DECEMBER 196; 1(;

ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN

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FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE J. EDGAR HOOVER, DIRECTOR

VOL. 36, NO. 12

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THE COVER­ 1967 in review. See Index begin• ning on page 26. ­ LAW ENFORCEMENT ­ BULLETIN CONTENTS

Message From Director]' Edgar Hoover _ . . . .. 1 The Shoplifter, by Glen R. Dornfeld, Superintend• ent of Protection, Dayton Co. Store, , Minn...... 2 The Detoxification Center, by Col. Curtis Brostron, Chief of Police, St. Louis, Mo ...... 6 Indianapolis Crime Alert, by Daniel T. Veza, Chief of Police, Indianapolis, Ind...... 9 Award-Winning Police Facility, by Eugene L. Mueller, Chief of Police, Culver City, Calif. 12 Preparation Through Training. . . 14 Publlsh.d by ,h. Search of Motor Vehicles (Part X) 18 FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION Index to Articles Published During 1967 26 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Washington, D.C. 20535 Wanted by the FBI ...... 28 By THE VERY NATURE of its operations, orga- tion, required the efforts of 31 of our offices, nized crime differs from most other criminal ranging from to and from violations. Even the vicious killers and hopeless Minnesota to , and ultimately resulted repeaters continually encountered by law en- in the conviction in Federal court of four under- forcement officers do not fall into the same cate- world associates for violating the bankruptcy, gory, since La Cosa Nostra members­the most mail fraud, and conspiracy statutes. powerful group of hoodlums in the country to· The head of La Cosa Nostra activities in Chi- day­are all this and more. In fact, their organi- cago recently spent a year in jail for refusing to zation has come to mean a veritable way of life testify before a Federal grand jury and then left to them. the country. Several months ago, his successor Because of their oath of silence, the threats of and one of his principal lieutenants were each violence directed against potential witnesses, the sentenced to 15 years in Federal prison for ex- . . al nature of their crimes, and the torting large sums of money from a suburban protection they are often able to buy, it is building contractor. much more difficult to prosecute them than the individual thug, who must generally rely upon Last year nearly 200 other major hoodlums his own resources. were convicted in Federal courts on charges of Despite all this and the myth of invincibility bank robbery, theft from interstate shipment, in- which has grown up about them, organized hood- terstate transportation of stolen property, labor lums and racketeers can be put into jail. It is not racketeering, interstate gambling, and similar easy, but it is well worth the time and effort ex- charges. Marked success can be attained on the pended. The successful prosecution of a no- local, State, and F ederallevels if everyone works torious organized crime leader deals a serious together. blow to syndicate operations. Reverberations are felt all up and down the chain of command. For its part, the FBI disseminates all the in- formation it develops regarding local violations, One case we in the FBI encountered, for ex- and last fiscal year more than 3,700 racket and ample, involved the Nation's largest bookmaker vice figures were arrested by other agencies as a and required our Agents to examine thousands result of this dissemination, an increase of more of records in more than two dozen States. Finally, however, the gambling czar was sentenced in Fed- than 1,000 over the previous year. eral court last May to serve 10 years in prison While there is still much to be done, we think for violating the interstate transp0l1ation in aid the trend is encouraging, and we hope the fight of racketeering act. against organized crime continues to grow at an Another major investigation, this time of a even more rapid pace in the coming years. The hoodlum "scam" (planned bankruptcy) opera­ country is relying upon us. We must not fail.

DECEMBER 1, 1967 Articles can easily be slipped into hidden pockets of a coat.

Shoplifters are unlike any other law violators. They come in a wide range of ages and represent every walk of life. They use dozens of tech• niques to steal merchandise from stores varying in size from the small corner grocery to the largest retailer in the country. They steal anything from a 5-cent candy bar to items with price tags in the thousands of dollars. Shoplifting has been called the THE SHOPLIFTER merchant's dilemma. It is considered by many otherwise well-intentioned people as something other than lar• GLEN R. DORNFELD ceny, sneak thievery, stealing, or a Superintendent of Protection, criminal violation. The word shop• Dayton Co. Store, lifter, as used in this article, refers to Minneapolis, Minn. the customer who steals from a retailer during business hours. For some has a dollar shrinkage or shortage strange reason many people caught figure, and this figure is frequently shoplifting do not consider themselves related to sales. However, included in thieves. The e people say that they thi figure are losses from other would never think of taking cash be• causes, such as clerical and accounting cause theft of cash is a more serious errors and customer and employee crime. thievery. In some segments of retail• How much our ation's retailers ing a shortage figure of 1 percent of lose to shoplifters will never be ac• net sales is acceptable; in other seg• curately determined. At the end of an ments this would be considered much inventory period, a retailer usually too high. In still other areas of retail-

2 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin a shortage figure of 2 percent of Professional thieves divide stores to add $100 in sales to break even on a net sales is becoming acceptable. into two categories. Some stores en• $1 loss. No matter which loss figure Some smaller specialty shops deal• joy the reputation of "being tough" retailers use, they face a tremendous ing in high-priced merchandise have because they do not hesitate to prose• drain on their profits. good stock controls and can quite ac• cute cases. However, professional One large retailer studied shoplift• curately isolate any losses they might thieves have a tendency to steal from ing cases for a 3-month period. He have through shoplifting. Theft in the stores known as "being soft." These found that 70 percent of shoplifters retail industry has been estimated in are the smaller stores with no security caught were juveniles and that only billions of dollars per year. Retailers measures, as well as those with a 10 percent of all shoplifters caught in one city with a population of nearly lenient attitude toward prosecution. came from unemployed families. He a million estimated their shoplifting also determined that 90 percent of the loss at $1 million a month. Store Estimates people caught shoplifting ready-to• wear items made use of fitting rooms. The Professionals It is estimated that one out of 60 This finding indicates a great need for customers entering a store will steal establishing controls in the use of One professional female shoplifter, something. One professional shop• these rooms, which is exactly what working at her "trade" 40 hours a lifter is quoted as saying his chances many retailers are doing. They are week, stole a million dollars' worth of of being caught are one in 100. Others taking this into account when they re• merchandise in 10 years. From this believe their chances of being caught model merchandising departments. she received a net income of $150,000, are one in 20. The average recovery Many are using a check system to be or an average of $15,000 per year. sure that garments taken into fitting per shoplifter caught in foodstores This shoplifter further admitted rooms are returned. and similar check-out-type stores has thefts of 1,900 men's suits in 1 year A business research organization been estimated from $2 to $4, while with the aid of a male accomplice. has predicted that new and sophisti• stole primarily from small men's the recovery per shoplifter caught in cated equipment will permit better While the accomplice kept a traditional department stores has been controls against losses from burgla• busy, she stole as many as four estimated from $25 to $30. ries, but controls on losses from shop• suits at a time, along with the hangers, Some foodstores operating on a lifting have little chance of improving. by folding them neatly and placing slim 1 percent net profit would have With current retail theft estimated at them between her knees under a full skirt. This technique is becoming more popular. As another professional fe• male shoplifter explained, the "loot" is easily "ditched," if necessary, and this method also eliminates the use of such tools of the trade as special clothing with concealed pockets and hooks, which could be used as evi• dence. In one instance, in less than 5 min• utes two professional shoplifters stole four mink stoles, valued at $9,000, from a locked display case on a selling floor. Two other professionals stole $5,000 worth of merchandise from small stores in suburban shopping centers. Another stole from small stores as she traveled from one big city to another. She admitted steal• _ merchandise from 23 stores in one a in a short time. A small camera quickly disappears into a normal looking package.

December 1967 3 $2.5 billion, this firm projects a loss sion to steal anything for the of $4.5 billion for 1975. stealing. This type of person will ac• FBI Crime Index figures for 1966 cumulate large quantities of stolen show a 77 percent increase since 1960 items and never use them, or he may in larcenies of $50 and over. These give them away. are cases known to law enforcement The amateur category contains a agencies. The many hundreds of thou• large number of the shoplifters who sands of cases under $50 and the cases are caught. not reported to police agencies would Organized teen gangs enter stores, cause the percentage increase to be defy and overpower employees, and much higher. Many retail shoplifting then flee. cases go unreported for various reasons. Some stores prosecute nearly Detecting the Offenders all people caught, while others never prosecute. Methods for detecting a shoplifter have been the topic of many articles Merchandise T aken and training sessions. Such detection Shi rts are sl ipped into false package. is probably one of the most difficult The type of merchandise most fre• skills to teach a store detective. Most quently recovered from shoplifters successful store detectives develop varies according to the season of the women's intimate apparel, sporting their own favorite methods for spot• year, geographical location, and type goods, records, ladies' and infants' ting a suspect masquerading as a of store. clothing, jewelry, smokeshop items, customer. They are alert to persons The professional thieves generally and power tools. doing the following: steal expensive jewelry and furs, as In one study it was found that most Carrying briefcases, large purses, well as the more expensive men's and shoplifters are caught late in the after• bags, empty sacks, unusual looking women's clothing. They prefer higher noon, followed by early evening and ages, lunch pails, books, magazines, musi· priced merchandise which can easily early afternoon. Saturday is the most cal instrument cases, umbrellas, coats, or sweaters. be converted to cash, while the popular day for the shoplifter, fol• amateur is usually caught stealing Pushing baby carriages. lowed by Mondays and Thursdays. Wearing wide-sleeved coats, loose-fitting items readily used. These will range The time of day and the day of the clothing, out-of-season clothing, outer gar• from an inexpensive tool needed at week vary according to store hours, ments with slit pockets, oversized coats, or home for a repair job to a complete location, and type of store. belts with special hooks under coats. outfit to be worn to a party. Requesting empty boxes, sacks, or wrap• ping paper. Shoplifter Types Keeping a lone salesperson busy while Items Recovered a friend or accomplice browses. Shoplifters are often placed in Making repeated trips to a specific de• Several large department stores categories by type, including the partment without buying. throughout the country agree that following: Loitering in a department for no obvious items most frequently recovered from The professional makes a living reason. shoplifters are clothing for teenage stealing merchandise for resale. Always refusing service from salespeople. Acting nervous and watching people in boys and girls, cosmetics, records, The narcotic addict is similar to the men's furnishings, sporting goods, the area. professional shoplifter, except he may Making many trips to locker areas. leather goods, children's clothing, and have a more compelling reason to Taking many items into fitting room and jewelry. Foodstores are more likely to steal-to support an expensive drug bypassing salesperson. recover such items as cigarettes by habit. Consequently, he could be Selecting unrelated items with no regard the carton, health and beauty aids, dangerous. for size or color and entering fitting room. expensive cuts of meat, gourmet foods, The vagrant needs to steal oc• Making fast selection and entering fitting• room. kitchen utensils, nylon hose, and casionally so he can convert mer• Taking boxes or shopping bags into baby clothing. Check-out-type depart• chandise into a bottle of wine. fitting room. ment stores are more apt to lose cos• The kleptomaniac is usually con• Removing, concealing, or switching Ie metics, men's and boys' clothing, sidered a sick person with a compul• tags.

