee,r29; testing, Koisoubouviilages, ii. zz. ib.; usedin spell-casting,237, and to cut Kokeeyefcited, ii. rr8 ff., r4o, 146. bride'sstay-laces, 2To:, less worn by Khev- Kol. Mikhailovskaya(German colony), III. sours,24r; forbiddenat festivalsfor fearof Kolka Ridge, I; ice-fallfrom, ii. ror, ro4; quarrels,ii. r 3; in rituai precedingduel, K. glacier,sulphur-springs near, 7 3. ii. z5; madeat Ountsoukoul,ii. 35, and Koloi-Kant,legend, 228, 2So-+tresemblances Arakanee,3 8 ; great cutting powers of to Polyphemuslegend, 25o n. 5; praysiike heavy,ii. 77; bronze,in Digoriangraves, Mussulman,248. 1r.r 5r, r7o tt.;il. 52,5+. KolotaPass. iaa Khiliak. Kion-khokh,I,VI; ii. r38 f. Kolotlni, II; Ingoosheernurdered by Khev- KioureJam,II; 92. soursat,235. Kirion, Bishopof Gori, ii. r 14 f. KomarofrGeneral, cited, ii. r*, 3j, 70. Kish,VII. KonkurR., zz3. Kislovodsk,IV. Kdpri-keui,ii. 253,254, 257. Kist tribe, 89 n. z; divisionsof, 9of.; un- Kord R., I; Pass,I, III; reachedfrom Ounal, popular q'ith Tchetchens,r04; distribu- z6;viewfrom, 167, ii. rzl; ri9, ii. rcAi tion, rr4; Abkhazoff'sexpedition against, viliage,Upper and Loner, Ir sacredbirch- 222 f.; local applicationof name,249; glovenear, n. t22. 95, 1o3, 215; author'sKist guide,ro3, Koran,oath on, 257, z6t; ancientcopr', ii. I08, rr4, rr8, rr9. 9eealso Malkists. 56; verseas amulet,ii. r94 and n. 3; Kistinka R., II; or Arm-khi, trib. of Terek, ii. 8, 54,65. rrra rJt .At-vrr cto--j1 ---tctQ nt-1j. Korata,II; 89, ro3, Kizliar, IV, V, VII; in Tamerlanelegend, Korgashiti-tau,ii. r99. zr3;ii.4z. Koshtan-tau,III, IY, VI; fatality on, ii. Klaproth: accuracyquestioned, _,r85. n. r, r95 and n.; hiddenin mist, ii. r98ff, zzr-2, 27r, ii. 2zg; cii.ea,r88, ii. zro, zo9; distantview, ii. zl8; ii. r88, r9o. II pq 2gB II{DEX Koteeyeff, Taghee, author's guide among Koutishee,V, VII. Galgais and Khevsours, 2o3, devout Kouvan-avtzekh,origin of narne,ii. 145. IVlussulman, 236, 238, z{5; legendary Kovalevsky cited, r74, t84, z7z, ii. 88 n., origin of his family, zr3 ff.; his home, r+rn.,rgz,zrr,z32n. r. SeaBibliography. 256 f.; stories told by, zo8, zr8, 235, Kozhovoko,Upper, III, VI; ii. zr7. 2+8:, on local customs,237 f., 23g. Krasnodar, rea Ekaterinodar. Hadji Nlaali, father of above, savesabrcrts, I(rudener, Major von, r48. zS7 tr.; healsblood-feuds, z6r ff.; 256, Ksan R., lII; source in L. Kei, 196, illt 266 f. reachedby Klaproth, r8z, rg5 ft, Kouankhidatli, V; or Konkhidatl, Ii. 67. Ku1 Oba, tomb, lasl/jA figured on vasefrom, Koubd,IV, \r, Vii. r:6; r j: n.,ii. rz! n. r. Kouban R., III, IVr bison a:nd.tcttr in vaiicr', Kurr Oglou, bandit poet,ii.6r n. ii. 164; r, ii. .1.1. Kutkashin,\,'II. Koubatchce,V, \;II; iamous ibr gold-n'ork, Ku1ada, ncar Gounccb,ii. I ^--"^'- - -1 3+. 4lrrr), dllJ dtllluui, rzg anddllu n.ll, Kviris-'l'snrindr.N,-.-_ ^ IT:-.. r,.nort.d^-l _ rourrd torlcr Koubatcevefs, thcir torver and tombs, ii. r86. at, 2+2 f. Koudayeff, Tebo, of Noumala, ii. zoo. Koudzayefffamily,specialsacrifice,ii.r4l. Lab6da, peak, VI; height, ii. r84, vier.v,ii. Koumbuilta, VI; contents of very rich rgo, r9z. burials, ii. r7r f.; much confusion with Labyrinth similar to Cretan, Etruscan, &c., I(amounta,_ii.tlt;ii.r4on.r,t67. onstoneatMakhtchesk,ii.t+7;inDaghes- Koumoukh, V, VII; Kafeer Koumoukh, ii. 3. tan, ii. r48; significance,i/. Koumuik Beks,feudal lords, ii. 9. L:idoga, Lake, r 54. Koumuik prince, as highwayman, rr, oi1- Lady alpinist, first in Caucasus,r7g. speculator,59, robber, 6o; ShahAbbas and, Ladz, l; in Russian conquest, r47, ii. rr3; ii. t6zn. z. possiblesite of ancienl capital, ii. 'fchetchens tti; Kounruiks, with fight Russia, church, ti. rr7 f.; ancient Cemeteries,l/.; I.z;family ofK.origin,zr3;theirlanguage, rain-charm,ii. rl9; fear and cult of dead, rr. r5; l. 3. ii. rlq f. rtounak,r9 and n., ro+, r r 3,ii.87. Lagodekhi,VII. Kounim, VI; unusualfomr of ton'er,ii. r97. Lake assource of fever,ii, 3, 5. Kounta Hadji, ziArist leader, 8o, 264; fixes Laks, also cailed Kazi-Koumoukhs, ro ald bride-price,2o7i c-\trene ihnaticismof his n.; their rain-charms,ij. 6z; use stone fol1on'ers,_z_64. -- pillars to mark seasonalchanges, ii, 63; Koura R., III, IV, \r, VIi; bridged, 3l; ploughingcustoms, ii. 64. large salmon in, 164; 4, 39t 47t r98, Lamardon, Khousar and Tsagat (North and tt. +r, 251. South), meaning, r+g n. 2; Tsagat, resists Kourakh, VJI. Russians, r.{7; shrine and sacred crystal, Koural Muhammad Ali, ii.24. r49f.; feastof St. Elias, r53 f.; ii. lzo. rtaur,gans,near Armavir, 66, Ekaterinodar, r, Lanchkouti, III; legend of St. George icon Karadjaevo,ii.zr9, Vozdveezhenskoe,8ri att 34ff.; raided by Lesghians,3+, by in Kalmuck steppes, r 32 n. r ; in Nart Abkhazians,3 5. story, ii. roz f. Land: forming part of blood-wite, 16z; Kourmoukh torrcnt, ii. 263 n. ceremonially pioughed in reconciliation, Kourtati, communities, subjugated by Rus- r75; minutely-subdivided and much com- sians, r+6f,, 222; venerate St, Elias, pered for, zzo, ii. 7o; held on corvde r54; victims of avalanche,ii. ro5; 166, tenure, ii. 9; r,r'ashedaway by rain, ii. 69; 225. costiy,ii, zrz. 9eea/ra Agriculture. Kousparti, III, VI; author visits, ii. r95 fi'.; Languages,secrer, r3+. unusuai architecture, ii. 196; towers and Lapps, forest-godof, 135. legends,_ii. y;-tour _- _r97. Lars, Otd, I, II, III, neat, 136, r3gi Koussour,VII. Russianmilitary operationsbased on, 146 f.; Koutais,III, IV; 2r,Zjt zgt 37t4z,ii. rg4. Poststation, I; r9l, r95. INDEX 299 Lascelles.Sir Frank. Brili'h .{mbassadorin St. s;rirg. l6;; sce:i::'.:1i. ii. tqe: loca.i Peter:bure,3. namcs,ii. t99r abor'.:Diil.ii-u, itic,:e:leJ, Lavashee,\-ll. ii. zcS;ii. 97, rcg, rr9. Lan'-courts,l{u..ili:r l:rJ natir'.',in blood-u'ite Lisree,I; s)eepire-quar:cr:a:. :e. 'Popular', cases,I62, ii. r:4; ti. tz4. Littledale,St. G., kiii: bi:c':.,ii. t6:. t'q. LazaretT,\1., r-. Lockhart,\1r. Lrrt:.r.cc,ii. :1c. Leetheri:: I)i:ur.'u gr:rve.,ii. I 5o, r 52. Locusts,destro.'ed br- ro.e-'::rii:g:, +i-9. Legends: -\fiati, r 34-5; Andromeda story, Lom)kin's expedition,ii. 4; irlJ :r. :. one :imihr ro: ii. :o; f.; angelfrom Rttssia, Lomisa,iII; r96. ii. r 43 ; Black Horseman Saint, 2+-5 ; Lupercaliaand Caucasianrvoit-cuit co;;.::ri,l, Doudiiroff famiiy, r94-ii Holy Tree, :: ,^F f z3z-Si Holy Well and Rose-starlings, 46-9; Khetag and the Wood, rJ2-Jt Macaiister, ProfessorR, A., zog and n. Mongol parallel, i/.; Koloi-Kant, 25o-5; Maddtofl victor at Shemkhor,ii. zz9 and n. 3. Nart, rrr s.v.; Prometheus, ii. 232 ff., Madjaiis, V, VII; rain-charmat, ii. 63. varying Caucasian versions, ii. 234-7; Madjar, on PodkoumkaR., ii. r85, 20I. Quest of the Sheaf, ii. z3o ff.; St. George Maghi-erdri shrine, z r6, icon, 34-6, sacrificialox, 37-8; and Angel Magic: by lover againstsuccessful rival, 237; of the Plain, ii. r68; St. Theodore, ii. by twisting lvax candles, ii. r r 5; against rz7; Tamerlane'sSon, ztJ ff.i Targhim, rlolves, ii. rz6; rag-nragic.ii. rz; n. Jrr zz\ f.i Tkhost, ri. r3z f.; Witch-child, ii. a/ro Crystal, Iron. rz8 ff. Mahomri, author's guide in Daghestan,ii. Lehmann-Haupt, Dr., on route of Ten 5 ff.,32,34,45,46,t9 1.,53, 5+, \9,6r; Thousand Grecks,ii. 3o n. z, 256 ff. sees portent announcing Shamil's death, T ^-'- .ito'l oaa !! rrrlrt ii. 49; drinkswine, ii. 691 (anorhcr)ii. iE. Leo IlI, Isaurian,in Caucasus,33-4, 9ee a/to Nour Ameeroff. Lermontoff'spoems cited, r6r, r9r. Mahomed of Ounal, relates ri'itch-child Lesghians,raid Lanchkouti, q4. legend,ii. rz8 ff. Lesghis,Daghestanis cailed, ii. 4o; as Leczis, Mahomet Dcbeer Dadda, of Kharakhce, ii. 247. relates local history anil folkJore, ii. 59 {I'. Lesgllnfta,dance, r6; stepsand music, ii. rz. (Prophet) rae Muhammad. Lesgor,VI; Upper and Lorn'er,ii. 167; posi- Mahometanskoe,III. tion, ii. r70; standingstones at, ii. I53, 'Maiden's Monumentt and parallel names, rJo; all inhabitantsN1ussulmans, ii. t54.. ii. zrz and n. 5. Letchgoum,ii. r94. Maikop, IV. Letshora,ii. t85. Maili Glacier, I; sourceof Ganal-don, 73; LiakhvaR., I; Greaterand Lesser,III; 166' Kazbek ascended from, il.; threatens ice- r8o, r96. 14ur rr, rvt Lialakho,II; largetomb at, z r 7, lvith adjacent Mairan, Miirem (Digorian \Iar1'), inlokecl column,ib., ii. r43. in fcrtility rite, r58, ii. zro: in Biilari.r Liasken,iII, VI; five-hornedram at, ii. zt7; Bairem,ii. r94 and n. z.; \lairan, Bairan, 'followersof Tolstoy', ii. zr8; River, VI; stones,ii. zIo; \{airambon, }larr''s da1', ii. z17. Friday, r 87. 'food Life afterdeath, Ingoosh ideas of, ii. rzo. Maize, of the Nart", 2; ; ; rL'cent Lightning,beliefs and customsassociatcd with introduction,i/.; cuhivation.ii. I:. 2i. ?7,