4 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin on items and moving to another Recognizing that the huge increase noticed a slight decrease in juvenile or department. in juvenile shoplifting was a com- shoplifting arrests. However, it is im- Palming merchandise-picking up small munity problem, the retailers offered from counter with a glove or similar possible to give the entire credit to in hand. to present it to anyone who would this program because there are so Folding and handling items and placing listen. The consensus was to carry the many variables which affect arrests. in a stack near the edj!e of a counter message to parent­teachers' associa- Also noted was a slight increase in display case. tion (PTA) meetings. After this was cases where parents voluntarily Placing hands in pockets while near a done, appearances were made before splay case used for small items. brought their youngsters back to the Placing items in sleeves. service clubs, religious groups, busi- stores when discovering they had not Placing merchandise between body and ness associations, fraternal groups, paid for something. Some of these "",,,..,~gC being carried. special school classes, and entire parents mentioned hearing a shoplift- Placing items under hat at a counter. school assemblies. Radio and tele- ing program at a PTA meeting. One In the past few Yr.flrs the huge in- VISIOn programs were used, and businessman heard the shoplifting in shoplifting has made re- articles appeared in the local and story at a service club meeting. Three more concerned than ever suburban press. days later he came into a store with More use is being made of Almost without exception people his daughter who had stolen some closed­circuit television, who heard shoplifting called what it items of clothing. ­=:pnnpn,'p cameras, observation towers, really is­stealing­agreed with the Whatever benefits or successes have mirrors, all of which are designed retailers. The reaction of high school evolved from the community program discourage the shoplifter as well as students seemed to be that it was time can be attributed to fine, hard­work- catch him. someone called a spade a spade. Some ing, and dedicated police officials, Training films, educational meet- of them urged the program be carried school authorities, and juvenile court and pamphlets for employees and to the lower grades, where petty thefts officials in the metropolitan area. They association seminars for store from neighborhood stores start. Often gave up much of their private time to rs and managers have been in such cases the small merchant help present the problems at evening used in many sections of the takes no action for fear of offending meetings. try. Larger stores are expanding or losing a customer, but there are Many law enforcement agencies are le:l{istinlg security staffs, while smaller countless cases that prove this is not doing an outstanding job of helping are planning or developing se- necessarily true. the business COrrimunity. Some pro- departments. More care is being The retailers made it possible for vide training material, lectures, in the planning of departments, school officials to develop a film to be printed material for handouts at meet- displays, and exits. used as reference material in the grade ings, and, of course, good sound ad- Associations of retail security peo- schools. The film placed emphasis on vice on ways to handle fIToblems. promote the exchange of ideas and being a good citizen and respecting Most retailers are anxious to learn formation. Retail divisions of cham- human and property rights. more, and any help, consistent with of commerce sponsor clinics to After this program had been in ef- the laws and the policiefl of the law educate the retailer. A typical clinic fect for a couple of years, some stores enforcement agency, is most welcome. includes a representative from retail security, a police official, and a prose- Sweaters on hangers are hooked under long coat. cuting attorney, each sharing his ex- perience and knowledge with the store owners and managers. Several years ago the Minneapolis Retailers Association became alarmed at the growth of juvenile shoplifting, which showed a 125 percent increase in arrests in about 5 years. As a re- sult, a retail committee met with po- lice department juvenile officers, ju- venile court officials, the superintend- of schools, and other interested

December 1967 A New Method for Handling the Public Drunk-

The Detoxification Cente

Public intoxication has long been was given a $158,000 grant from a source of frustration to the police• Office of Law Enforcement .n.",,,.,,".'Uj,,,:. man and the community he serves. to establish a detoxification center. A community might be sympathetic to the public drunk and at the same Benefits of Center time embarrassed by him and not know what to do. The policeman i The ccnter opened in October frustrated because an intoxicated man in the St. Mary's Infirmary on is difficult to handle and requires a Street. The Social Science Institute considerable amount of time to be Wa hington University in St. COL. CURTIS BROSTRON taken to the hospital for a checkup has a si ted in both the planning Chief of Police, operational programs of the center. St. Louis, Mo. and then booked and processed for detention. Already, a number of benefits are Capt. Frank Mateker, director of showing. Of significance to our de• the t. Louis Police Department' partment is the 57-percent reduction Planning and Research Division and in the time an officer is out of service a veteran street officer, has been well while handling an intoxicated person. aware of the problem. He devised a He does not need to spend hours wait• plan to treat the offender in a more ing in hospitals for a medical diag• humane manner and al 0 to save the nosis of the inebriate's state of health officer's time away from patrol. and is not required to appear in court With the active support and coop' when the subject voluntarily remains eration of Col. Edward L. Dowd, at the center for treatment. This pro• president of the t. Louis Board of vides a massive recovery of Police Commis ioner , the department for urgent police duties. We

6 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin the rehabilitation efforts of this ard is also a major police problem. It thorough medical examination fol• was this recognition which led to lowed by a shower and rest in one of the St. Louis Detoxification Center. the center's 30 beds. All patients get rehabilitation results have The center's clientele is primarily three high-protein meals a day, pre• surpassed our expectations. A composed of the estimated 8 percent pared in the hospital's kitchen by the _ i .... il~ ...­l duty officer is assigned to fol· of all alcoholics who are of the skid Sisters of St. Mary, who also adminis• up on released persons, and we row variety. It is this group which has ter the building and staff other facili• noted significant improvements placed the greatest burden on police ties in the infirmary. Coffee, snacks, drinking patterns and employment. patrol time and efficiency. and fortified fruit juices are available have been substantial gains in to patients at all times. and economic stability. Procedure For the first day or two the alcoholic A 3·month period is considered the is placed in the intensive care unit to crucial factor for an alcoholic in Persons found in an inebriated con• "dry out," and through proper nour• of vocational rehabilitation and dition on the public streets are taken ishment and medication, his health is adjustment. About 15 percent of into custody by police officers on the improved. Clean clothing and bed interviewed reported complete charge of being "drunk on the street." linens complete the process of rehar• ab1!tin.en(;e for a 3·month period fol· They are then issued a city court sum• monizing the alcoholic with the lowing their discharge from the center. ' mons for public drunkenness. 1£ the physical properties of orderly living. Of course, we can't predict total subject voluntarily accepts treatment With the accomplishment of this success in rehabilitating these indi• at the detoxification center, as ap• initial step, the patient is moved to viduals, but this certainly demon• proximately 90 percent do, the cita• the self-care unit to begin the process strates a change in their way of life. tion is voided. If he refuses or aban• of social rehabilitation. Another factor to consider is how dons treatment before its conclusion, the alcoholics respond to being taken his appearance in court on the original Therapy center. In one 3-month period, charge is required. The detoxification center employs percent of these individuals re• If the subject consents to treatment, a variety of therapeutic techniques, mained for the full treatment period he is transported to the detoxificati011 progressing from medical diagnosis indicated by the physician. center in a police conveyance and be• and treatment through various socio• gins what may be his first supervised psychological services, to help the pa• Health Problem chance at rehabilitation after a life• tient confront his drinking problem time of alcoholism. in a framework of reality. Group Alcoholism is the fourth largest therapy, self-government, work ther• health problem in the Nation. More T reatment apy, and sociodrama are used as' than 6 million Americans have a se• methods of inducing social interac• rious drinking problem; approxi• During a 7-day stay, the public in• tion. Individualized therapy is pro• mately 25 percent of these persons are ebriate receives the benefit of the most vided in the form of social and voca• considered chronic alcoholics. Their advanced detoxification facilities in tional counseling, and self-analysis number includes all segments of so• the United States. The center provides is aided through the use of didactic ciety, all class levels, all occupational 24-hour medical treatment, associated films and lectures. and ethnic groups, almost all age physical facilities, and supportive so• Unstructured group therapy ses• levels, most religious groups, and both cial and rehabilitative services. sions are held daily for approximately sexes. The personalization of treatment 1 hour. Research has shown this to Our city has about the same prob• and the dedication of the clinical staff be the most effective means of alco• lem with public drunks as most other are key factors in the program's suc• holic therapy yet discovered. Al• large cities. In the greater St. Louis cess. The personnel who administer though the use of self-government area, it is estimated that about 75,000 treatment perform in a manner usually techniques ·as an aspect of therapy is persons drink to excess. These drink• reserved for private institutions. Most most effective in prolonged treatment ers are a problem to 300,000 other have backgrounds in private hospitals, programs, the center is currently en• persons, as well as to their husbands and their attitude of treating each pa• deavoring to develop mvdified prac• or wives, families, employers, and the tient as an individual carries over to tices adaptable to its brief treatment Thus, in addition to being a their work with the alcoholic. period. phenomenon, the public drunk• Upon arrival a patient receives a As another part of his treatment,

December 1967 7 clinical experience has shown that the eration covers about one-third of alcoholic must relearn self-discipline city; however, this area formerly and the acceptance of responsibility. counted for more than 75 percent Within this context patients are ex• the city's drunk-on-the-street pected to assume nominal work re• As I mentioned earlier, the number sponsibilities during their stay, and those arrests has now decreased most show an enthusiastic willing• more than 60 percent in ness to participate. with the preceding year. During the entire treatment period since the center opened, the social workers meet with the patient of inmates in city j ails and the to discuss family status, education, ber of inmate-days attributed to employment skills, personal history, victions for public drunkenness have and drinking pattern. On the basis of decreased more than 50 percent. These these discussions, staff members as• facts attest to the effectiveness of the sist the patient in locating adequate program in reaching that part of the housing and employment. Of more im• Col. Ed ward L. Dowd, President, St. Lou is population for which it was intended. Board of Po lice Commissioners. portance, however, they seek to bring They also indicate substantial mone• the patient to an understanding of tary savings in the operation of re• his drinking problem. Alcoholics gram, a research contract was made lated agencies. Anonymous (AA) has had particular with the Social Science Institute of Considering that the average patient influence in this pursuit. Because of Washington University. The focus of treated in the center has been unsuc• their vital importance in the rehabili• the research is twofold: To assess the cessfully coping with alcoholism for tation process, AA meetings are held impact of the program on agencies over 15 years, our early findings give at the center 3 nights each week for previously responsible for handling definite support to the hypothesis that, patients desiring to attend. the public alcoholic, and to evaluate .from a rehabilitative standpoint, The center also works continuously the effectiveness of the treatment. kind of program is vastly su with other organizations such as the The first area is being dealt with conventional methods used in the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation, through research designed to weigh ditional criminal process. the Human Development Corporation, the cost of the treatment program the Missouri State Employment Serv• against that of conventional institu• Conclusion ive, the State department of welfare, tions. Tangible gains have been the Salvation Army, counseling agen• realized in the human and material Prior to the 20th century, police cies, settlement houses, and any other resources needed to support the proc• systems of the western civilization had agency that might aid in the rehabili• e sing of alcoholics, including patrol• but one duty-the apprehension of tation of an alcoholic. time, clerical operations, and court criminals. ot until this century did It is presumptuous to assume that dockets. Rather than representing our system of criminal justice begin a the public alcoholic will be able to budgetary savings, these gains pro• determined effort to define guilt ac• change a living pattern of many years vide a saving of time and resources cording to enlightened standards of after his 7-day stay at the detoxifica• that can be reallocated to other needs. culpability. Just recently, the trend has tion center. To reinforce new life pat• The data obtained thus far are increased to consider alcoholism more terns, a strong "after-care" program tentative but indicate trends which of an illness or disease rather than a ~u t be implemented. Thus, the need are developing. One objective of the crime. We are attempting to treat the for community services, such as a program, the reduction of time an problem in this light. It enables us to halfway house, for the public alco• officer is out of service in dealing with treat the victims in a more humane holic becomes dramatically apparent. the inebriate, is apparently being ac• manner and to recover policetime as complished. Our studies show that the well. Research Pinpoints Gains time required for police involvement This social problem is another one has decreased from over 3 hours to apparently neglected by society, and In order to provide an objective under 1 hour. Thus, as previously the police are taking the lead to cor• means of measuring the effectiveness stated, a massive recovery of man• rect it. We're proud that St. Louis was I and potential significance of the de• hours has resulted. selected as the first city to conduc ~ toxification center's experimental pro- At the present time, the center's op• program of this type. - !

8 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin DIAL ... 633*2811 DANIEL T. VEZA Chief of Police, Indianapolis, Ind.

The ~~Hue and Cry"

Against Crime in Indianapolis

Laditionally, much of the burden of Rights and the Constitution of the problems. With this realization in of detecting crime and apprehending United States of America, we are a mind, Mayor John J. Barton and I, criminals has been the responsibility country composed of the people, by assisted by Eugene S. Pulliam, pub• of the ation's local police agencies. the people, and for the people. lisher of the Indianapolis Star, formu• This is as it should be. Often, however, Law enforcement in cen• lated a direct plan of action and attack departments are overworked and un· turies ago was a system known against crime in this community. dermanned. Their forces are too thinly as hue and cry. In 1828, the first mu• Research in the area of community spread over urban and suburban nicipal, tax-supported police force was problems was undertaken. Mr. Phillip areas, and it is almost impossible to formed in . Since that time, Clifford, staff writer for the Indian• give adequate protection to the pub• law enforcement officials have fought apolis Star, and Lt. Frank Spallina, lic and to cope with crime. for public support. Public respect was public relations officer for the Indian• Let us digress from our opening the prime concern of law enforcement apolis Police Department, went to remarks, so that we may review for even 139 years ago. , Ill., and talked with repre• a brief moment the history of law The problem today is as it was many sentatives of a Chicago daily news• enforcement. Crime is not only the years ago. How do you gain this sup• paper and the Chicago Police Depart• responsibility of law enforcement port from the people ? We believe in ment about their program, "Operation officials, but also the duty and respon• a well-presented program of sound Crime Stop." After reviewing and 'ty of the community at large. public relations, giving the citizens of studying the Chicago program, they the basic concepts of our Bill our community the knowledge of our spent many hours with appropriate

December 1967 9 279-S63 0----'67--2 officials in Indianapolis to formulate a complete project for our city. First, we needed a name . "Crime Stop"? We were not so op· timistic as to believe we could stop crime. The word "alert" seemed to more fully describe the plan we had in mind. Our program calls for the direct assistance and cooperation of each and every citizen of the community with his law enforcement agency. Thus, the project was named "Opera· tion Crime Alert." A program of this type, to be sue· cessful, needs the sponsorship of a newspaper or a radio or television station. We feel the amount of expo· sure and publicity given the program will, to a large degree, determine how successful it will be. Careful and ade· quate planning is necessary to keep the program moving toward the at· tainment of the desired goal, which is total citizen involvement with the local law enforcement agency attempt· ing to stamp out crime.

Purpose of Program

The basic idea of Crime Alert is to enlist the eye and ears of all citizens in fighting crime. We hope that Crime Robert P. Early, Managing Editor of the Indianapolis Star, Chief Daniel T. Veza, and Alert will motivate our citizens to be John J. Barton at press conference starting the Indianapolis Crime Alert program. more cooperative with the police de• partment. They are being asked to re• port possible crimes, suspicious per• sons, incidents, or circumstances, even The Indianapolis Star contributed tion in reporting cnmes and before crimes have been committed. all cards and pamphlets for the pro• cious incidents to the TIIUIClJIIClpUU", With this in mind I contacted Mr. gram. To date, some 1,170,000 cards Police Department, the Marion Coun Carl Dortch, executive vice president and pamphlets have been distributed Sheriff's Department, and the I and general manager of the Indian• to 766 firms and businesses. Some State Police. All three agencies apolis Chamber of Commerce, and orders called for as much as 30,000 meshed into one positive Mr. John Barnett, executive secretary pieces of literature. Distribution of the force through interlocking radio of the Indianapolis Merchants Asso• literature was handled by the police telephone communications. ciation, and requested their assistance department's secretarial staff. Re• Radio, telephone, and post in our Crime Alert program. Each or• quests were accepted in the form of boxes are the tools of success in ganization wrote a newsletter to it letters and telephone calls or from type of program. Our re pective members asking them to people who appeared in person to ask branch was given additional teumnlonel support the program by giving to each for material. trunk lines to handle the 011"''''1'0''''''1 of their employees a Crime Alert card Operation Crime Alert is a coop• calls. Direct lines to the and pamphlet telling how to describe erative citizen-police crime detection County Sheriff and a suspect. campaign to increase public coopera• lice from our department were