deathby, r85 ff., z7r. )-1t rr"' Likor)n-bashi,ii. t99. Makal, Ossetinename for Ingoo:h, 249. Limestoneblock, engraved'rvith labyrinth, N{akal-don,'Ingoosh$'ater', another name for ii. r47 fi'. Arm-khi, 249. Limestoneranges of Caucasus:Jurassic, r9z, Makhtchesk, VI; CountessOuvdroff at, ii' ii, rzt,2o3; gorgesin' rI3' r16' 2+8, I+7; stone engravedrvith lab1'rinth,ii. 256; colour, r16, r3o, ii. t43, 196; huge r*7 tr.; contentsand date of cemeteries, caven.is in, r56 f.; cave rvith strange ii. r5z; ii. 186. 300 INDEX Malaria, connectedwith rice-fields,So f.; ar r37-8, 163,t65, zz7; ritual,after sacrifice, Golotl,ii. ii. 68. providedfor 'far'54; 4r,'wicked' 37-8; author,ro8, r14, rr5, Malkists, or Kists, rr4; one 163-4,r78, z16, zz9, ii. rt, 23, Bz, 'hostile', 53f., good custom, zz8; called, z4g; r86,r88. heip escapeof alreks,258;ii. 82. Seeaito I\{ecca,holy water from, 49; directionfrom Kists. Caucasus,99 f.; Zilrists beaten at, 264 MamissonPass, III, IV; over grooo{eet, 2r, piigrimageto, banned,ii. r7. 3o; clgsedin winter, ib., z9; dull scener1.,Medem,General von, I48. ib.; miLtary history,3o f.; latecoming inio I\Iedhurst,Frank, 8, 23,ii. 93. use,32; mentionin Tagebucl,r66. Road, \Iediation in casesof blood-vengeance,r55, I, VI; outof repairin r 898,2 r ; narroi\-ness r6r-3,z6r-2. and dificuities,29, 32; lcngth, zg; late \Iedicine, native ideas of: azaleapoisonous construction, 3z; direction,38-9; zr-42 to lrorscsbu t goodfor rheumatistn, 17| ; passin, t68. e1'e-specific,7r l-.; naphthafor rheuma- Nlanacles,ancient, ii. r lz andn. z. tism and consuntption,6r; sneeze-lvortas ]landeviile, Sirlohn, rarallel 'jV,'fronr. rzr horse-medicine,r 53 and n.; useof sulphur- li""i,.r'li"" iv,"'5?-;-R., springs,58,73. 9eealto Surgerl. L^,,-l^-,, ^^ c "i'ari." uwutLvol/, 5v t. Medina,ii.49. Ilansour, Sheikh,exploits near Aldee, 79; Meeting-placesmarked by standingstones, defeatnear Terek, ii. zz8. ii. t53t of theNarts, ii. r7o. Manuscriptsmentioned by early travellersin Mega/operdix caucasica, called mountain- Caucasus,zzo f,; in cavern,ii. zo4, turkey by the Russians,4, 67; habits,7r, Marco Polo,ii. r 5. 74; legend,13+,ii. 185, zor;7o. Marish, Mr.r 63167. Meldjik familyof Goliat,legend, ii. r44 f. swords(7.2.), ii. f., Melikofr 'Marlinsky'.Sgth "l 76 9z-5. General,ii. 47. (Bestouzheff)r173, ii. +3, 77. Melikset-Bekofl Professor,on Cyclopeanre- IYIarmoIs, lt. 2ou. mainsat Edisa,r8o f. MaroukhPass, IV. Meredjee,II; 'Japhetic' rro. Marr, ?rofessor, theoryof Caucasian Meredjintsi,249. 'Merovingian' origins,28, z6i, ii. 67. or Gothic culture,represented Marriage-customs: bride-ste aling, z 37,z6 5-6; at Routka,ii. 173. laln (bride-price),zo7 f., 25c., itZ, Merv, ii. 56. ieviratemarriage, z7r; fully desiribedby Merzbacher,Dr,, describestour, ii. r7+; in Ourousbi,267-7o. Bezingh_ivalley, ii. 198f.; views on pay- Martvili, III; monasteryon site of St. mentof guides,ii. 219; menrioned,ii.- 9'6, Andrew'spreaching, 3/. ro4 andn., ro5n,, ro9n., r89, zo3, zi3; Masis,Ararat, ii. 237. cited, 'tower r5o, r88 n. r, 23212+2,'ii. ro8, r4b, Maskouti-tsiti, glacier',ii, r87. r43n. 5, r+Sn. 2,2o7. Mat-khokh, I, II, III, V; view, zo3, 267, Meteoriciron, its magicproperties, r4z andn. ii. 98; festivalof its saintMatsieli,-zo5 f.; Det alr1 fton. 208. lVleteorologicalphenomena, 23, 106-7, r8g, Matlass,V; altitude, ii. 58. ii.,z, 47*8, 55, 85 f., r89; disastrousrains lVla-triarchate,traces of, 13 and n., rz3n., of r9oo, r3zi heavy rainfall of Gouneeb, ll. 6d n. 'saint' ii. 46; aurora in Caucasus,ii. 49; heavy Matsieli, of Mat-khokh, not Virgin snowfali producing glacier disaster, ii. Mary, zo5, festivai,ib,; caresby, zo6; ro7; Alpine air clearer, ii. r38. lee alto 2rt t,, 212, 22\ n, t. Weather. Matsouta'vI; tomb and-upright stones,ii. Metskhal,II; Doudriroffin,r94. r,!z; Soslan'stomb and other memorials, Ivlizentsefl farmerr6z. ii. r53, describedin Tagelucl,ii. 166; ii. Miatli, V, VII. -_r58;-Peak,!,275f.,YI. Michael,Grand Duke, and brigands,14f.; \Iazanderan,its history,ii. 4r andn. ii. qo. \leals, native, frugal, 94-5; etiquette at, MichaelFeodorovitch, Tsar, 234. I\DEX 3or Midagrabin-don, Ir head-rl'atersof Ghizel- \iizour, I: in:cr..:irg b-oci-','.'i:eca.:, ii. don. ttcr girci.:.r':::a:ions in length,r;o; I:+; rral.-:ai:.:::.ia:i lr:::.j t: ::. seenfronr KakaJour, ii. ro8. Theoioic T:ror. ii. r 2i i.: :0. X,Iidji,\-ll. Illeti, III; bi:i: ::ca:,4l: K-:::,,:i: 3:. Iq-, Migrarioni:r C.iu.:,u',jrr nrtivetraditions, zct;ir'trcrJhclt'.:...:.:.::+::-u. IC,/'. 2o;, ?rc, :+ii iiom mountainsto plain, ii. I59. zz6--t conpul'orr',of robbervillage, r88, Mongols, reiationsr,.::l G.c:ti::'. J.::i:.g r93; of pririlegeJfamilies, ii. zor; t78, Crusades,ii.9z; po:.ibieburi:.;: Z:-1...-'.. I8I-2, 19+f. ii. t6g; ancestorsof Balkarirnrar:i,:c., ir. 1\{ika1-Gabyrta,s}rrine, legendary origin, r7I zor; modified physicaltipe, 3! Kf.oul.i.r:, and n, ii. zro. Mikhailovskaya,V; to, rr, rz,ii, z3g. Months, Ossetinenames for, r87. mi/ittioneri, mounted police, zo4. Montmorency, Henri Duc de, slvordsperhaps Miller, ProfessorA. A., on Caucasianlaby- belonging to, ii. 93 ff. rinthdesign,ii. 148 f.; ii. 197n. 3. Moraines,unusuallylarge, r5o. Miller, Vs., publishesgreat Dictionary, r3S Moraiity, r99 and n.,237,272. and n.; his finds in Sanibri tombs, r4o-r, Mordvri peopleon Yo7ga,zz8. in Dzivghiz caverns, rSZ; on fertility Morga, grove of legendary orisin, ii. charms,r58; on Nouzal church, 168, rToi 168. on Tkhaba-erdd', ztg, 22zi oL church of Morgoutch, II; tor.versrr.ith crosses,zo8. St. George,Dzivghiz, ii. rro f.; on double Moscow ArchaeologicalSocien., :r9. church of Goliat, ii. r4o f.; explores Moscow, Cathedral of the Assurnption,'Ho11' 'Soslan's tonb', ii. r53; on Baikarian Coat' in, 23+; \4.ine fiom ()himree lbr, 'foktantui:h, towers,ii. r97, zor f.; 24, r7T n., ii. rr7, ii. SZt sackedby ii. ::8: rz8, r3r nn, r and 4, rT3, rgz, zog ff,, churchofSt. Basil,ii. z3o. 2r+, Mosesof Chorene,ii. 236. Mills, rra Water-mills. Moska,VI; viewfrom, ii. r83; ii. r75. Minaret, III; conflictingdescriptions, ii, zz9; MosotaGlacier, VI; ii. r89 f., tgz. legendof builder,ii. z3o; rJz; M. of Mosquitoes,high sleeping-platforrnsto avoid, Shamkhor,ii. zz9. 5r ; at Golotl, ii. 54. Mineral springs, endangering viilage, r83; Motor-car, first to crossCaucasus, 2o,4. near Ganal-don glacier, 73, rgz; on Mougan Steppe,IV, VII; ii. 4r. AstouliPass, ii. r9o. Moughanlo,VII. Minghi-tau,T'artar name for Elbrous,ii, z3o. Moukhakh,VII. Mingrelia, III; remainsof frontier fortifica- Moukhol,III, VI. tions,r 55 ; smallpoxpersonified in, ii. r 37; Moukhrani,iII; r95.