10 FBI Law Enforcement Bull aJJIL"""OU and operating. available, and it is not' necessary for or friend from becoming tomorrow's Will Crime Alert ring the bell? It the informant to identify himself. He tragic crime victim. Cooperation of has. Our police departmental phones may remain anonymous if he so the citizenry in combating crime is of have rung 17,404 more times since wishes. Wallet cards and other printed extreme importance. For instance, not Crime Alert began , 1967, material explaining Operation Crime too long ago in 38 than in the same period of time last Alert are displayed and made avail• persons witnessed from the safety of year. In many instances the calls sent able to citizens in almost every bus• their nearby homes and apartments our police officers on runs that either iness establishment in the Indianapolis the brutal slaying of a young girl. intercepted lawbreakers or later area. While the killer, over a half-hour pe• brought about arrests. Information desired by the police riod, made three repeated and separate A post office box was added to the from the callers includes location and attacks upon this young girl, not one program. An important factor of the type of incident, number of individ• of the 38 witnesses raised a hand or program is that those who write may uals involved, description of suspect, voice to assist her. A police remain anonymous if they wish. We age, height, weight, clothing, voice, was less than three blocks away, and if have found that people will get in• marks, scars, etc. The type of crime one of the citizens had bothered to volved if they do not have to identify being committed, or nature of sus• pick up the telephone and call for themselves. We receive an average of picious incident, is also desirable. police assistance, the girl's life might five letters each day. These have con• License numbers and descriptions of have been saved. cerned murder, indecent exposure, vehicles involved are essential. We vice, gambling, and burglary cases. encourage the public to report in• Lack of Cooperation Over 170 arrests have resulted from cidents which do not demand immedi• the letters. ate action by the police by letter or Investigation by law enforcement card to a special post office box. In .officers in the above case revealed one How Does Operation Work? Indianapolis, the post office box is the crucial problem, the reluctance of cit• same as the emergency phone number, izens to become involved. We are allet cards, posters, and related box 2811. The scope of Operation proud to say that most citizens of publications have been distributed Crime Alert encompasses all communi• Indianapolis have indicated a concern to thousands of citizens. These ma• ties within the geographical bound• for their fellow man. They have terials contain an emergency tele• aries of Marion County. proved this time and time again in our phone number which connects the Crime Alert program. caller with a police dispatcher. In the Citizen Participation As chief of police for this city, it Indianapolis area this number is 633• gives me a great sense of pride to know 2811. The caller gives the police dis• Help rendered to police today the hue and cry "Crime Alert" IS patcher the information which he has could save a citizen's family, neighbor, being heard and acted upon.

G:~ch :U tj :lr., 7 b~ 13~ 14-('3 - Ll;). q,,-, J BY THEIR FRIENDS A sheriff's office in an Ohio county Deputies of the Jefferson County A thief entered a locked automo• keeps a permanent record in each pris• Sheriff's Office, Birmingham, Ala., are bile by using two strips of adhesive oner's file of the names, addresses, taking to bicycles in an attempt to tape several inches wide and approxi• and relationship of all his visitors duro reduce crime in suburban shopping mately 15 inches long. He firmly ing his incarceration. centers. The deputies carry walkie• fastened the strips to a window of the On occasion persons have escaped talkie radios for direct communica• car, starting at the top and continuing from the jail, and information in this tion with patrol cars and strap a shot· down halfway. At this point he file has been instrumental in subse• gun to each bike. The bicycle officers looped the tape over his arm and fas• quently locating them. These records patrol shopping areas experiencing tened the remaining portion to the bot• also useful in locating former in• the most crime and are on duty dur• tom of the window. With a rapid, being sought on new warrants ing the night hours, seven nights a downward shaking movement of the other violations. week. arm, he gradually lowered the window.

December 1967 11 Culver City, Calif., the "Heart of area of 5 square miles and a Screenland," is located in the south• tion of 34,000. The police problems of ern part of the State and is approxi• Culver City are not dissimilar to the mately 5 miles from the Pacific Ocean, problems of the larger Metropolitan adjacent to Beverly Hills and Santa Police Department. Monica, and surrounded by the city There are approximately 900 in• of Los Angeles. dustries in the immediate vicinity of It is a heterogeneous community Culver City. Its principal ones are air• which sprang into prominence during craft production and defense materiel, the early motion picture boom. Culver and, of course, it is the heart of motion City was incorporated in 1917. Since picture and TV production with sev• that time the Culver City Police De• eral studios in the area. EUGENE L. MUELLER partment has grown from a one-man Culver City has one of the finest Chief of Police, force to its present size of 60 full-time school systems in California. Facili• Culver City, Calif. police officers and 12 civilian person• ties include eight elementary, one nel. The police department services an junior high, one high, and three pa•

Award-Winning Police Facility

The headquarters of the Culver City Police Department was designed for maximum efflciency. schools, and in the near future college will be constructed the city limits. The population is primarily middle with a small lower income resi•

...~l1LHU area and a large area of upper

. IJLLW",C; class residences. Minority fac• which reside within the city are integrated in community life. The has not experienced any racial

The records section and information desk iust off the lobby are in an attractive setting for receiving visitors.

The new facility was formally ded• ment has been equipped to serve as a adjustable beat configurations by on , 1967. It won complete emergency operating cen• switch manipulation from the console. National Regents Award of ter for major disaster and civil de• This provides immediate visual evalu• American Society of Registered fense. In this facility city government ation of available police personnel. "uu"',,,,, and is the result of more operations can continue and survive The system is also electronically con• 8 years of intensive planning. It for a minimum period of 14 days with nected to the civil defense warning a compact, efficient, and attractive emergency power, communications, system.

. UUl1UUII!. housing a modern, progres• first aid, rations, and necessary pro• The building's jail area will ac• police department. The award tections from nuclear fallout. The commodate prisoners based upon the the American Society of Archi• heating, air conditioning, and electri• latest State department of corrections was based on the building's de• cal systems satisfy the latest stand• planning standards. All classifications and its efficient and functional ards developed by both the State and of prisoners-adult and juvenile, male

IlIln.."", use. The facility has at• Federal Governments for this type of and female-can be legally and prop• tracted widespread interest among facility. erly housed in the j ail area. law enforcement as one of the out• The walled police yard is of suffi• standing examples of proper public Communications cient size to accommodate a police safety facility planning, even though helicopter landing area. it is relatively small. The architect for A vitally important feature of the The building is designed and built the building has had years of experi• new headquarters is the radio and to adequately serve the needs of ence in designing detention and pub• communications center. It contains Culver City's anticipated ultimate lic safety facilities. A staff of three the latest and best communications popu1ation of 75,000 to 85,000 peo• key personnel was appointed to assist systems and is considered at this time ple. However, in case this population the architect, to insure functionalism to be one of the finest command cen• projection is too conservative, the consistent with departmental needs, ters in the State. The center includes roof section of the 3,500 square foot and to plan for maximum efficiency a coordinated police radio communi• one-story j ail has been built as a Boor with minimum expenditure of man• cations console, interdepartmental seotion and not as a roof section. All power. control, jail security control, telephone utility and service necessities have The building will serve not only the switchboard, and a closed-circuit tele• been supplied to it, and all that is ent and future needs of organic vision system. It features also an im• needed for a future 3,500 square foot • rating bureaus, but also its base- proved status board map capable of (Continued on page 25)

December 1967 13 Part of the solution to prevention and control is-

The most effective weapon aaginst crime is cooperation. Through the years the FBI has cont" stressed the importance of all ment agencies working together. Many of the cases solved by the FBI originate from information supplied by city, county, State, and other Fed• eral agencies. Likewise, the FBI passes on to other agencies and departments information which contributes to the identification and apprehension of dangerous criminals. It is a tribute to all loyal and dedicated law enforce• ment officers that cooperation in the profession is a working reality. Typical of the FBI's efforts in this regard is the mob and riot control demonstration held recently at Fort Belvoir, Va. In cooperation with the U.S. Army, the FBI ational Acad• emy arranged for some 600 police officers, representing over 270 differ• ent police agencies, to view the latest techniques in riot and mob control as practiced by the Army and the Army National Guard. Police officers in training at the FBI Academy and several hundred military officers personnel also witnessed the reparatLon•

h Training

event. The demonstration, sponsored by Maj. Gen. Carl C. Turner, the Marshal General, U.S. Army, staged by approximately 250 troops of the 503d Military Police Battalion, Fort Bragg, N.C., who en• gaged some 300 "rioters" of the 91st Engineer Battalion from Fort Belvoir. The day's program was divided into three parts. The first portion was a display and a discussion of the prin• ciples, techniques, formations, and equipment used by the military in controlling civil disorders. The second phase included the description and a demonstration of current, develop• mental, and experimental chemical riot-control munitions and delivery systems. The program was concluded with graphic examples of the various stages of riots and disorders encount• ered by police and military troops and the most effective means of meeting and overcoming these situations. The demonstration at Fort Belvoir was another in a long list of coop• erative efforts by the FBI to assist State and local police agencies in themselves to handle prob• arising from our complex society. A surging mob, running and looting, is often more than a single enforcement agency can cope with, particularly if its members are untrained in mob control.

Early in the 1950's, the FBI began a series of 553 special civil rights · ing schools which covered such vital enforcement issues as arrest, searches and seizures, the U.S. Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and other matters having a direct bearing on civil rights. In a Presidential directive charged the FBI with the responsibility of making riot control training available to law en:tof'celmenJ officers throughout the country.

The timely application of tear gas breaks up organized deflance and may preclude further October 1, 1964, through July 30, violence. 1967, the FBI furnished training as· sistance in mob and riot control to over 70,000 police officers in 1,833 police training schools across the Nation. In the FBI pub· lished an 88.page training booklet en· titled "Prevention and Control of Mobs and Riots." This booklet was revised and brought up to date in , and nearly 60,000 copies have been disseminated. The publica. tion is restricted to duly authorized law enforcement officers. Within the scope of its authority and without infringing on the juris· diction of State and local law enforce· ment, the FBI will continue to give all possible assistance in mob and riol control training. The FBI will also continue to provide its full coopera· tive services in the fight against crime and disorder on all levels. Coopera. tion, preparation, and training vital to effective law enforcement.

16 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Some 600 police officers, representing more than 270 different police agencies, and several hundred military officers and personnel filled the reviewing stands for the riot and mob control demonstration. ~ Under certain conditions, a shield, such as the one below made of Dense smoke and flames add to the hazardous conditions under which heavy gage barbed wire and other metallic wiring and screening, police officers and military forces must work to round up helps to protect troops or officers and vehicles from thrown missiles. and looters.

December 1967 17 "Every moment of every day, somewhere in the United States, a law enforcement officer is faced with the problem of search and seizure. He is anxious to obey the rules that circumscribe his conduct in this field. It is the duty of this Court to lay down those rules with such clarity and understanding that he may be able to follow them." Chapman v. U.S., 365 U.S. 610, 622 (1961) (Clark, J., dissenting). Search

VII. Abandonment (1958); Hawley v. Commonwealth, 144 S.E. 2d 314 (Va. 1965). Unfor• of The central concern of the fourth tunately, this approach offers the amendment is to protect the privacy police officer little guidance for the and sanctity of one's property against future, particularly where, as in most arbitrary intrusion by officers of the cases, the court states its opinion in state. Should the party intentionally conclusory fashion, without abandon or discard the property, how• ing the bases for its decision. For ever, he relinquishes any such inter• reason, it is often difficult to apply ests therein and cannot later complain the concept in a given situation with Motor of a taking by the police or of its use any real assurance that it will be ac• against him in court. Fegeur v. U.S., ceptable to a reviewing court. 302 F. 2d 214, 250, cert. denied, 371 In a typical case, the occupant of a U.S. 872 (1962) (rented room vehicle furtively drops contraband to abandoned); Tiffany, Mcintyre, and the street on the approach of a police• Rotenberg, Detection of Crime 175 man, Murgia v. U.S., 285 F. 2d 14 (1967). Under these circumstances, it (1960); Lopez v. U.S., 370 F. 2d 8 is said, there is neither a search nor (1966) (by implication) ; Leev. U.S., a seizure, and the police are free, with• 221 F. 2d 291954) ; U.S. v. Copeland, Vehicles out more, to take the property into 263 F. Supp. 976 (1967); Jackson v. custody. Hester v. U.S., 265 U.S. 57, U.S., 301 F. 2d 515, cert. denied, 369 58 (1924); Trujillo v. U.S., 294 F. U.S. 859 (1962), or throws in• 2d 583 (1961); Burton v. U.S., 272 criminating evidence from a vehi.cle F. 2d 473 (1959), cert. denied, 362 when pursued by pulice officers, Stack U.S. 951 (1960); U.S. v. Zimple, 318 F. 2d 676, 678 (1963). See cases cited v. U.S., 368 F. 2d 788 (1966) ; Haerr v. U.S., 240 F 2d 533 (1957). Al• This is the 10th and concluding below. article in a series discussing the Fed• It is generally stated that abandon• though the party might not intend to rid himself permanently of the prop• eral law 011 search 0/ motor vehicles. ment is largely a question of intent that must be determined from the facts erty-indeed, he may well wish to re• and circumstances of the case. U.S. turn later to recover the narcotics he v. Minker, 312 F. 2d 632 (1962), has discarded by the roadside-it is cert. denied, 372 U.S. 953 (1963); sufficient for abandonment purp U.S. v. Wheeler, 161 F. Supp. 193, 198 that he has temporarily parted

18 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin I""'"'''''''VU of the item. The property to be compared to an open field ... don" his automobile to avoid arrest now be taken into custody by the or a vacated hotel room." Accord, or detection. See People v. Smith, 409 officer, examined, retained, and used People v. Adorno, 37 Misc. 2d 36, 234 P. 2d 222, 237 (Calif. 1966), anal• as evidence if it bears on the case. N.Y.S. 2d 674 (1962) (contraband ogizing circumstances in Abel v. U.S., This is so even though he is not able dropped to floor of cab is not aban• 362 U.S. 217 (1960), with abandon• immediately to identify the object as doned) . ment of rented automobile; Hawley v. an item that offends the law, since it This does not mean, of course, that Commonwealth, supra. The legal con• is neither a search nor a seizure to an officer is powerless to act once the sequences in each case are the same. pick up abandoned property. Hester property is taken out of the abandon• The car may be recovered by the po· v. U.S., supra; Abel v. U.S., 362 U.S. ment category. It means simply that lice, examined thoroughly without a 217 (1960); Vincent v. U.S., 337 F. retrieval of the item by the police must warrant, and retained for use as evi· 2d 891, 897 (1964) ; Murgia v. U.S., now satisfy the reasonableness re• dence against the accused. Since the supra; U.S. v. Zimple, supra; Trujillo quirements that the fourth amend• fourth amendment concerns are inap• v. U.S., supra; Burton v. U.S., supra; ment applies to seizures generally. If plicable, there are no limitations on Haerr v. U.S., 240 F. 2d 533, 535 the item is identifiable on sight as the the scope, intensity, or objectives of (1957) ; Lee v. U.S., supra; Hender• fruit, instrumentality, contraband, or this examination. son v. Warden, Peniten• evidence of a known offense, it can be Because the courts have had rela• tiary, 248 F. Supp. 917 (1965) . seized without a warrant or a sup· tively few opportunities to examine Of course, the doctrine is not with• porting arrest. The law does not pre• the doctrine in this context, no clear out its limitations. First, it cannot be vent an officer who is lawfully present guidelines have emerged from the case applied to property that has been dis• from seizing evidence of a crime-or law. However, several factors have carded in response to some unlawful property which he has good reason to been recognized as bearing on the act by a police officer. If the defense believe is evidence of a crime-lying abandonment issue. Chief among can show, for example, that the item in open view on a suspect's premises. these is the sudden flight of a sus· was thrown away in the course of an Ellison v. U.S., 206 F. 2d 476, 478 picious motorist from a vehicle on arrest of the defendant or an (1953). See People v. Adorno, supra sighting the police, particularly where I search of his person or vehi• (since police committed an unlaw• the occupant deserts the car while cle, any evidence "come at by the ex• ful trespass by opening the door of the under "hot pursuit." People v. Harper, ploitation of [the] . . . illegality" taxicab without sufficient cause, prior 185 N.E. 2d 865 (Ill. 1962). Situa· will be suppressed. Wong Sun V. U.S., to discovery of two glassine envelopes tions of this type can be likened to the 371 U.S. 471 (1963) ; U.S. v. Merritt, containing heroin that a passenger "throwaway" cases in that the sus• 293 F. 2d 742 (1961); Hobson v. had dropped to the floor of the vehicle, pect's conduct seems clearly to evi· U.S., 226 F. 2d 890, 893-894 (1955) ; the motion to suppress such evidence dence an intent to discard the prop· U.S. v. Festa, 192 F. Supp. 160 was granted) . Furthermore, the very erty (in this case, his vehicle) to (1960) . act of throwing away the item will avoid detection or arrest. In Caldwell Second, there can be no abandon· often provide the added element of v. U.S., 338 F. 2d 385 (1964), the de• ment in the legal sense unless the probable cause necessary to support fendant, fleeing from a bank after property is thrown to the street or an arrest of the suspect and an in• robbing a teller, was pursued by bank onto some other area outside the pro• cidental search of his person and sur• guards who saw him enter a nearby tections of the fourth amendment. roundings. Thus the officer may arrest vehicle. They continued the pursuit Work v. U.S., 243 F. 2d 660, 662 the defendant and recover the article, and, as the court put it, found "the (1957) ; Hobson v. U.S., supra. Thus or he may choose to recover the article robber's abandoned car three blocks the rule is inapplicable to evidence first. In either case, a legitimate seiz• away." The keys were in the ignition dropped within the defendant's vehi• ure has been effected. and an overcoat "was partly inside cle or in any place in which he enjoys Police officers, and the courts as and partly outside the closed door." a constitutional right of privacy. As well, often fail to realize that the An FBI Agent who arrived at the the Supreme Court said in Rios v. abandonment theory applies to any scene 30 minutes later removed the U.S., 364 U.S. 253 (1960), "A passen• property in the possession of a sus• coat, searched the vehicle, and trans• ger who lets a package drop to the peoted motorist, including the vehicle ferred it to a Government garage. floor of the taxicah in which he is rid• itself. As a suspect may rid himself Subsequent investigation disclosed can hardly be said to have aban• of incriminating articles in his pos· that the automobile was registered to it. An occupied taxicab is not session so may he "discard" or "aban• the defendant. In sustaining the re•