Jl. Moukhransky,Prince Bagration, z;9 f. 'Miracle of the wood', r7z f. Mouno.V. Miriam II, king of Georgia,builds church of Mountain aoulsno'"v becoming depopulat.-d, Mtskhet,233f. 226-7. Mirrors, from graves,bronze, ii. r69; wliite- MountainIngooshee, accused of inhospitalit;r, metal,r4o f.,ii, 17t. 98; distribution,II+; underrestrictions in Mirza Mahdi, authority for life of Nadir tolvns,rr8; try in vainto choosea prince,

\hah rt all alY+ vlLQ'',rr|k't|,.+vL. zr8 ; rain-charm,ii. 6o. Misakofffamily,legend of origin,ii. rg7, Mountain Jews, costume,2, za and n.; XliskinDoukh, peak, V; 83. history,zo and n.; Arakaneessaid to be, Niiskindji,VII. ii. 6r, userain-charm, ii. 63; ;8, 6o, ii. Missionsto Caucasianpeoples, 2o1rii, rzs, ttd l\fitannians,instructions for horse-training, Mountain Tchetchens,9r; positionof rvomen, r{!; Caucasianconnexions, r'l. f.; hospitaliq, i frugalitl', 93 'lchetchnia,91, 97 9{-l; Mitchin Tsup (SnorvyCone), native name not confined to rr+; guest for Shau-khokh(Black Mountain), ii. ro9, among,surrenders arms to host, I39. 'mountain r 37. tea', t8z. 302 II\TDEX Mountain tribes, nearlv alwaysclaim foreign about portraits,ii. 69; few in Kakadour, origin,ii. 38; traditionof earlyChristianity ii. ro8, but monopolize Donifars and among,11, 39. Lesgor, ii. t54, r70; reverenceKhidr lVlountainsnamed in relationto sun'smove- (St. George),ii. r34; shareshrine with ments,ii. ro8. Christians,ii, r7z; mixed with Christians, Mourad, Hadji, raid on Shourii, ii. + t.; ii. 186-7; at Tchegem,ii. zo3; ii. zo7, home,ii. 58;ii. 56. ztor2t3. Mouravidfl General,ii. 93 f. \Iutilation of deadenemies, ii. z3g and.n. z. Mourning,by lvomen,z7of., ii. r2o, and \ T"tir ii .5tr.t/. ffan ttr ]Iurton-fat storedfor u'inter use,ii. zq. 1\{ourzagdnoff, Toterbek, of Kharishtchin, nlioplolia, ii, r 5. actsas mediator, t6r f .; lcgenJsot lamiir', r64; lras garden, t65; t67, ii. rzri Nadir Shah,r6i; campaignin Daghestan,ii. (r'oung.r) (lanri-Jon contributesro disrsler, 39ff., z*7; deaiinesriitir Russia,ii.4r f.; il. I O.t, sourcesibr his lifc, ii. zq7 tr.i in Persia,ii. N{ouzhitchi,II, III, V; authorvisits, zq8 -Greek ff. 2+T f.i in Shekki,ii. 263. Nlozdok, III, V; Shamil at, zrj; Nakashidze, Prince, popular cornrnandantet liturgical MSS, at, zzll Klaproth at, ii, Botlikh, ii. 8o f., 87. r63, r8o f.; r3+,ii. tr7. Nakhalakhevi,ii. 253. Mquinvari, Kazbek, q.v. Nakhas Narrows, I; 23. Mta, meaning,ii. 17g. Nakhashbite(r4,4o6 f.), VI; featureof Digor Mtskhet (old capital of Georgia), III, V; frontier,ii. r39; ii. r89 f. cathedral of, 3z n.4; sackedby Tamerlane, Nakhtchoi race, called Tchetchens by Rus- 'Holy 2l!;.terminus of GeorgianRd., 39; sians,79. Tree', z3z ff,; r8z, tg;, 2SB, ii, r47 Naltchik, III; Courts of Justice, ii. zt r; nt horsesill-treated, ii. zr4; ii. zt5, zt6. Muhammad(Prophet), ii. zo, 23,+3; reputed Names, taboo at festival, r j r. shirts of, ii. <6and n. r. Naphtha, rz, S3-4, 57, 58; medicinal uses, Mummery'svisit to Bezinghi,ii. r99. 6r. Murad-su(Eastern Euphrates)r fi. z5<,. Nar R., I; valley, 166; inhabitants revere Nlluridrvars, incidents bf: at AktashAkhtchee. Khetagr r73; pig-meat eaten in district, ii.78, -Arakanee, ii. 3g, Ghinrrcc,ii. 272; Nar (viliage), I, school at, rZ S; 59f., Gounee,ii. 48 f.; ii. zz8. Nar (another), near Matsouta, III, VI; site Muridism,ii. 3, zo. of Soslan'sTomb, ii. r53, r66; excavation Murids,hated by Tadbourtsi,t2r, t23. impracticable,ii. r7o. Murza, hunter,of Sanibri,7o. Narat-Tioubd, ii. z. Museums:Hermitage (St. Petersburg).r; Na.rti-Nakhas, meeting-place (7.2.) of Narts, Zoological, ii. t73; Dr. Radde's, T'iflis, 42, r43, z{z; NaturaiHistory, S. Kens., Narts: bones of, t3t, ii. 6o; carriages,self- ii. 16z; Historical,Moscow, ii. 17o; propelling, zo4; cauldron of, r77i destruc- MoscowIvI., ii. r73; Vladikavkaz,zrg. tion of, 255; footprints, ii. 6r f.; maize 'food Musical instruments,Tchetchcn, 99; old called of', 255; surgery, r8o; tombs Russian,16r n. 4; in Daghestan,ii.' i r, 15, attributed to, r8o, ii. rr7 ff. Possiblear- 38; boneflute, in legend,253. chaeologicallight on origins, r 8 r. Legends, M;slimeh,mosque-build.e r, ;;.' 6 r. I63 n. r, 2o+i varying tribal versions, tsevent Mussulmansin Caucasus,earnest, 99 f., tt4, zt6; recurrenceof in, t5z, t77; tr8, 236, 238, ii. 20, 45, 5r f.; Tad- knight and squirein, 16,ii. roz; Daghestani bourtsionly nominai, rzr, also Ossetines, stories,ii. 6o. See a/to Batraz, Ourysmag, r j7; givenEagle not St, George'sCross for Soslan,Syrdon; Orkhoustoitsi. valour, zo8; their destructive fanaticism Natives: their curiosityt)J, ro81 ii, zr, 33, against both Christianity and paganism, t r 3; frugalityt jg f.; willingness to be z.r9; viewson dogs,ii. zz f.; evadeprohibi- photographed, 84, to9 (tee a/to Camera); tion of rvine, ii. 38, 69; 9unni, scruples Tartar blood in, rro; met on road, ttTi I\DEX reluctance to .lci s'.rangers\ tsll sanctuarr', Obin, II: s',ornreJL,. Ru,,iar..,::-: :'. r?^. Rrrri:rn-arr rrr_tu-.-Lri.i"r':.^ r^ rr:. nlttnJ"r ObMa, \'r ii. <8. ir -. lP-i:- :: ancieDt tomb:, I _ig, Freviouslyrespected T)il_lr" ,, H: I r n,-.r..i.. fn, fnt, ^'- o\n.'< r r r ii r ro. difirrrlti"q Grozn'. a:l \--riiiavirz. '. o. I:. :+. rrirh 1u,l. ii. :: r l.rek pridc of ftce, ii. 7r, j 5, 57-8, 6-i, ii. q6r :.ar Be:es.i. t i. I t ; anJ uni:',. -g 1.1 re:ist disarmament,ii. nearWolf's Gat.'. t:. 6i. 78 t.: thoughanti-Bolshcvik, massacre Deni- Oil-spouter,efects, 67. kin's Cossacks,ij. 8z; attitudeto epidemics, Oil-q'eil,construction. 6 I. ii. 96 t.; angrvat dcsecrationofsacred spots, Oldestman or 11'omr.n,a;ts as rric::. ::. r : :. ii. r2r-2, and object to archaeological r40. dieging,ii. rz3, t69; weather-Iore,ii. r88; Olisaidom, sacredcavern of Digors,ii. 159 if.; eat lnfected cattie, ii. 239. women excluded, ii. r6r; Klaproth's Ndztt-tring, stable of sacrificial ox, ii. zo4, plagiarizeddescription, ii. r63. Nazran,III, V; 222, ri.84, 89. Oishevsky,K. J., buys Kamounta antiquities, Neikh Defiie,II; difficuities,z32, 2+5. ii. r49 f.; digs in Digoria, ii. r7o f. Nevierofr archaeologist,ii. 173. Olti R., IY, ii. 253, 257. New Moon, greeting to, z72. Omar6ff Abdoulla, cited, r67. New Year customs,t83 f., t87, rg+, 2+o. Oni, III; post-station,z3; Klaproth's account Nicholas I, ii. 3; II, z; prison sentences of journey to, ii. 174-82 ; 4o, ii. r6z. halved at coronation, 260, Oracle, from beer-borvlin sacredcavern, r 53, tNight of Power', wishesgranted, r 80. used to further Russian schemes, I 54 ; Niholayevskaya,III; ii. z3r. from behaviourofsacrificial ox, ii. zo4. Nikortsminda, 33. Orkhoustoitsi,bad giants,216, 2;l and n., Nioradze, cited, 246 f. z5z ff.i destruction,25+. Nitabukh, V. S., oil-land broker, 8 f., rz, 57, Ornithology, interesting, of Botlikh district, 59f.63,77, trg, r2S. ii. 7o and n. z. 9ee alsa Birds, Game and Nizhni Novgorod dragoons,1i. zzz and n. z. Game Birds. Noel, Colonel E. W., 48. Orpen, Dr. G. H., ii. r49. Nog Dzouar, shrine, position, r 3o, | 36; Oslrklramakho,Elbrous, ii. 234. celebrations,r3r; specialsacrifices because Osibagatir's helmet, r7o, toll-bar, r7z. of disasters,ii. 99. Ossetia: III, ii. 96-r3 + ?artin; silver mined Nogai Giants, legend, roz f. in, zzf.; positionof, rz5; schools,r/!; Nogais, 57 n. r. Seealso Karanogais. Abkhazoff's invasion, 146 ff.; universal Nog-kau (Ardon valley), Ii ii. tz4; (Terek sacrificeon feastof St. Elias, r I ; €tiquctte 'galouans'5 valley), I. of hospitality, 163{.; (towers), Noukhii, Yll; ii. z6t. zrt; unique tower, z+3; ibex rare or Noumala,VI; ii. eoo. extinctin, ii. z8; E. A. Stebera spcciali.t Nour Ali, Naib of Shamil, r 23. on, ii. 96 {.; L,adzsupposed site of ancient Nour Ameeroff, Mahonui, author's host at capital,ii. rr7; \.alnuts buried u'ith dead, Ghimree, ii. r8 f., 2rr 23t 33. ii. rr9, and playthings*'ith childrcn, ii. Nouzal, I, VI; church, dimensions, r68, 169; wolf-cult in, rzq ff.; curious -\scen- tNuralt, fresco,z{1 t69; as 3r,32n. r;29, sion-Day custom, ii. r47; much lore pre- r1.r 34. served by Dr. Pfaff, ii. I{8: *'estern Novikofi cited,, 234, and seeBibliography. speciesof tour in, ii. r;4r scmi-sertdom.ii. Novo Ataghee,Y; Zirtrist outlaw killed, r 3. r 86; its privileged lamilies iurmigrants, tStr,ro.l. ii rnt. rnnrrntrin-onrlr i. f^t Novo-Ossetinskaya,III ; foundation, r 38-9, b"*'t " Novorossisk,IV; oil-development,53 f; 4c. Sheaf',ii. z3I. SouthernO:sctia, I I [: z{Jr Novui Redant,I, III; holidayresort, I30, r94. ii. tz6, Nural, ra Nouzal. Ossetines:Ethnologt-: onlv Arlan tribe of N. Caucasus,28, ii. roo, of Nledian descent, Oath: in connexion with standing stones, z8; traditionsof migration,zo5l physical r53; on Koran, 257, z6r; Scythian, type and loquacity, ii. zro; influence and possil'ierelic ol; z6j; triple,z6r . intermarriagein Balkaria,ii. zr3. History: 3a+ INDEX Ossetines(roat.). silver-leadmine near, 168; 1ocalfolk-lore Ar-don valley fortified against by Georgians, collectedat, ii. rz3 ff., rz8 ff.i 23, 29, z6; Abkhazoff's expedition against,z2z ff.; IOI, 11.I2I. O. heroes who ruled prior to Badilati, ii. Ountsoukoul,Y; ii. 3q f. r66; recentmass-movement from mountains Ourdo Irord,VII. to plain, ii. lr4; setded at Elkh6tovo, ii. Ouroukh R., III, VI; importanceof gorge, zz8 ; enlisted in mounted police, zo4; 1i. r39; monumentsin valley, ii. r5z f.; relationswith Ingooshee,!2 f ., zr, zr r, gorgedescribed by Dinnik, ii. r 58 f.; Klap- z+gi two, fight eight aberts, )i.238. roth'sfaulty description, ii. 175f.; scenery, Religion, custons: really pagan, though ii. r83, r87, r88; its basinu,'ith that of nominally Christianor llussuinrap.r 1-r the Dourdourconstitutes Digoria, ii. r85; jn ii. 98; eat pig-nrcetonh' \.ir di.trict, Fernrxncntlvbridgcd bv snow, ii. r87; z7t; \-encrareSt. Elia:, r ( r 1., r E-1:trans- ferrl-,ii. zrg f. forrnationof St. G.orge anrong!ii. 134; OurousDatu, -{var, ii. 59. sacrificeto small-poxgod, ii. r 36; Christmas Ourousbi:position and character,t6-t7, ii. and Ncli' Year customs,r8+, r9+; harvest r; proposesride from Caspianto Black celebrations,z4o; r+'edding, birth, and Sea,26, 28, 7+; author visits his home, death customs,267-Tr, ii, z8; fosterage 68 ff., r f., r tr, ii. 