December 1967 19 trieval of the coat and its admission 456 (194.8). See the following cases ficers to believe the automobile into evidence against the defendanl, in which the abandonment rule was been abandoned. Croker v_ State, the court held that there had been applied to allow the examination of S.E. 2d 294 (Ga. 1966). And in Haw• neither a search nor a seizure since a "getaway" car found in the course ley v. Commonwealth, 144 S.E. 2d 314 "the overcoat . . . was found aban· of a fresh investigation: People v. (Va. 1965), abandonment was estab• doned in a public place ...." Harper, 185 N.E. 2d 865 (Ill. 1962) ; lished when it was shown that at no As an alternative ground, the court People v. Moore, 220 N.E. 2d 443 time during the 5 months since the indicated that "[t] he expediency of (Ill. 1966) (semble); People v. defendant fled from the vehicle did the events following the crime justified Smith, 409 P. 2d 222, 236-237 (Calif. he attempt to retrieve the car or to the investigating officer's confiscation 1966); Hiet v. U.S., 372 F. 2d 911 find out whether it had been muved of the felon'.s clothing and car in order (1967); People v. Miller, 53 Cal. from the place where he had left it. to swiftly determine his identity and Rptr. 720, 738 (Calif. 1966) But unless a car has been parked in thereby effectuate his capture before (semble) ; Bayless v. U.S., 200 F. 2d an area for a substantial period of he could make good his escape or 113 (1952). [Note also that the search time, as in Hawley, other supporting destroy other evidence of the crime." of an abandoned car may be sup• factors may be necessary. A New A similar emphasis on exigent or ported, in the alternative, under the York Court, for example, ruled that compelling circumstances can be Carroll rule, Pegram v. U.S., 267 F. the mere presence of an automobile at found in other abandonment cases. 2d 781 (1959); Harman v. U.S., 210 a specified location for 2 days does In fact, it is often unclear whether F. 2d 58 (1954); U.S. v. O'Leary, not constitute abandonment. People examination of the car is sustained on 201 F. Supp. 926 (1962); State v. v. lames, 46 Misc. 2d 138,259 N.Y.S. abandonment principles or a broad Banks, 144 S.E. 2d 661 (N.C. 1965) 2d 241 (1965) . application of the exceptional circum· (by implication); or as a search in• stances rule. See, e.g., People v. cident to arrest, provided the arrest IX_ Border Searches Grub, 408 P. 2d 100, 104 (Calif. is made in close proximity to the 1965) ; Murray v. U.S., 351 F. 2d 330 vehicle. See earlier discussion, VII. Searches conducted at the . (1965) (officers investigating a bank Search Incident to Arrest, A.] tional boundaries of the United burglary acted reasonably in search• Finally, in the absence of sudden are unique in the sense that they are ing a vehicle parked nearby where it flight or compelling circumstances, the not dependent upon a showing of was shown that the car had not been courts often find that there has been probable cause. Statutory authority in parked there 2 hours before, and they an abandonment in law by looking to immigration and customs laws spe• found the engine warm and saw keys such factors as the condition of the cifically empowers Federal border on the floor); People v. Moore, 220 vehicle, its location, and the length of officials, on suspicion alone, to search N.E. 2d 443 (Ill. 1966) (semble). But time it has remained there. Thu , in persons, vehicles, and effects entering regardless of the precise legal ration• one case, a stolen vehicle was char• the country. 19 U.S.C., sec. 482 ale involved, it is difficult to fault the acterized as abandoned when it was (1964) (search of vehicles or per• result. In these circumstances it seems found mired on a little-used side road. sons), 19 U.S.C., sec. 1581 (a) not only reasonable but imperative U.S. v. Angel, 201 F. 2d 531 (1953). (1964) (enabling customs agents to that an immediate search be made to See, also, McIntosh v. U.S., 341 F. 2d board and search vessels or vehicles) ; determine the possible identity of the 448 (1965) (by implication) (defend• 19 U.S.C., sec. 1582 (search of per· escaping felon and to recover evidence ant left stolen truck following acci• sons and baggage); 8 U.S.C., sec. or contraband that is threatened with dent). In another, a court sustained 1357(a) (3) (1964) (immigration removal or destruction. Cf. Warden, the examination of a car that had been officers can search for aliens "within Maryland Penitentiary v. Hayden, parked on the wrong side of the road a reasonable distance from any ex• 387 U .. 294 (1967) (sustaining war• protruding onto the traveled portion ternal boundary of the United rantless search of premises for "a man of a highway. People v. Grub, 408 P. States"). No supporting arrest, search or the money" where officers were in 2d 100 (Calif. 1965). Similarly, when warrant, or con ent is required. pursuit of armed robber); lohnson an automobile was found by officers Rodriguez-Gonzalez v. U.S., 378 F. v. U.S., 333 U.S. 10, 14-15 (194.8) at midnight, with license tags indicat• 2d 256 (1967) ; Thomas v. U.S., 372 (dictum suggesting rule might apply ing that its owner lived 70 miles from F. 2d 252, 254 (1967) ; Alexander v. to allow entry where there is threat of the place it was parked, and residents U.S., 362 F. 2d 379, 382 (1966), and destruction or removal of evidence) ; questioned did not recognize the cases cited therein; Valadez v. U McDonald v. U.S., 335 U.S. 451, 454, vehicle, it was reasonable for the of• 358 F. 2d 721, 722 (1966) (

20 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ); Mansfield v. U.S., 308 F. Previous installments concerning limitations on the use of 221, 222 (1962) ; Denton v. U.S., search warrants and the contemporaneous requirement of the 310 F. 2d 129, 132 (1962). This is incidental search rule noted that several current decisions have not to say that border searches are sustained the warrantless search of a vehicle used as the place totally exempt from the requirements for committing a crime or as a specific tool or instrument for of the fourth amendment, only that the commission of a crime. State v. Anderson, 148 N.W. 2d 414 they need not meet the usual standard (Iowa, 1967); Abrams v. State, 154 S.E. 2d 443 (Ga. 1967); of probable cause for believing that a Trotter v. Stephens, 241 F. Supp. 33, aff'd Harris v. Stephens, traveler is carrying contraband or 361 F. 2d 888 (1966). See also, People v. Webb, 424 P. 2d 342, illegal merchandise. Tlwmas v. U.S., f.n. 3 (Calif. 1967); People v. Miller, 53 Cal. Rptr. 720, 738• supra; Henderson v. U.S., - F. 2d• 739 (1966); U.S. v. Doyle, 373 F. 2d 543 (1967). A recent (9th Circuit, decided July 7, 1967); opinion by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit Marsh v. U.S., 344 F. 2d 317, 324 lends support to those decisions. In Weaver v. Warden, - (1965) . F. 2d - (7th Cir., decided July 27, 1967) 1 Cr L. 2274, the This broad and extraordinary grant defendant was arrested for the rape of a young girl. En route of authority is based on the paramount to the police station he walked past the automobile in which the necessity of national self.protection. attack occurred, stopped at the vehicle, and took his coat from Carroll v. U.S., 267 U.S. 132, 153• it. The car was under police guard at that time. "Although the 154 (1925); Cross v. Harrison, 57 defendant gave no consent to the removal of his car to the city U.S. (16 How.) 164, 166 (1853); police garage and was shown no evidence of a warrant for the Lee v. U.S., 14 F. 2d 400, 404 (1926), seizure of the automobile, the vehicle was taken into police rev'd on other grounds, 274 U.S. 559 custody and examined by technicians. A blood-stained seat (1927). The courts have long acknowl• cover, blood stains from the dash panel from the front seat edged that greater latitude must be were removed and used in evidence at the criminal trial." In a prrnit:t..n border searches if the illicit habeas corpus proceeding, the Federal district court held the of aliens, contraband, and duti• search illegal since it was not made contemporaneously with items is to be effectively con• the arrest. The court of appeals disagreed and remanded the trolled. Landau v. United States At• case for denial on the petition for habeas corpus. In support of torney, 82 F. 2d 285, 286, cert. denied, the ruling, the court said: 298 U.S. 665 (1936) (border searches "In the case before us, Detective Garner saw the blood• are of "the broadest possible char• stained interior of the automobile as he came by the petitioner acter") ; Kelly v. U.S., 197 F. 2d 162 who had just been arrested and who was getting his coat out of (1952); Cervantes v. U.S., 263 F. the car. As the petit{oner said, the automobile was already in 2d 800 (1959); Witt v. U.S., 287 F. effect in custody of the watching motorcycle policeman. They 2d 389 (1961), cert. denied, 366 U.S. were not isolated, later-discovered items which were seized, but 950; King v. U.S., 348 F. 2d 814, 818, the entire automobile itself at the scene of the crime for which cert. denied, 382 U.S. 926 (1965); the petitioner was being arrested. Marsh v. U.S., supra; Thomas v. U.S., "There is no reason why the prosecutor could not have intro• 372 F. 2d 252 (1967); Morales v. duced the entire automobile in evidence. The automobile was U.S., 378 F. 2d 187 (1967) ; Hender• dismantled purely as a matter of convenience. The petitioner son v. U.S., supra, ("the mere fact had been arrested and his automobile had been seized in the that a person is crossing the border same general transaction." is sufficient cause for a search") ; U.S. The court's reference to the fact that the automobile could v. McGlone, 266 F. Supp. 673 (1967). have been dismantled and introduced in evidence against the In support of these measures, it has accused is reminiscent of the language used by Justice Black in been pointed out that the first statute Cooper v. California, 368 U.S. 58 (1967), discussed in VII. empowering customs agents to search Search Incident to Arrest, D. There, the Supreme Court sus• for taxable goods on suspicion was tained the search of a vehicle 8 days after the arrest of the passed by the same Congress that driver and the impounding of his automobile, placing particular "submitted for adoption the original emphasis on the fact that the car was held as evidence. In ts to the Constitution." It Cooper the vehicle was seized under a State statute providing for (Continued on next page) (Continued on next page)