'grace 3o 36 ro8; house among, 263) beforc meat', zz7; described,7o; helps author to choose hearth-chains sacred, r4r f.; attitude to nativecostume, r27, rz8-g; goodjudge of ancient tombs, l/.; attribute ancient tombs swords,ib., 238,ii. 76; historyand value of to Narts, r8o; their Nart legendsborrowed his own sword,ii. Z6 f., 93: value of his and altered by other tribel z16, vary as gun, r6r; introducesauthor to Mr. Steber, betweenN. and S. O., 255; cult of dead, ii. 96; arrangeshospitality, ii. r84; saves ii. lr9 f., anil of wolves, ii. re5 ff.; reve- author from flooded river, ii. z14; his rence church at Zroug, r/5; jealously nephewSalomon becomes author's guide, guard sacred buildings, ii. rro; augurs 67 f. H,isknowledge of mountainetiquette, afilofigr 272; sectethunting language,r34; t37 andn., r38, ii. zo, tt4, zzo, andof guest among, surrendersarms to host, I39, localcustoms, zzt, zz7,237,z+o,267-7z, t63; hospitality, t63; no vengeancefor ii. r4, z8; ignorantof Daghestandialects, crimes rvithin thmi11', r7 3-+. Diaiects, ii. 5. Family shrine,16r ; familymark on 176; nanes for nonths and days of tveek, cattle,r64, Attitude to localsuperstitions, r87, for Fortaoukh, za6, toilr, ii, r64, t7o. Views on rtalin, 75, )7o. His cavern, ib., slave, ii, ztt; use of rvord adventurewith the abreft, 'lResi, I, III; author's visit, r78; r5a, 2oai r33, r3+, opposethem, I4I; one defaces Pass,I; disusedowing to glacier shrinkage, frescoes of Nouzal, t6g; p. of Akhieli, 235tr.; stipend and fees, 245; massacred Rice-fields, source of malaria, 5o f. by Galgais, 2oS, zrr; one interested in Ridgeway, Sir William, cited, ii. 77. education, r75; sanctit.y of p.'s grave, Rion (Phasis) R., III, VI; meets Mamisson 11.r40. Rcl. at Glola, 39; part of Asian boundary, Pshavs(Georgian tribe), 89 and.n. 2, zo3, z+8. z'l.; source,ii. 176, t78 f. Pullo, General, ii. 78. Risa-Kouli-Mirza, son of Nadir Shah, ii. 4-1. Piiy, II, III, V; position,ro9; reception,r r 3, Ritcha, VII. 225 ff.| glaciers near, retreating, 227; Roads: discusscd in Tagebucl, r66; from 'Imperiai', rrrr 2+5. Moscow to Georgia, ii. 3; course of, ii. 86 f.; in Ouroukh gorge, ii. Ouarantineat Mozdok, ii, l8r. t3g. 9ee ako Georgian, Mamisson. 'Robber's puarantine-post, against cattle-plague,87-8, Friend', legendof Biso,24, ii. rz8, ro8; used as night-quarters,ib,; for Bal- r 'Robber's33. karian cattle-trade,ii. t93 f.; r76, r9z. 8ee Gully', 68; alternativename, ii. a/ra Shoundee. 'Quest 'Robber's97' of the Sheaf',legend , ii. z3o ff. Shirt',twilight called,ro. Quinine distributed gratis,ii. 54. Rogzha,ii. 6r. pursha, Amiran's magic dog, ii.235, RokPass, I, III, IV; +o, 166,176. Roman Mikhaiiovitch, Prince, cured of Radde, Dr. G., on rose-starlings,47, red- blindness,36 n. 3. starts, r43 n, z; his monograph on Khev- Roofs:flat, uses of, Sg,6T, ro9, rrr, ii. lr, sours,89, 236, 246, zg7; his Museum at rg, 'l'r{lis, r++; unfenced,ii. 37; at Sanibii,of 42, r+3, 2+2i ii. 83 n. r. slateor honrZ3t at Kousparti,with unusual Radjibillin Abdoulla Hadji of Ghimree, ii. features,ii. r96; pyramidal,of fighting- 17, 18, 32, towers,z3o f ,, ii, r+2; step-roofs,of tombs, Rag-magic,ii. rz7 n. r. r48,ii. r46. Ragozinsky,photographs of Galgais, | 2,o,2 r 6. Rose-starlings(Ararat larks, Tarbys), at Railway, proposed,via Assdval)ey, rt8, 246. Hidersindi, 45; colouring, il., destroy Railway travel in Caucasus,rS, tT, 5t-2, 53, locusts, 46 ff.; connexion with water, 58,ii. 9o, 22+,23g. legendaryand real,46-8; namesin various Rain-charms, in Daghestan and Georgia, ii, languages,48 n. r; Pliny and,49. 6o, 62ff.; at Ladz, ii. rrg; at Goliat, Rosen,Baron, C.-in-C. in Tchetchenwars, Digoria,ii. r4o. I IO, 205,2tt n.2, ZZZ,263, I\DE\ 307 -o /, Rossikli ori.i.i)(,1-:.:. c.'.:-1,t92, ii. a:.li t I : :, t'." :ci:la:ils 11.2r:+;Lrtl ::; j r-d:l:eli:l,au-khokh, ii. rc9. , ::. lti: a: .;c;ed '::.a1, Ro:siLoi':,)'l:J:r:r':, li. I rc. a: I-a.:.:. ii. i Ro:tor',l\ . r- r ::ni-i... oi:oa:, ii' Roubasit.. \-ll. r4c i. RourCr:,\-., \-]1. Sacriiicers(ri;l;), at'.a::o:i:. :Lrou:j: i:.a:ls, :-lS. :+-:; I+9, Roui,'i.r,ll:.:u:r.,i)i, ll. t 73. :4o anJ n.; i:tp^.:..:.:s, Rousoui:r.r,Q. oi Georgia, ofers to join zc6. Cru.r.Jc.ii. o: . Sacrificialfood, to be con.urn.d rr::::i:-sj.:i:.e, Rou:kha, VI;- I Byzantine antiquities at, ii. lar. ii. t7z f. Sacrificialhouse of Digorians, ii' r64 i'. Routoul,VII. Sadon, Upper and Lou'er, I, III, VI; mines Roval Geograpliical Society and Asian boun- and mineral exports, 22 f ., 32, ii. l3 5. weaPons'&c., ii. r r n' dary, +o. Safa,god of iron, 3 4. Russii Company, the, and trade on Caspian, Safrastian,Arshak, on Retreat of the ro,ooo ii.4z. through Armenia, ii. 254 f. Russian as common language of Caucasus, Sagherta,subdivision of Tsofr 9o' St." Eii"i, Tbautsilla, Uatsilla' (7.a.), sacred 98-9, io3, ro8,235; R. envoYsin Persia, r59 f., to Imereti, ii. 179; R. Govt., cave of, r5r ff.; sacrificesto, I5Ir r54t attacks native customs' 207-8, 237; R. r84f,; succeedsancient heathen deity, 'goocl police methods, 258-6o; soldier, as r52, t5+; sendsblindness, r 53, and.strikes Samaritant,ii. 8r; studentsrnervous, r78; with iightning, 185, z7r; \arts drink to, trade rivalrv with Nadir Shah,ii' 4r f. ii. 4; and secondblotv, ii. zo; n. Russians:their administration in the Cauca- St. George, shrine of, I, VI; his church at r55, ii. IIo-I3; shrincs,at sus, 53, rto, r37; its dificulties, r r7-r 8; Dzivghiz, among Khevsours' 2+o; 11'al1- unjust, r75, 1i. 91'n.' roTi unpopular, Amga, z3z, Mizour, ii. r z ; reprcsenLcd r r7; their conquestof Caucasus,79 f., 82, painling, .at 5 by rg6f.; war lvith Tchetchells' 79f., Iro, on foot, ii. tz7 and n. z; icon broken rrg, r2I; thcirsettlementofDigoria, r38-9; Shah Abbas, ii' r37 n. z; confused v-ith give rewards for valour, 2o8; attemPt to Khidr, ii. r33f'' with Tkhost, ii' t33, fix halin, za7 f. and n.; weak with robbers, with St. Theodore, ii. rz7 f. Paganizedby r,!.J; suspiciousof English oficers, ii' 6 f.; Ossetines, 75; half-pagan festival, r57f. 'Black 'Robber's Friend', of iil-treat Koumuik Beks, ii. 9; discourage Horseman', ot called Uastyrdji Hadj, ii. 17 {., 32, 65 and n. z; exile Biso, z4 {., ii. tz8, r33; homicides to prevent blood-feud, ii. 7z f.; in Ossetia, r5z, ii. 2o5 n. Commands allow traffic in antiquities unhindered, ii. Svanetianhunting goddess,r3i. Legends: 17r n. zi regulate cattle-trade between miraculousicon, 34 ff., sacrificialo\, 37 f., Balkaria and Imereti, ii. 193 f.; used to Angei of the Plain,ii. r68. buy Tcherkess horses, li. zz4; author's St. George's Cross, not given to trIoslems, reasons for avoiding, ii' zz8. Love of zo8; IlIedal, ii. 79, 84,87. of Nyssa,ii. rz7. sport,5, 70, fl.75 I. St. Gregory Russo-Turkish war of r877, repercussionsin St. Jacob's-John Spring, on Ararat, 48.f. Caucasus,ii,47r8of. St. Baptist, connected ri'ith Alardi, ii. Rustem of Kartli, 3z ar'd n'' 243. r37 a\dn,2. St, Iohn's Eve, Soslan'sfestival on, ii. t53; Sacrifice: of cattle, to St. George (9.o.), Whcel, kills So:lan,i/. Sr-rian.tomb, ii. l3-' 35-6,37, St. Nicholas, r69, Matsieli, St. Joseph, zo6, Tantazh-erdi, ztz, St. Thomas, zr9, St.-NIartin, \-ivien de, r'aliantatlcnrpt to St. Elias, I5 r, I54, r84; on TrinirY supportKlaproth, ii. r63, 176n. r' ieast among Khev- Sundal',75 ; to the dead,z5r n.; at funerals, St. \lichael, shrines and paid for by sla,ver,162; in proof of repen- soursr2+o. icon in chruch of, iance, rlr; at Nog-Dzouar,ii' 99; of bull, St. Nicholas:shrine, I, \'I; ii. r43; of,sheep,r+9, r8+' 24o; at cavern at Doushet,65; festival,169 n. z; native 308 IIVDEX St. Nicholas (roar.). '. r9:c'-r see alto Bibliographl), r5' name, I7I L r, t77 n. z; sacted cavern +5n- +' near Donifars,ii. t67. Village, on Mamis- lanavar in Caucasus,zg, 86, roI, toB, son Rd., I; 169. ii. 8, rr, 20,33,46,53,tB6, zzo, St. Nino, or Ste Chrdtienne, real name Samurginofl Nicolai, Georgian priest, r69. Theognosta, 233; seesmiracle of Column Sanctity attached to place, not peison, of Mtskhet, 234. 239 {. St._Petersburg,ways of cabmenin, r3r n. z; Sanctuarygiven by hearth, z63,by Tatartoup, Imperial Convoy one of the sights, ii. r r ; Academy,ii. r8o; r, ii. 3, 6, j5, 96, roo, Sandukeli,towers of in Assddefile, 248, Saribj, Upper and Lorver, I, III; Ourousbi's St. Syivester'sda,v, ztz. horrc, r 6; described, 69, 7z f.; water-mills, 'l'iror -2: -; St. Theodore (Tourir), Drotectsagainst crU'--:, I s-'r:ri-paganfestivals, rvolr'c., 75, ii. r: l: church.i:r iio::c, ii.'r:6; r3I.: once h:ad-quartcrsof liarts, r3r. conlusedl'ith Sl. Georse, ii, rzTi legend, Burials, ancient, discloscCb',- landslide, i/.r S:ralilarus,ii. rz7; ii. zlo. r32; povertl of, r4o; thelisat, r3z, r+5. St. Thomas's da1.,ceiebrated at Tkhaba-erdd, Seen from source of Kavri-don, tr,'6. 2rg. Resistance to Russians, r+7. Why no Saints: eponyrnous,of villages, rrr and n.; gardens, r65, Sacred wood near, r84. pictures, at Zrougt r75 f.; guard property, Scarlatina cpidemic in Lower, ii. qS. 176, i!: _rr8; propitiation indiCated by Fastern species of tlar near, ii. ti+. spoon-divinati on, zo6 ; Ossetine,of Christian Mentioned,26, rz5, r30, r+8, rSr, z-r7, origin, ii. !9; Christian, strangely rrans- 207.11.60. formed, ii. r37. 8eealn Dzouais.' Sargashati,'privileged' Digorian family, ii. Sakhanofffamily, ii. rg7. r85 f., zor. tart/iat (native houses), ro8, r r r, rtz; Sari-dagh,VII. cleanlincssof Ingoosh,249; demolishedon Sari-Kamuish,ii. 6o. emigration,ii. rr4. 8ea Houscs. Sat, I Tchas, {,?., 136. Sakornd, Mt., V; in variant of Prometheus Satana,wife of Ourysmag, r52. Iegend, 'Sa"int ii.235, Sau-baredji Dzoaar, of Black Horse- Sala-su,V; confluent of Aktash, oil-well man', 5q; -probably St. George, z+-5, r 33 f ., nearr6o. or Tkhost, ii. ry. Salalakidivision of Tiflis, 47 f. Sayeed,Kazi Moulia's teacher,ii. ?8. Saiamon,Ourousbi's nephew, 67; his costume, Sba,magic sword at, r42. 06-9;70, r3a. SbasvaitsPass, r76. Salavat,Mt., VII; ?ass,IV. Schoolsin Ossetia,r75. Salghee, II; shrine and tombs near, 2r6i Scottish parallels to Caucasian customs: towets,217. animals housedwith fanily, 244 and n. 4; Salmon in Caucasianrivers and Caspian Sea. bride+tealing,ii. 89..and n.;,bundling', r6L. ll. r3 and n.; changehngs,treatrnent of] ii. Salougardan, I. r30 and n.; corn-plotsin highiands,minute, Salt mine of Khariess,in St. George legend, ii. 7o and n.; death ratlier than betray ii. r68. 'Fiery guest, r+ and n.; Cross', ii. 6i; Sait springs in Andee I(oisou vallen ii. fosterage, 263, ii. 18 and n.; hearth as ,gentle- 67. sanctuary,263; highway robbery by Saitee, 'loosing-time', V; ii. 39; Bridgeof, oile infra. mcn', ro f.; ii. roti and n.; Saltinskyor GeorgeBridge, construction and manslaying to qualify for marriage, r 3 and history,ii. +5, +Z; Cossacksthror,vn from, n.; marriage rites, 267-9 and nn.; pork, r. 62. 'riding taboo, r39 and n.; the broose', Samarcand,3. 157-8 and n.; second sight, 264, ii. z3r Samokhvasofl 'below Professor,ii. z+z f. and n.; singing the gallows trel', SamourR., IV, V, VII; 65, ii. 4o, 263. 13 and n.; surprise at English appetites, Srmoursk,v, (leader N. of Bolshevik irregulars 94 and n.; supposedvirtues ofiron, r+z n, I\DEX 309

t. 1' l..r_.. - .ts_h r'r,F- '*...... :I l:o::: ('i.':::..:...ii. :-i. ::.::: -\..1:,-:.io,ii. fq)U.::.::i .::.-]::.: .a! a,jt 2I; n, I. ij. ir: c:o..1:,:c;---\:i.: Ko.,ou.i:. ::, ':-- -;3; i:.:. :; .-. ^:. .,.-'r:.J.::,::. +': (\:-4, Sco'-:i=h::.'.,:-'.r. :'.:.: ei.ioun:LreJ in Daghes- ii. r8; au:c:a :aii. :o a::ou:.c.' i:i: icall:, --' tan, ii. 3, j6, E{, ii. 4, rc, ;:, r..leri^. r^ ct^n^ -ill,'c r49, t9t 1i At Lvl, ,t. vj, 7r,78,87,z6z. r86; not conrpletelydivided into months, Shamkhalsof Tarku, ii. 3, 9 and i., 2+, 2az. r87. Shamkhor, scene of battles, {Jr ii. zz9 and Secondsight, 264, ii. z3o f. n a. mina'ot i4 Secondstroke, heals wound inflicted by first, Shan, II; or Survan,resists Russians, 22+f,; ii. zo5 and n. hunting atr 22g. Seigalan-khokh,ii. t 37. Shanayeff, Beslan, Tagaour Ossetine chieftain, Sella,Signor, in Caucasus,ii. r38. r{6 tr.; Djantemir, author, rSr, 17z; cited, Semitic racial influencein Caucasus,ii. 7 r. ii. rz8, I3I n.4. 8arBibliography. Serfdomin Caucasus,ii. zrl f.; semi-serfsin Shariatenforced among Tadbourtsi, r z r ff. Digoria and Ossetia,ii. 186. Sharivtsekh-tauGlacier, VI; ii. r9r; Pass, Sergrinof DatchaBarzoi, guide, 82, 85, 86. VI; ii. t9t; cattle-trade,ii. r94. SergiusMikhailovitch, Grand Duke, ii. 16z. Sharo-ArgounR., V, Serpents,beliefs as to, zo6-7, Sharrat,VII. SeskaSolsa {, II. sltasi$rt,cooking of, I8, ii. r93. Seska-Solsi(Seska-Solsa, Soska-Soisa), or Soslan Shatil, II, V; Kist aoui, 89; siegeof 1843, ({.r.), shrine, z16; one similar, zr7; 9o; Abercromby'sway to, I 07 ; 2 58. legend, lesembling that of Polyphemus, Shatiloff, General, ii. 9r. zz8,25off.; death of,254f.; z6z, ii. Shatoe, V; Russian fort, 83; savagery of r53n. r. inhabitants,rzr. SevastopolRegiment, in Ossetia,r+Tr 222. Shau-khokh, I; height, ii. ro8; true name Seven as sacred or mythical number, r5z, uncertain, ii. ro9; dominates scenery, ii, r77, and cf. ii. r4o; sevenfold restitution rog, tzt. for theft, 23g;'over sevenpasses', ii. 198. Shaulokh herd (horses), ii. zzo; history, Sgheed, I, VI; inhabitants' cult of Alardi, characteristics,and origin, ii. zz4-6. small-pox god, ii. r35 f.; pronunciation of Sheep: aiways freshly slaughtered for guest, name, ii. 146 n. r. Pass,I, III, VI; ii. 163, 257, ii. 83; slaughteredwith head to rog, r37. south, 225; shepherd's share of carcase, Shabran, raa Shirvan. zz7; ntarked, 164; value in proportion to Shah-dagh,IV, VII. other animals, t6zi fat-tailed,ii. z l7 f., Shaitanor Devil's Mountain, ii.74,f. zr8 n. In Koloi-Kant legend, zlt ff. 'Devil's Shaitan Kerpee, or Shaitan Tlo, Figurinesofl fertility ex ratt, r 7o. Sacrifice Bridge',ii. 35, 36 and n. r. of; ii. r4o; at New Year and Feast of St. Shakhminoffs,privileged family, ii. z r r. Elias,r84, beforeharvest, 2+o, to propitiate Shalbouz-dagh,VII. saints, 206, to small-pox god, ii. 136, to Shaledeposits,ii. 52. Sosian,ii. r53. Head, rvith skin, hung on Shalee,V; Russo-Tchetchen battles atr Tg {, pole after sacrifice, r84, r86, in table Shaiokh, name of Kabardrin princes, ii. zz5, ritual, r 37-8, zz7 i heart,used as narriage ' and breed cherm ..n vrrlr^ff.'..] rs t^Lv urqurA""A rr.il r tt ofhorses,ii. zz4. SaeShaulokh. r + / , Shamil: head-quartersat Shalee,8o; subdues intestinesuseci for divination(7.v.), ii. Tadbourtsi, t2r f., r23-+; favourite wife, 3+. 8eea/ro Shepherds. 2 I 3; author plans tour of scenesof his Shekki,Yfi; ii. 263. campaigns,ii. 6; born at Ghimree, ii. Shemakhd,VII; ii. 6r, z;r. Shencl'^liL-A"41. ii t r7; consecratedat Ashilta, ii, z9; escape " 3ro INIDEX Shepherds,herdsmen, responsibility for beasts, Skin-diseases,97;sent by fire-god,r87. r3z; share of carcase,zz7; and dogs, ii. Skobeleff,ii. 56. 22,23rr,i ruseto savesheep, ii. 34; hospi- Skulls; animal, in cavernof Oiisai-dom,ii. tality, ii. r88. 8ar alsoSheep. r59 ff.; ii. r7z; seealso Horns; human, Sheriffmuir,zr { n. r. patchedwith copper, r8o; used in rain- Shervashidze, Saourasidze, family, origin, charm,ii. rr9; deformed,ii. 169f.; col- ii. r85. lectedand buried by Mongols,i/.; unusual, Shield carried by Khevsours,z4r. I Byzantine-Greek,at Routka, ii. r7z; Shin, VII. 11.t23.

Shiraz,r6r. sl.,,..,-;-.1^.gvlr,r'rr.ltf. r. ti , t t Shirts embroidered vi.ith versesfrom Koran, Sl:intsovoe,rae Karadakh Defile. aspa) ment fur noun:ainForters, Slaves,rlomcn sold as, 16r, t64;low blood- ii: ,11. rvite among descendantsof, zo7, z65i -fartarc Shirvan, trp2trnpnt en.nno \lorrntein ii. ,lc, 2 ( r. r 4r (41J, rrt;; Shkanti,\iI; monuments,ii. r97 and n. 3. zlr f.; good foal equelsin value one slave, Shkara,\It., III, VI; ii. r79, r9o. ii- zzt-. Spen,lrn Serfdorrr. Shouanet, iavourite wife of Shamil, z r 3, Sliepstovskaya,V; stanitsa,63. 1i.6s. Small-pox, personifiedin Mingrelia, ii. r 37; Shoundee, lI; position and distance from and ve Alardi, Sitala. Ami, 87, 9z-3i on Georgian-Tchetchnian Smekriloff, General, donor of Ourousbi's boundary, r r+; torrent, joins Tchanti- sword, ii. 76. Argoun, 87 f. Smiths strike anvils to strengthen again chains Shourd (Temir-Khan-Shourii, g.o.), Y, YIl; of Prometheus,ii. 235, 237. history, ii. 3 f.;..unhealthiness,ib., 51 new Smokingunder dilficulties, z r 3 and n.; Shamil roaoto, 11,+3;11. 2. and, ib.; by chiidren, 244; cigarettes,ii. Shrine, pagan, indicated by taur horns, ro6, r22 Ancln. +, 16.9,z16; of Abayefffamily, 174; legendary Smyrna,48. origin of three famous, r7r; u'ayside,pro- Snakeand serpentlegends, zo6-7. tects propert)', t76; at Tsagat Lamardon, Snow-shoes,rg7 and n, Seea/to Raquettes, r{9, Tseti+oel, z3z ff., \Iaghi-erdri, zr6, Snowstormgoddess ofKazbek, r89. Seska-Solsi,zr6, Bakhaita,ij. rzz, 8eealto Soganlougrange, ii. 253. Rekom. Solomon'sstables at Megiddo, ii. ry6. Shtoulouglacier, ii. rqr. Solovioff, Colonel, Vice-Governor of Daghes- Shush:i,VII. tan, ii. 6 f. Sickle,harvest festival in honour of, zto. Solsa,rar Seska-Solsa. Siernovodsk,63. Songouta Defile, I, YI; dzouar, ii. r43; Signakh,V. derivation of name, ii. r45 and n. z. Sikhor-afon,origin of name, ii. ro8. Sons greatly desired, r59, to carry on blood- Silvcr: at Sadon,zz; tracesofl at Ami, rrg; ferd, z7z; specialsacrifice by father ofl ii. silverlead mines in Khiiiak gorge, r 5i, I+r; silentin father'spresence, ii. r84. near Ounal, 168. ?ersonal ornaments oi torlas donettica,ii. ztg. Tchetchen, 62, at Enkhelee,ii. 68, Soslan or Seska-Solsa,Nart hero, tomb and Sioni, I. otlrer memorials,ii. r53; sacrificeto, ib.; Sirkhou-borzon, peak, I; meaning of name, legendsof, ii. t 5q-7. il. IOU. Sosri'ko and the Nogai Giants, Nart ta1e, Sitala,small-pox goddess, ii. r4t n., r43, ii. tazf. and n.; Kabardan double of Siveraut, 'Wheel peak, I; Klaproth's Zivratte-ka't, Soslan,ii. r ! 