De cember 1967 21 (Continued from previous page) court emphasized that the search the (or(eiture o( vehicles used in the transportation o( nar• been conducted within a H:;"::>UU<1.U1C cotics. In Weaver the car was seized incident to the arrest o( time and distance of the crossing and, the defendant, presumably as an instrumentality o( the crime further, that the vehicle had been o( rape. The common denominator in both cases is that the under almost continuous surveillance automobile was seized and held as evidence (or use in a later from the point of entry until it was proceeding. This is to be distinguished (rom situations where stopped and searched. Thus, there "is the police take possession o( a car solely (or custodial purposes no reason to believe that there is any or, as Justice Black put it, (or the convenience o( the driver. change in condition of such per:!On or In the latter event a warrantless search o( the vehicle, made vehicle from that at the border so that without consent and conducted at a place remote in time and whatever such vehicle contains ~r place (rom the arrest, will be invalid. PresIon v. V.S., 376 U.S. such person possesses at the time the 364 (1964). See also, Slale v. Darwin, 230 A. 2d 573 (Conn. search is made is the same as it was 1967), holding that an automobile can be seized under a war• at the border. . . ." rant as having been used in a murder and authorizing the search The decisions support the sugges• o( the car as to aU integral parts or components o( that auto• tion in King that continued surveil• mobile, including dust, scratches, dents, stains, or mud on the lance of a car can be one of the critical body or chassis o( the vehicle. circumstances in bringing a search within the broad "border" concept, particularly if the search is made at a time and place remote from the point of entry. By maintaining a constant watch over a vehicle, an officer can (Continued from previous page) country would be subjected "to almost often provide convincing evidence would appear, therefore, that "the unlimited arrest and search without that any contraband found in it " members of that body did not regard any cause save the simple request of the time of the search was aboard searches and seizures of this kind as a border officer to one at an interior vehicle at the time of entry into 'unreasonable . ...'" Boyd v. U.S., point." Thomas v. U.S., 372 F. 2d jurdisdiction of the United States." 116 U.S. 616, 623 (1886) ; Carroll v. 252, 254 (1967). Ibid. U.S., 267 U.S. 132, 154 (1925) ; See, Whether a search falls within the This proved to be a persuasive Comment, 115 U. Pa. 1. Rev. 276 "border" category is determined from factor in Rodriguez-Gonzalez v. U.S., (1966). the total circumstances of the case, 378 F. 2d 256 (1967), where the The difficulty lies not with the con· including the distance between the inth Circuit Court of Appeals sus• stitutionality of the doctrine but with border and the place of search, the tained a search made some 15 mile the establishment of some practical time elapsed between the crossing and and 20 hours after the crossing oc• definition of the term "border." It the search, and perhaps equally im· curred. In that case an informant seems clear that a border search is portant, any factors that would indi• supplied customs officers with three not limited to the precise moment a cate the condition of the vehicle had license numbers, each of which was traveler i in the physical act of cross· remained unchanged since the cross· registered to a known narcotics ing the international boundary line. ing. In King v. U.S., 348 F. 2d 814 dealer. He stated that a vehicle bear• Morales v. U.S., 378 F. 2d 187 (1965), custom agents acting on in· ing one of these numbers and carrying (1967) ; Murgia v. U.S., 285 F. 2d 14 formation from an informant followed marihuana would cross the border (1960), cert. denied, 366 .S. 977 the appellant's car after it crossed into the United States at a designated (1961); U.S. v. Rodriguez, 195 F. the border. The vehicle was stopped entry point. The officers observed a Supp. 513, 516 (1960), aH'd 292 F. and searched 8 miles beyond the car with one of these numbers enter 2d 709 (1961); Thomas v. U.S., boundary line, and drugs were seized the country, driven by a male occu• infra. But there must come a point at from a secret compartment in the pant (not the defendant) and a which entry into the United tates is trunk. In sustaining the conviction, the female companion. The car was fol• complete, when a earch of the per· court of appeals agreed with the trial lowed to San Diego, Calif., where it son or hi conveyance is governed by court that this wa a border search was parked on a public parking lot. the usual standard of reasonablenes . and as such was not dependent upon At this point the two occupants Otherwise, those who have entered the probable cause for its validity. The parted the vehicle. On the

22 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin the defendant entered the car and Finally, greater leeway in defining alien coming in from Mexico, he was toward Los Angeles, but he the "point of entry" has also been directed to pull over to the side of the was stopped by the customs officers allowed where a search was conducted road for further questioning. As one several miles from the parking lot. at a regular checkpoint which "of of the officers approached the auto• A search of the vehicle disclosed necessity, [was] somewhat removed mobile, he detected what he thought marihuana in the door panels. In af• from the border," Ramirez V. U.S., to be the odor of marihuana coming firming the conviction, the court 263 F. 2d 385 (1959), and where it from under the hood of the vehicle. held it was not necessary to decide was made so near the boundary line When he' opened the hood, he dis• whether the officers had probable that it was reasonably olear that the covered five packages of marihuana cause to stop and search the car since car had come from the border. Kelly wrapped in brown paper. In affirming the search was a valid "border V. U.S., 197 F. 2d 162 (1952). These the conviction for possession of nar• search." The manner and extent of same guidelines are applicable to cotics, the court ruled that establish· the surveillance, the court said, ex• routine stops by immigration officers ment of the check point at that site clude the possibility that the mario checking for illegal aliens. While the was neither arbitrary nor capricious, huana had been placed in the vehicle statute allows this authority to be ex• citing the following facts introduced after it entered the country. "From ercised within "a reasonable distance" by the Government: (1) Highway 101 the time the car in question crossed of the border, it has been limited by is one of two main arteries connecting the international border at San Ysidro administrative regulation to 100 air Los Angeles with the Mexican border; until it was stopped a few miles north miles of any external boundary. (2) the large Mexican population of of San Diego, it was under constant 8 CFR, sec. 287.l. Los Angeles naturally attracts Mexi• surveillance by a team of officers. Of course, the courts will still look can aliens.; (3) Tijuana, which was Nothing occurred during that period to the general circumstances of each the apparent point of entry, is a center of time which would suggest the mari• case in deciding whether an officer's of aliens of any nationality seeking to huana (hidden behind the door panel with screws) might have placed in the car after it crossed border." "We think it also important in this process of defining the As a practical matter, of course, permissilJle bounds of searches and seizures to make clear keeping a constant watch over a sus• what we believe to be correct police procedure, as tfJe have not pect's vehicle is not always possible, hesitated to condemn it when wrong. ... The tools the police particularly where the surveillance most need and deserve to cope with this emergency are guide• must be maintained through heavily line decisions from the courts telling them what is right as tfJell populated areas. But the key consider• as what is wrong with their procedure so that they may get on ation in each case is not whether with their job intelligently." Timbers, J., U.S. v. Thompson, there has been a continued and unin• 356 F. 2d 216, 221 (2d Cir. 1965). terrupted surveillance but whether it can be established with reasonable certainty that there was no "change of condition of the auto from the time conduct falls within the rubric of enter the United States illegally; (4) it crossed the border until it was "border search." Thus, in Fernandez the stops were conducted with a mini• stopped." King V. U.S., 348 F. 2d 814 V. U.S., 321 F. 2d 283 (1963), the mum delay to the motorists, often (1965). Rodriguez-Gonzalez V. U.S., appellant was stopped by immigra· amounting to 30 seconds or less, and 378 F. 2d 256 (1967); Alexander V. tion officers at a roadblock located 60 the intrusion was reduced even further U.S., 362 F. 2d 379 (1967). Thus, to 70 miles north of the Mexican when traffic conditions were heavy; the mere fact that the car was "mo• border on Route 101, a main highway (5) the checkpoint had been in opera• mentarily out of sight of all the in California. The officers were stop• tion for 31 years and had been suc· officers," Weeks V. U.S., 356 F. 2d ping cars in a random manner to de· cessful in uncovering many aliens il• 470 (1966), or was "lost from view tect aliens who had illegally entered legally entering the United States. for a brief period" does not alter the the country, and they had no reason Compare with Marsh V. U.S., 344 F. character of the search as a "border to suspect that the occupants of ap• 2d 317 (1965) (invalidating search " Alexander V. U.S., 362 F. 2d pellant's vehicle had violated the law. 63 miles from border); Plazola V. 382. After Fernandez advised he was an U.S., 291 F. 2d 56 (1961) (search 50

1967 23 ship status of the occupants or search the vehicle for illegal aliens, an "The authors of tILe Fourth Amendment have been spared officer has no authority to examine a the ordeal of living in u highly motorized 20th Century, but paper sack lying on the front seat of they, as men not given to ordf>ring the affairs of life by abso• the vehicle. Contreras v. U.S., 291 F. lutes, would surely have recognized some of its pracli"ul neces• 2d 63 (1961); U.S. v. Hortze, 179 F. sities." Bowling v. U.S., 320 F. 2d 1002, 1005 (1965) (Mc• Supp. 913 (1959) (cigarette package Gowan, J., dissenting view). cannot possibly contain an alien). But where, as in Fernandez, an officer dis• covers the drugs through the use of his senses, without a trespass and dur• to 60 miles from border unlawful). individual. Consequently, a thorough ing the course of a legitimate stop, he An additional question raised in and comprehensive examination into has sufficient cause to arrest the ap• Fernandez concerned the legality of all such areas would be reasonable. pellant and conduct an incidental the search conducted after the car [But, as to searches of body cavities, search of his vehicle. was stopped. While the right to "there must be a clear indication of search under the customs and im• the possession of narcotics" or a plain migration laws is unlimited in that suggestion of the smuggling which This concludes the series on it need not ground on probable must be over and beyond "a mere sus• "Search of Motor Vehicles." We cause, the scope and intensity of picion_" Henderson v. U.S., - F. 2d suggest the officer who has read that search must be consistent with - (2d Cir., decided July 7, 1967)]. the series once may desire to read it again, this time paying the purposes of the statute. This A search for immigration purposes, special attention to what he can limitation is less restrictive in a cus• on the other hand, is somewhat more do under the law in making a toms search where the objective is to limited for the obvious reason that it search of a motor vehicle. While find dutiable goods or contraband, is more difficult to conceal a person there may appear to be nu since these items can often be secreted than it is to hide contraband or tax• restrictions, the officer's to search motor vehicles, in small recesses of the vehicle and able items. Thus, if the sole reason certain basic precautions are met. even within the body cavities of the for a stop is to determine the citizen• is quite broad.