3 ; killed by of Barsag', 2OO; town, I. ib. Sjdgren,and Klaproth, ii. ft3; ii. q6,n. r. Souargom torrent, archaeologicalfinds near, Skattikom-don, VI. 68, ii. z4z; Gully, ii. 97. Skattikom-khokh,VI; ii. r37. Souarkh, I; otherwise Abayeva, 176; dialect, Skin and head of sacrificialvictim hune on it. pole,r84, r86. SoukAouz, ii. r99and n. r. I\DE\ .l: Soukhoum-Kald(Dioscurias), III, I\-; 28, z::.'r:cuEi: ::o::: Ti::-.. ::-. ]: Xtl:.- L---.'_,-.-.-: .,i .-, t .-, -,-) - -- t"r r/)' SoulakR., 11:, \-, \-Il; ir.ro, t6,2\, {2,73. So'-a:-'s\i::::::.:-,..,,. I::. :::: =-.a.ar.: S^"-.h,t^rf I.rin;" ii nr fl oc'"s :::::.i :r. ::. I _:: a:.i --.. : : :a'l<:. :--: .- SoundjaRansc, \:; 12; River,III, V; no canno:.-ba....ii. l: a:.i:.: i::it::.-:. 9, j trout ir-r,zc; battlcs befir'eenRussians and. f:lliro ii -r .i.',, ; t. -,::-:..'i';:-t:. j. Tciretchcnsr'ear, 7g f .; 54 f., to7 f. Strcezhotl,Prol.;:o: I. \.. ;::.:, t :: Sour..hcf. Tenghi, of Tubenei, unfairly Strekr{loff, General, ii. z6z. abu,cl b.' aipinists,ii. r99 f. Strother,-, 3, 6. SouramPass, lV; Range,III; ii. 253. Sufism,at Tsori, r r r. Sourgouladze,Joseph, priest, t75. Sugan-bashi,Sugalam, Sugan-tau, iII, \-lr Sourkh, peak,VI. height,ii. ry6; ii. r 38, r9o, i9r. Sourkhai'sRock or Tower, ii. 3o f,, 33. Suieiman,ancient of Khalim Bek aoul, ii. Sourkhatchee,264. 6o. Sousrayefffamily, ii. t 86. Sulphur-mineneat Zonakh, 83. Spear,historic, ii. 78, 95. Sulphur-springs,naiive bathsat, 58 and n., Spiess,Mr., of Spiess,Stucken, 5Tr 63. 73, roz, destroyed,ro3, to6) in Kasdra Sport in Caucasus,4, 67-8, 7r, 73; Russian gorge,r83; in Assdvalley,255. devotion to, 5, 7oi best time for toar, Sultan,pays expenses of Caucasuspilgrims to zzg; ii. 7Sf. 9ee aln Fishing, Game, Mecca,ii. 65. H:;rlting, tour. Sun honouredon New Y.a1'5 )a.v, r 8/; Stag-huntnear Sanibd,r35-6. seasonsreckoned by, u'ith aid of stone I tandard, newspaper, I 92. pillars,r68, r87, ii..63,.186l'nrovements Standard, Rothschild oil-firm, !r. givenames to mountains,ii, r 86. Stars, falling, venerated,,27z. Sun-wheei,kilis Soslan,ii. r 53. ttart/tina, expense and danger of position, Surgery,Nart, r8o; native,ii. 67 andn. See t36-7; Ourousbi as,69, r36 f.; hospitaliry a/raMedicine. of, 59; one providesguides for abreLs,258; Survan,or Shan,burnt by Russians,zz4 f. r68. Svanetia,III; expectsGolden Age n-hen Stavropoi,IV. Amiran (Prometheus)wins free,ii. 2363ii. Steber,E. A., specialiston Caucasus,ii. 96 f.; 20r, adventurenear Kariu-khokh, ii. rzr f. Svanetians, Suani, Svans, hunting customs, StenkaRazine, famousrobber, {9. r3+; secret hunting language, ib.; call Stepan-tsminda,r9c., 20r. Elbruz Passa,ii. r78 f.; employcd Balkar6- Stir-Digor, III, VI; graphite near, I Sr; way koff tower at Tchegern, ii. zor f.; said to from, to Ghebi, ii. r75 ff.; story of its have inhabited Khoulam, ii. zro; super- foundation,ii. r85; ii. r8o, r84. stitious custom, ii, 236. Stir-Digoria, ii. r7z. Srvords:heirlooms, ii, 77; broken rather than Stir-Digortsi, ii. r 59 f. givenup to Russians,r 39; -{bou \louslim's, Stolen property, restored sevenfold, 239, ii. 56; Ourousbi's,history anJ value, ii. ninefold if belonging to prince, ii. zz4; 76 f., 93; nith arnrorrrer'snrarks, ii. 7r. recoveredthrough Hadji, 263; Daghestan 9z-!; inscribed, at Daliag-kau, ii. l r 3; '.'^ltnh^L' (h' ,t.t+, t tr.1l tA t.{ -riGirL,\1"-i" 4L.t \ vor methods of recovery, ii. 64 f. , /v Stona,on ?allas' Iist of names,ii. t65. r4z (seeMeteoric Iron)l of -\miran and Stone-goat (C. rupicapra), reetlur. Batraz, r4z f.i in Tan-rerlane legend, Stones:passers-by expected to add to memorial 2r+-r5; of sacrificerat Akhieli, not to be cairns, 13; heap of, forms dzouar, 176; fnrrchal ny.Fnl' ,t fnrtivelr c..\ tR ' )|.ii zz. 'Mary' //' s., as fertility charms,r58, ii. zro; seenby author,238. and skctched,243, piled to form burial-place of woman struck Caucasianscut not thrust, ii. have no i ,, , Jl; by lightning, r34; standing,near St. Elias' usefor hilts,ii. 9; ; ni o u orn by Khevsours, cavern, 153; to mark communal meeting- place,ii. t;z f. Sacred,near Khiakh Pass, Srlc-,rnbrotlLcrhooJ, r91. :c7; resprnsibilities, i;. 9S. S.utptured,at Tkhaba-erdri,zzo, 257f ., 26r. 3r2 II\[DEX Syrdon, or Bot6ko-Shirtga, Nart servant, Tana-tsitiGlacier, VI; seenfrom Khoussou, zSr n.; connectedwith labyrinth-stone,ii. ii. r84,r86. I47 f.; changedinto swallow,ii. r55 n. z. Tando,V; ii. 86. Tanous,V. Taboo on hensand eggs,r3r and n. r; on TanteeyeflAghoulbee, eyewitness of Ganal- certain names, il,; on speech between don disaster,ii. roo. certain relatives-in-1aw,269; on parents Tara-dagh,ii. r 59. touching chiidren in presenceof seniors, Tarandjelos,shrine, legendaryorigin, r7o z69 andn., on fondlingchildren, ii. 87. anctn. taloun,herd of horses, | 3r, r 37. Targhinr, II; towers, zr8; unsuccessful Tadbourtsi,Shamil and, rzr ff. attemptto set up Ingoosheemonarchy at, Tagaour Ossetines,subjugated by Russia, i/.; subnissionto Russians,zz3f.; gives r+6-8, zz2, zz;l previouspredatory ex- nameto Asszidefile, 248. -l^itq r t R-n. larir',' frnm Arm.nie ii rnr yt slrrr! Tarkhee,Russian corruptioil of Tarku, ii. 3, Tagaouri, r 98. gn, Tagelacl of I78r, Tz n. r, r93, ii, rlo; Taikou, Tarkee,Tarku, V; Koumuik capital, account of Khiliak or Kolota route, t66i ii. zoz;ii. 3 andn. z. oF Tkhaba-erda, 2zo f.i on ending of Tarp glacierin legend,r77. blood-feud, z6z; describesOuroukh gorge Tarskvalley, von Blarambergin,zz3, and sacred cavern, ii. t58; description Tarskaya,Tarsky, II, III, V; approachedby plagiarizedby K1aproth, ii.rQ tr.; on tombs GhertchekPass, zrz; rr8. of Ossetineheroes, ii. 166; Klaproth's fur- Tarsky,z r 5. ther indebtedness,ii. r75, 18r f. 9ee aln Tartars, good servants,!2; Mountain T., '! nonj moa t, and Bibliography. ii. t79, customs,2Ir; ancestorsof Bal- Taghee, ree Koteeyeff. karian,ii. zor; at Tchegem,ii, zo33 in Taimashefl, Taimazofi Prince, 57 and n. z, Kabarda,ii. zro. Traces of T. blood at 58. Gouloi,r ro; in Djari, ii. z6r. Tatmaz-avtzekh-tau,VI; eponym,ii. r86. Tashkent,3. Taimazofffamily,origins, ii. 185f., r97, zor. Tatartoup,III; Tamerlaneat, ii. 3, z28t I akalshvlll. tr. 127. strategicimportance, ii, zz8; regardedas Tali. VII. sacred,ii. zz9, minaretnear, ib.; in legend Tallgren,Professor, ii. 243. of 'puestof the Sheaf',ii. z3r; ii. zz4. Taluna, ! Tlaroda,ii. 82. Tau-Sultanfamily, originalowners of Shau- Taman, IV; peninsula,Astarte-worship in, lokh horses,ii. zz4 f. I9I. 'Tavlistan',ii. r4. Tamanskaya,r. Tbau-khokh,I; cave of St. Elias on, r qr 'Khakhouli ; Tamara, Queen, offerings to height,ii. ro9. Madonna', 43; place in list of Georgian Tbautsilla,raa St. Elias. royalties, 'Wala4{; visits Khevsours, 9o; builds Tchakh,glacier and river, r9o. tower of Miaseg, r5g, 167, church Tchantchaki-khokh,3o; torrent,4I. of Zroug, 175; Tkhaba-erd6 ascribed to, TchantiArgoun R., II, V; dificulties of 22o;11.r+o. valley,88; 82,87,9o, 249. Tamara's Castle,I; r9o f, 'Tchar Harab', form of challengeor insuit, Tamara's Church, VI. ii. 25. Tamazh-erdri, pagan divinity of Khoulee, Tchas,I; r36. 2rr f. Tchau-KhalaDorbun-bashi, summit, ii. rg9. Tambal-tsiti, or Shau-khokh,{.v., ii. to8. Tchavtchavadze,Georgian governor of Dag- Tambi, salt lake, ii. zz5. hestan,ii. 8r. Tamerlane, Timur: his canals and dykes, TchegemR., III, VI; 28, ii. zo3, zo6; 2I3; story of his son and the magic horse, village,ii. r94, zoo-8 parim; position,ii. 213*r S; at Tiflis, r 386, zr ! ; destroys zo3; evidenceof previous Christianity, church of Mtskhet,234; his defeat of i/.; housespoor and dirty, ii. zo4; iocai Toktamuish,ii. 3, zz8 f.; in Shekki,ii. 263. legends,ii. zo5 tr.; tombs,ii. zo7 f. I\DEX Tchegem-avtz.kh.i -:. TchemorldnGo:i. : bt:s. te-::-.:rtcava:i::-s a:. ii.:i:::;' r.i :: r- Tchokr, \-, \-ll: i:.f.abi:::.::i.=a: \ijl: -:. -:. Si'.ah.i:. +:. +:: Ru.,i::.:a::a--i.:.. TchorokhR., l\-r 4r. i!.3::.:.:::.::-. valle.',il. rg9 i.. Tchours.in,citeC, I-9. Iq: :.:,:+^.:-: in spat.-.z t1. n. r. 8rr Bibliograpirr'. Tcherekof, much-respectedOssetine, ii. tt4. TeboulosMta, II, I\-, \-; scc: fro:: B:.::. 9:. .rr^l.L^^ 1\/t+ :: ^. ^ tclerfusAd,garment, 83, tz5 f. IC[UqJt rYrt', rrt 4)J. Tcherkess, enemiesof Mountain Tartars, ii. Tektinghen,ii. r99, zo7. 2or n. z; horses,ii. zz4 f.; piliows, ii. Telav, V. t77; li. zrr. Teleboas,suggested identification, ii. 255. Tcherkessathe,Tcherkesidze, family, control Temir-Khan-Shoura,IV, V, VII; capitalof now local transport,ii, 175. Daghestan,tS, 17:' origin of name, Tchernoyarskaya stanitta, r37; meaning of changeilto Buinaksk,ii. z andn. r. 8eealso name, I38; origin of settlement'I38-9. Shourri. Tchernyavsky, sportJoving Russian,_7o, r 36 ; Ten ThousandGreeks, route of, Appendix goesnative, r33; Presentsto author, r4o; C, ii. z5z-6o. r39,r+3,7++. Tep, I; originof inhabitants,r78t 2ao. Tchervlennaya Sta.,V; good-lookingwomen' Tepli, I, III. ii. r4 n. Teptsoff,V,, unfoundedcriticism of Grove, Tchetchens: alter Nart legends,zr6; attacked ii. rgzl'miscalls Bezinghi people, ii' t99 f'; by Kalmuks, 8z; assembled to cheer cited,ii. rg+, 2ro. Imperial train, ii. 89 f.; bow to shoot TerekGazette, ii. ro3. bullets, 6z; brigandage arloogr 8 ff.; TerekR., I, II, III, IV, V, VII; course,zr; democratic to extreme degree,zr8; how to Todleben takesguns up' 3I; relation to treat, 19; ideas of chivalry, 13; method of geologicalfeatures, r I3; sometimesun- training horses,r45; music, 99; origin of fordableat Djerakh, r r 5; settlementsof use in Russianhistoryr 82; emancipatedbondmen N. of' 139 and n.; name, 79, first 'Caucasian raid by, originatesShaulokh breed, ii. zz4; largeremains of Walf in valley, regard tomb as home of dead, ii. tzr; r55; namesderived from, r8r; salmon resistanceto Russians,79 f,, 82, to Shamil, in, 164; trout, small,r79; blockedby ice- 84 and n,; setdementsnear Grozny, 54ff., falls from DevdorakiGlacier, r89; Klap- 58, 5g; silver ornamentsr62i social con- roth's claim to have visited source,t8z, aitioni, 6o l superstitionsabout trees,r r 9 ff. ; t95 tr.; coursemiraculously changed, 253 f.; support famous brigand Zelim-khan, ii. uppermost,ii. ro9 andn., r45; crossedby Iiterury confusion 9r; swords,names for, ii.76f.; will take Shamil, ii. r84, zz8; payment for fodder, 164; women, enjoy with Tcherek, ii. rgz; horsesPastured more freedom, 84, their trousers, ii. 78. along,ii. zz4; reeil-beds,ii' zz61 ferry, ]ee ako Aktash-aoukh, Mountain Tche- ii. zz7; strategicimPortance of ford and tchens. ferry nearEikhotovo, ii. zz8; 25, 58, 68, Tchetchnia, V; much brigandagein, 5, 8-9, ro7, T72,r88, zo3f., zz3, z+9, ii. rzr, ro, 57 f., 62, 8ti boundary with Georgia, r++. rr4, with Daghestan'ii. 86; no princesin, Tereti, lI; to7. Ir; typical house, !!; village life' 59 f.; Terse-gom,name derived from Terek, t 8 r. etiquette of hospitaliry, 163; forests of, Terskoe Company, silverlead mines ol; 159. 79, 8c., rr9-zr; Russian conquest of, Tethering-postsof stone' ii. t96. 79 f.; Zikristr in, 8o; rising, narrowly Tevsili, scene of legendary (Nart) battle' averted,ii.76, of r84o, ii. 78;ii. zz6. ii. 6o. Tchiora, III. Tha, Kabardan SupremeDeiry, ii. 234. Tchir-Yourt, V, VII; ii. 73. Theocritus, pastoraiscene suggestin g, ii. 67, Tchirakh, V, VII. Theodosia,ii. r8. II ss 3r+ INDEX Tiazhikofl carries off Princess Atazhukina, plundered by natives, r3g, ii. 2+2; pta- ii. zzr-4. tected by native fear of ghosts, r4r, ii. Tib, I. rrq. Nledieval or modern: built close to Tiflis, III, IV, V; Tsar entertained at, z, houses, r+g, ii. rzo; kettle and chain in ii. rz; Museum at, in bad state,42; rose- thoseof extinct families, r4r n. 3; aperture starlings destroy locusts at, +7 i atffacted for offering to dead, ii. r47, r97; cost paid by water, reputed holy, 48; books, &c., out of blood-wite,16z, r78; expiationof published at, 168, ii. ll5; Governor of, blood-feud at, 26r- Forms: above-ground robbed, r88; first motor reaches. 20+: (zappadtze,r4o): beehive,r r 5,2o8; octago- stones for Tkhaba-erdd sent fron, zz7; nal,7o,ii. r46, t86, r97, zo7 {.;pyramidal, abrefuescape through,259; churchcr::dle r r z, step-roofed,r4o, 148,ii. 146; Digoria; factory,ii. r r;; -{rchacologicalConsre:.. containsfincst cramples, ii. r37; interments: -. ii. r5o; r2, r+.+i, r9i,2or, zcl. ii. ci;r-graves.ii. r;r. r69 I, slab-graves,I3z, Tikhorietskava,IV. I+o. \\'ith traccsoi rrooJen beams,ii. Tilitl, \rIi. r69; rlalled lith stones,ii. r7r. r72. Tillo, ii. z5 5. Regardedas home of dead,ii. r z r. Histo- Tinet netrspaper,rgz, ii. 96 f. ricalor legendary:'Greek',ii. r17 ff., r7z; Timoftyeff, archaeologist,ii. 17o f. of Tsarevitch George, I, r7+; of Adam's Tioneti, III, V; district, rain-charm in, ii. wife at Jidda, 268 and n. z; of Soslan,ii. 6z f.; 98. r53, described in Tageiucl, ii. t66. 9ee Tiutiun-su, VI; name misunderstood,ii. rq(. also ArchaeoTogy. Tkhaba-erdd, II; present condition and pri- Tombstones,Christian, re-usedas fencing, vious accounts o[ 2rg [., zzz f.; stones ii. zq f. for, brought from Tiilis, zzTi repofted Tortchinofl Barek, principal in biood-wite visited by Prophet, 248:'ii. zo4. case,rl. I24. Tkhost, dzouar, probably St. George, ii, TortoumR., 43, ii. 257, r33 f.; legend of his last appearance,ii. Totur, VI; ii. zro andn. r. r3z f.; ii. t3r. Touala-tau,peak, VI; ii. r39. Tlokh, V, VII; position, size, &c., ii. 66; ToumgaiRidge, zr7. ii. 58. tour (wild goat),habitat, 27, ii. 173 ff.; horns, Tmeni-kau, Upper, I; tombs at, 73i view as drinking-cups,lo6, ribbed, r65, ribs from, 74; resistanceto Russians,r +7 i usedto reckonage, r/9; piled at shrines, small-pox, beer-brervin ..ii. 98 ;. g, ii, 99, ro7, \6gt with singlehorn, r65; magically r87; ice-failstops above, ii. ro6. marked,164; in Upper Digoria,ii. r59 f.; Toba-tchotch,ro7, rt3, zt7, zt8. local names, ii. 164, r 89; habits, i/.; Tobot R., gully or chasm,ii. 55 ff. westernand easternspecies distinguished, Todieben in Caucasus,3of.; first to cross ii. 173 f.; crossedwith sheep,ii. zr7; Main Chain r.vith artiilery, 3r, 33; heid belovedof God, ii. 235. up by Tagaour leader, r48; attacked from Tousheens(tribe), 89; and Kists, 90 f .; Tchmee, r93; captorof Beriin, 33. pride in large cauldrons,176; horse-races Todorsky,cited, ii. I S, 33 \., 45 n. 4, SSn, z. in honourof dead, 27t n. r; shaveheads, ;i ,^-- ^.-^.:i .. Sar Bibliography. r. t32 rr, z; zo3, l.t.5 n., I I. Toktamuish, rival of Tamerlane, 2rS, ii. 3, Toutir, patron-saint of wolves, originally St. 228. Theodore, ii. rz5 f.; fast in his honour, ii. Tombs: near Ami, ro6, at Anatori, 89 f., 126, rz8. Arzee and Fortaoukh, zo8, Fasnai, ii. Towers: of Abisaloft^sor Badila family, ii. r+6, rSr f., near Kholst, r68, Koban, r47, t66; ofArzee,zo8 and n.2; purpose, r+7,Ladz,ii. r77 f., Salghee,e16, Saniba, zo9, architectrre,2og ff., zzg, date,zto, 70, r32, r4o {., Zadelesk, ii. ft9 t., ii, r44; of Basti,resist cannon, gr; aE Matsouta, ii. r 5z, Tchegem, ii. zo7 f . Akhieli, with unusuaicross, 243; Goliat, Ancestral, scene of rain-charming, Ii. 63; ii. r44; Khanee,with crosses,2r7, 23rj ancient, re-used for r8o8 plague victims, Salghee,zr7; Targhim, zr8; Tsori, de- 74; attributed to Narts, r8o, ii. rr7; stroyed,r ro f.,architecture, r r 3; Sourkhai's, at F I\DE\ J^)

..t.r..-,.-. ... :- :. ,:.-- ::'..;::.::i:.: a:.tr l: l::i:. ra:c::t.c ' l::.--.::.-^,r'a-.. rtulY I:.:: .... :- - ,:.i :-. lrgi:ing-toxers a:.i r:, ;a-:a:.::: l: C: ::ilnet .:r':-,..::-:-'.'.:: j..:::'-i:li:r.J, ZZ6. Oriein, 'fs.'... -'..:..: ruunC.^rare,2+2--ii L-:::: a:-.jL:'.r.:. I, \-l: r',,t. ir:: : : ., i: -::::.:::.:'-J.:'-fEl:SeS, UU, I32, l<;t I ".r:,r .t(.. .1. \ t: : ,: - ;:-:::: _-.:: ::l :::'.:...-.. .:. : r', r:9i riithbattlement.d Ca:ca.':s,r; r. 'f ',..'a.^..r. r S6. . of the Tadbourtsi,r2z; Tso'a-5l6il, I, \-l:::. r_lt. :r:,r;': 3::a:srmentstrz3; destroyedby ItirhA- s;one rill:r. rr.,..l 3: :cZ:, t,:: ..,1c:j.a: 'of Siramil, rz1. T. Sandukeli' on split (q.v.),t67 f., r 87. rock, 248. Built by Q. Tamara, r59. Tsiti-khokh,L Dcstroyed in Russian conquest, r47 f,, Tsitsiinoflii.rr5. r93, 2z+. Numerous in Balkaria,ii. r97; Tskhenis-TskhaliR., III. uniclue, at Kounim, ib.; at Tchegem, Tskhinvali,III. built by Svanetians,ii. zor f.;7g n. 3, r56, Tsmee,I; position,r7z; 7ocalTegend, ib.; r72,2r 5,203, Tsmiti viiiagers, r47, blood-feud with Trafalgar Day, interest in revived by Anglo- Ladz, ii. t 17. Russiandissensions, ii. 47 and n. Tsno,I, II; 18z,235. Tram, Tramkt, Trampkt, village and breed Tsofl Kist enclaveamong Tousheens, 90 f. ofhorses,ii. zz5, Tsori, II; picturesque,IIo, but avoidedby Transport chargesin Digoria, ii. r8o. Seealn author,i I r-r2; failureof Sufismat, I r I ; s,v. Horses. inhabitedby \{ountainIngoosh, tr+,2+gi Tre 8 aya te e le /1 a, battJeship, 7 n. r. 98, ro9. Trebizond, IY ; ii. 2 53, 2 57. Tsori-lam,1I; viervof, ro7i rag, rrz. Trees: of limestone regions, 27, 691; of Tsorintsi,249. Tchetchnia,rrg-zr; worshipped,37, rrQ; Tsorkh,limestone defile in Assavallev, z;6. sacrificial, ii. rB7, al}ied with stone calen- Tsotsolta,I; Pass,r7g, r9r, rlg; village, dars,il. n.; sacred,r7+, ii. 136; haunt of I Klaproth'sUtfarskau, r99 f.; river, I. spirits,ii. rzz; miraculousiysave fugitive, Tsoudakhar,V; Russianrevcrse at, ii. 4+, r7z-3; sacred wood near Sanibii, r 84. +7. Used in building Rekom, t69. Legends Tsoukhour,Yil; ii. 2fu. relatingto variousspecies, r20 f.; +r, r3c., Tsoukhpun-avtzekh,ii. r 88. z56,ii. 213, zr8. Tsounda,ii. z3o andn. r. TrEves Cathedral, du plicate' HoIy Coat' at, z 34. Tsounta-Akhvakhdistrict, savage customs of Triptych of St. George of Ilori slaying ox, people,ii. t3 f. 38; of Madonna (Khakouli), 4z ff. Tuben-avtzekh,pass, ii. zoo. troiha (three-horse vehicle, or team of three Tubenel, iII, VI; travellers'vary'ing recep- ,a arvrele/rhnrseq\. L/,rt ta-), -Yr ii't. 1. tions,ii. r99. Tlouser's,women's, t 5gr;i, 78. Tunny, tinned,late apprccierion in fngland, Trousso, Troussovsky,defile, r8z, r83. ii. r88 andn. r. Trout-fishing, t9 f ., ii. r47. Turiyan-tchai,ii. 263. TroutJake, Lesser,source of trout a mystery, Turkomans'submissionto Russia, ii. ;6. ii. 8z; nativenames, ii. 86. Trso defile (Uppermost Terek), r45. Uastyrdji, Wastyrdji (St. Georpe, ?.e.) f^rm"ti^n ^f r: r. i'. \'"'r i^-^.^ Tsagat Lamardon, I; see Lamardon, Khousar vrrrqlrr!'l)l'rll",-. -fsagat. rzr' hi" '".iG ii - and "^- Tsagerakh,cattle fair, ii, r94. Uatsilla, Watsili (St. Elias. probably -l-^^l 7.2.). L I i^^ ^r :: r-r' +'-'^.i^- ^f r sa[n--{oag, tonrD"^*.L at, il. 17o. srrcca"dq.eor. ,l.,ir.-i l\r! tultlr4Llulr ul Tsalka,ii. 3o, z5z. nane, r 5z; in Nart legend,177. Tsaou-dzouar,goat-shrine, ii. r4o f., 143. Uly'sses and the C1'clops, rr; Poly'phemus Tsar, hero of iegend,ii. z3r. legend. rr..-r.-.,:...-..-:.r..-..-- Tsargos, semi-mvthicalfounder of Stir-Digor, ! lrllLd)llL,i t I Ulrl)llrrr!rlL Ut, arnongKhct.sours, Il. I6i.20L -Jt. 3r6 INDEX IJncleannessof women, ceremonial,aniong nrurder near, 77-8, z.lB; Assaroutc to, Khevsours,236,247. r 16 f.; Museum at, zrgi Governors of IJngern-Sternberg,Baron, 62. 22 r ; studentsfrom, r 78. Centre of military Urkarakh,VII. operationsin r83o, r+6,223,225. Excite- lJrquhart, Leslie, his heroismat Baku, ii. ment over early motor, 2o4. Hops obtained 221 n. r,v,-,,f.^- -TT,r'l..^nnar/lan --rr-^ *-rosltsnear, 11. Io2 n. IJrsualta valJey, r7g. Djimarai-khokhconspicuous from, ii. Io9. 'l',1In IJrustevsekPass, r99. ir *..-.a*----.,qntin'riti"c tt. r+9, 17| n. 2. IJsdon, 3r; raaOursdon. \Ientioned, 1, 8, r2, zr, 39t 57,67, 98 f., IJslar, General, cited, ii. z, 5 n. 8ae Biblio- rc-i, r)9. 11S,r2lr r56, r88, rg+,260, graPny. lr, I, 9O,?.39, IJtfars-don, afiuent of Terek, r99. Ynezauna:'a,V, Utfars-kau,Klaproth at, r99. Vobnou'h;i,I I: r:llur.sclueca:rles. t t z, \-ola-iihokh,I, \-l ; corr.ri tbrm ut'namc, ii. Vakhusht,Tsarevitch, rvrites geographi', r7r ; 143and n. 5r ii. r_r:.ria. tomb of his son George, r74; Klaproth's Voloshin,murdered, 62. reliance on his statements,r98 ff., z7z; aaltcloA blades,raa Swords. ^ir^J ii ^. - i :: .- cil.cu,Lr. gz n. st \. 177 n. 3. Y6ronrsofl Prince, ii. 9,79,8o. Valaam, isiand monastery, r54, Votive oferings, at Rekom, 169 f., in O1isai- Yaile, P. della, r6o. dom cavern,ii. t 59. 9ee also Horns. Valyaruri, George Gavrilovich, Orthodox Vozdveezhenskoe, V; meaning of name, priest of Akhieli, 235 f. 8r n.;29,8o,82. Van, L., lo,ooo Greeks near, ii. zSS, 257. Vrevsky, Baron, Governor-General of Turkes- Vannovsky, General, gives author permission ta , 3. to visit Central Asia, 3. VantmashetskyPass, iV, V; ii. 55. Walaghir, ve Aiaghir. Yara, Zirtritt outlaw, death of, 13. Wala Miaseg, tower built by Q. Tamara, Yardzia, ii. 253. Vats, copper, for beer-brewing, 244, ii. 99; Walla-kom-do n, t ee Aigarnorrghi-don. value, t62, size, t76, Wallashik,meaning of name,ii. lr j. Vaza-khokh, III, VI; feature of Digorian Wallasif (presumably same as above), burnt frontier, ii. r38; seenfrom Fasnal,ii. r,16; by Russians,r47. meaning of name unknorvn, ii. r54; ii. Walnuts, ii. 19, 27,43; in Ossetinegraves, r 58,r96. 11.r ro. Veden,V; siege,rr9, ii.8o,87 f.; author Walton, Mr., robbednear Grozny, ii. 239. visits,ii. 84, 89; Zeiim-khanin district, Wapila, Dorf, zrz. lr. 9I. Wardrop Collection, Bodleian, ii. r14. Yehiclest arla, I8, 4r, 56; drogli, 59. Watch regardedas devii, r78. lineika, zr and n., 83; perek/adzdya,ii. Water-jugs, large brass,!9; copper, ii. zo. 57 and n.; poaozrta,gt telJega,56; troila Water-melon, ii. zz7. (q.o.),17, 23, 29, ii. r. Drawn by oxen, Water-milis at Sanibri,69, 7z; comparedwith 9, 8r f. thosein Shetlands,72-3; 183,ii. roo. Veli-kent, Water-supply, unusual method, ii. r45, VII. 'Waters, Veliameenoff,General, r45, Brigadier-General, z. VelketiPass, II; 258n. Weapons:confiscated from nativesby Russians, Vereshtchagin,General, 53, r40, 53, r39, ii.2r,78 f.; native interestin, Verkhnis,ii. 255. ii. zt, 33, 76 ff,, r46; surrendered,to Vertidpof,,on date of Ingooshtowers, 2ro; host on arrival, ro8, r39, before admis- photographsby, r3o, 216,2r8,ii. ro3; ii. sion to church, ii. l r 3; manufacturedat ro5, ro7. Ountsoukoul,ii. 35; god of, ii. l3r n. 4; Viilagelife in Tchetchnia,59 f., ro8; schools, absentin Zadeleskgraves, ii. r69; many at Koumbuilta, ii. t7z. 9eealto Gws, rtirja/, Vladikavkaz,I, II, III, IV, V; marketat, g; Srvords. I\DEX -\^/

, :-.1:>: (,: liriOSOCC, Z3;; ':-..; L n"r^,'.h; t6--'t _" / J. 2-: : ::.,.:..:, :r:::.i:'. rile, I j8, zli:, 'bi iit::l; :..:,::,r \\'orn at, ii. I J; horns u:ci i,r: iririiirg, ii. 28. Err a/rc Nlarriage. \\'^^.1.".i-"r lrrn'1,:j,r. \\-eck, O.sctrncnames ior da1'sof, r87. Woodpigeon,in Seska-Solsalet.'nci, \\'ei,1enbaum,cited, li. 237. (of \\-herls, creaLing,9f. and n.; Barsag' V--^-L^-.rr- r i'' r 'of "' :i2- and St. Jolr.n', in Nart legends, r7o, 11.I53. -Mountairrs f. 'White; (Jurassiclimestones), z6 f.; Y)kovleff, ProfessorN., cited, zz5 Yandee family at Arzee, zog, vegetation,z7; local use of term, rt6; Yanghi-kent, VII. 7+. Yezeeyeff, family, of Goiiat, Wines, iocal: Crimean, II8, Georgian, tt9, Yedzeeyeff, thcir shrine,ii. r4o f.; history. r14 ff. Ghimree, ji. zz n. 2, and from Ghimree Yenikdl6, Str. ofl IV; r. grapes,ii. I(akhetinsky,r8, r30. gee 57, of Grozny, and n.; in alto djaba. Yermdloff, founder 5+ his rvork in conquest of Witch-chiid, story of, ii. rz8 ff. Tiflis, 48; Tchetchnia, ii. r73, z6t. Witches, precautionsagainst, ii. 64. 79t 3, Yeseeyeff, Djambolat, victim in blood-rvite Wolf's Gate, oil near, 12, 63. 'Wolves: r2+. Toutir (St. Theodore) and, ii. rz5 f.; case,u, Yevdokeemoff'sexpedition, 83, ii. 87. charms against, r 84, ii, rz6-7 ; wolf, Yevdokeemovskoe,V; road to, 83. blinded by St. Elias, allowed to live, r 53; 77, Yevloyeff family, zz6. as progenitor of Ingooshee, r9z. Wolf, Yoand, eponymousancestor of Yandee, zo9. running, asrnark on slvord, ii. 93 f. situation, 6o; oil-n'ell near, Woman's grave at N'Iakhtchesk,ii. t5z. Yourt-aoukh, V; 'Women: status, 13, 6o, g3-+; hard work, 6t. Youssouf Isaakoff Hadji, of Ashiltd, ii. z8 f., il., 98, ii. zo, 55; Ingoosh, will not marry lover who has not killed man, r3 n. Their approachto shrine angcrssaint, ii. rzr f.; one old, allowed at shrine, z4o; ercluded ZadeTesk,VI; position, ii. r59; animals of from festivals,ii. t3z, 136 and n. t, from locality, ii. r59f.; legendary origin of holy places,ii. r4r and n., r6r; segregation grove, ii. 168; Countess Ouviiroff's finds ^' ^Lillki.tl' qL.,.t ^ ."4 ./, cna li e dL Lrrrruurr Lrrr .3v, .+/, . / vt r!. v, at,ii. t6g f.; ii. r39. SaaOlisai-dom. 16; taboo on speech lvith male relatives, Zakatali, Y, VII; ii. z6z; Zakatalski akrug, 269; mourning customs,z7o f., miscelia- ii. 263. neouspractices, 272. Given right side of Zakka, tl9; Zakka-don, I; dw'ellers near, 'Nlairam' *^^ r *^(w lu4ur r)rr Prd/ stonesfor r54 and n.; r59, 166, 176; Zakka Pass, offspring, I58, ii. zro; stolen for slaves, I, III; ascent,r78i 16+, r;6, r79, zoo, 16r, t64; spied on by children, 183 and ii. r45. n.; untlsual consideration for, ii. 66f. Zandak aoul,ii. 47. Their part in rain-charnring,ii. 6z f.; Zaporozians,ii. 4q. oldest u'oman of family perlbrms magic Zarabee,hunter, of Sanib:i,7a, r1t6, r13, r44. rites, ii. r2o; swear by small-pox god, ii. Zarantag,Zramag, I, IIil callcdSararnago in -l'adbourtsi, r j i. .\n)ong r22 f., fight in 1688, 33; 2)y -?j; 38, t66; Zrantag-don, battle, rz4. -\t capture of Akhoulg6, ii. r7+. ic. -\nong Tchctchens,59f.,98; freer, Zaritt-don,ii. rr8. 8-1. Oi Enkhclee, goitrous tendency, ii. Zariurkhokh,I; height,ii. lo8; ii. r37. 6;, jew'ellerr',ii. 68; of Andeeand Botlikh, Zelim-khan,fanrous Caucasian brigand, 6z-3, ..1....r1 hc:r.l-Jr.'., .ii. 7 t ; suriir under ii.9c-2. I

318 II{DEX Zemindari settlement paralleied in Caucasus, Zite\i, peak,VI; ii. r9o. 11.9. Zmevskara,III: ii. zz8. Zeydlitz, cited, zzo n. 4, z2z and n. fea Zokoff, Znaouroff, starshiniiof Nouzai, r68. Bibliography. Zolo:ariirL corrupt Russianofficial, z6o. ZiArisn, r3 n. 3; in Tchetchnia, 8o; defined, Zonakh, sulphur-minenear, 83. 264 n. z. Zougdidi, Zugdidi, III; possessesSt. George Zilristt, cause abandonment of festival of icon,_3 S. Matsieli, zo\-6; danage church of Tkhaba- Zourou:: Khala, or Kafir-avtzekh,traditional erda, zrg;_fierceappearance, 256; nrurder sce:cofbattle, ii. r98. of one, and consequentfeuJ, I t7, z6c {.t Zrou.:,R.. I: vi;lage,church at, r75 f. supportZelim-khan, ii. 9 r. Z j...r::::::. t:a,,-elsoi t8q8, zz, Tto, 2+6; Zilgha-khokh,Ir r98. zoo fl,:i. z:4. jt'oc::.s jl.a:. a v iclo.'.v-J inIr O.qetir.vJJ!!r*, rrr.r/), '.o\\.crs, Zilghee, I II, \'i ; hast. pical B-l^:rr;.r:. Cio::r: \ cii.:i P::i. : I S n.l th.inksKhev- ii. r97; tcrrorizedb7 abrcA;,ii..:;r; car:I"- sours C.scen,larts o: Crusaders,ii. 9z; plague, ii.239. I83, ii. 77. Eec tsibiiograph;. Zirianee, V, VII; ii. 36. Zveghintseff,\L, ii. 93 f. 4!"' {{A o.q t--rL*-

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