/ tL UJ...')) ~---t:::au J D }1-~ , • {c.<-r h WIL~ S -r'U.l.-Jru..~~ ['~~ PLJ SHORT STOP the robbery, the suspect gave the cap• REPRINI'S tain the toy gun he had used in the Reprints of the ('omplete series Dressed in shorts on his day off, the holdup and the $1,350 he had taken. of articles on "Search of :lfotor police captain had just taken his son He was turned over to the FBI for Vehicles" will be available in to the airport for a return trip to Viet• prosecution in Federal district court. limited quantities free of chargt' nam. As he approached the city limits, in the near futurt'. Requt'sts for he heard a broadcast on the police cOllies should be directed to the Director, Fcdt'ral Bureau of In• radio receiver in his car. A robbery vestigation, U.S. Department of had been committed in a savings and CURB­SIDE WARNING Justi('e, Washington, D.C. 20535. loan association, and the perpetrator Stickers affixed to parking meters was described as tall and thin with a in one eastern city are reminding heavy and drooping mustache. motorists to remove keys and lock Simultaneously, the captain ob• cars. served a man fitting the description pass him in an automobile. Since no The top half of the sticker has a red A prisoner being returned to camp information was being broadcast con• background with the words "Prevent from an outside work detail appeared cerning the getaway car, the captain Theft" in white letters. The bottom to have a case of mumps. Examina· stopped the suspect on the basis of half has a white background with the tion of the man showed he had con• the physical description, particularly words "Remove Keys and Lock Car" cealed 13 inches of Vs-inch chain his drooping mustache. Admitting in red letters . his mouth.

.<.JI~ ,t )J'-~ LV c~,,~dJ.t 24 tj111; FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin J'~t~. III:, -.t/)Cff" 3,. POLICE FACILITY (Continued from page 13) second-story building expansion is three walls and a roof. The two· story reinforced concrete building contains 23,800 square feet of space placed on a 60,700 square foot site. Net cost to the city for the building and equipment, excluding site acquisition, was $674,027. With its many added features, the project was still constructed within prevailing square foot building costs for a police facility. The end result is a facility which will improve efficiency and law enforcement in Culver City and, at the same time, reduce the cost of this The communications center contains the latest systems and features a status board map (upper service. left! for immediate visual evaluation of available police personnel.

b5- icJCjt ­ ) iJJL,;{ ;... V'l.u;~ r;3 ib At'&3- -f'.;>?t '-.2, 0~ =f/{'3- '.Jfl6~)5 proached with the same proposition. CHECK LOSSES STEMMED However, in this instance he was 66·year.old pensioner in a mid· asked to show good faith since the To offset the possibility of losses city was approached by an new job involved a high degree of through fictitious checking accounts, a unknown woman who inquired if he midwestern bank has set up a depart- trust. He was requested to furnish would be interested in a part·time job ment entitled "Loss Prevention Bu- references, one of which would be his as a janitor at a local bank. He would reau" by which all new accounts are bank savings passbook. have to work only 2 hours a day, and spot checked. his pay would be $50 a week. But in He too received a new pair of Just as new loan applications ini· order to get the job, he would have to shoes while another person took his tiate credit inquiries on the person maintain an account in this bank. passbook to the bank and presented seeking a loan, a new checking ac- The offer was too tempting to pass it with a check for $2,000 which was count requires a credit check of the up, so the elderly gentleman with· cashed. person seeking to open the account. drew his life savings of $2,400 from The inquiry determines the follow- another bank to deposit it in the one ing points: specified by the woman. On the way 1. True identity of the new cus- to the bank, the woman told him he tomer. should have a new pair of shoes be· 2. Length of residence at indicated fore starting the job. They went into Thieves played such havoc stealing address. a store and she bought him the shoes. 3. Verification of employment. from parking meters in one city that Before entering the bank, the 4. Credit rating. the local police took special measures woman told the man that perhaps she If discrepancies are found, a flag is to halt the crooks. The police in· should carry the envelope containing placed on the account for 30 days and serted a flare behind the coin drop of the money, since she was bonded. As the account activity is closely followed they entered the bank, the woman dis· some of the parking meters. When by the Loss Prevention Bureau and by appeared, and the old gentleman was the coinbox was removed, the flare the bookkeeping department. left standing in the lobby-with a emitted a large flame. During the first 2 weeks of ­the ex· new pair of shoes that cost him $2,400. As it happened, a thief selected a istence of the Bureau, it uncovered 8\ similar incident occurred in a meter containing a flare. Right away schemes which saved the bank some .thern city when a man was ap· the raids on parking meters ceased. $15,000.

December 1967 2S INDEX Articles Published in the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin January Through December J967

ADDRESSES Preston, England, , vol. 36, FBI NATIONAL ACADEMY No. 10, p. 12. Address by Hon. James S. Copley, Chair- Responsibility in Radio·TV News Coverage, FBI National Academy Graduates 79th Ses- man of the Corporation, The Copley Press, by Chet Casselman, Director, News and sion, , vol. 36, No.8, p. 2. Inc., La Jolla, Calif., August 1967, vol. Public Affairs, Radio Station KSFO, San ew Communications Will Improve Law 36, No.8, p. 6. Francisco, Calif., , vol. 36, No. Enforcement, , vol. 36, No. Address by Hon. Leonard H. Goldenson, 6, p. 12. 1, p. 6. President, American Broadcasting Cos., FIREARMS TRAINING Inc., January 1967, vol. 36, No.1, p. 8. CRIME PREVENTION Address by Hon. James B. Parsons, Judge, Handgun Cartridge Tests, by John J. U.S. District Court, Northern District of Indianapolis Crime Alert, by Daniel T. Heidtke, West Covina, Calif., Police De- , Chicago, Ill., August 1967, vol. Veza, Chief of Police, Indianapolis, Ind., partment, , vol. 36, No.2, 36, No.8, p. 3. December 1967, vol. 36, No. 12, p. 9. p.2. Address by Mr. Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., Janu- Let's Win the Race Against Crime, by ary 1967, vol. 36, No.1, p. 10. Hon. John E. Davis, National Commander, IDE TIFICATION Policemen Must Not Strike, by Paul The American Legion, Indianapolis, Ind., Harvey, January 1967, vol. 36, No.1, , vol. 36, No.3, p. 7. Fingerprint Records for the Small Depart- p. 11. ment, by Francis D. Taelour, Chief of CRIME PROBLEMS Police, Elko, Nev., and Sgt. Robert Brush, COMMUNICATIONS AND RECORDS Elko, ev., Police Department, Septem- Cattle Rustling, by William G. Cheney, ber 1967, vol. 36, o. 9, p. 9. Metropol, by T. Owen Smith, Chief Executive Officer, Montana Livestock Miami Police Inaugurate Video Iden of Police, College Park, Ga., March 1967, Commission, Helena, Mont., February tion, by Charles B. Schildecker, vol. 36, No.3, p. 10. 1967, vol. 36, o. 2, p. 17. man, Police Science and Criminology, Disposition Data Needed for Complete Ar- A Look at Bank Robbery Statistics, by J. Mi~mi-Dade Junior College, Miami, Fla., rest Record, April 1967, vol. 36, No.4, Edgar Hoover, Director, Federal Bureau , vol. 36, No. 11, p. 14. p.25. of Investigation, April 1967, vol. 36, No. Free Emergency Telephones for Super- 4, p. II. I IVESTIGATORS' AIDS highways, by Lt. Ronald N. Kulikowsky, The Shoplifter, by Glen R. Dornfeld, Su- New York State Police, January 1967, perintendent of Protection, Dayton Com· The Silent Witness, , vol. 36, o. vol. 36, No.1, p. 2. pany Store, Minneapolis, Minn., Decem· 7, p. 17. illinois State Police Emergency Radio Net- ber 1967, vol. 36, o. 12, p. 2. work, by I. Otto Rhoades, Supervisor of Vandalism of Highway Traffic ign, by LEGAL PROBLEMS Operations, Illinois State Highway Police Capt. Fred J. Wickam, Director, Wyo- A Means To Improve Our Federal Criminal Radio, Springfield, ill., October 1967, ming Highway Patrol, Cheyenne, Wyo., Laws, by Hon. Richard H. PolI, House of vol. 36, No. 10, p. 7. April 1967, vol. 36, o. 4, p. 14. Representatives, Washington, D.C., March NCIC Progress Report, , Vandalism to Rail Shipment of ew Autos, 1967, vol. 36, No.3, p. 14. vol. 36, No.9, p. 2. by Frank L. Grubbs, Director, Special New Communications Will Improve Law ervices, Louisville and Nashville Rail· POLICE EQUIPMENT Enforcement, January 1967, vol. 36, No.1, road Co., Louisville, Ky., April 1967, vol. p.6. 36, o. 4, p. 2. Miami Police Inaugurate Video Identifica- tion, by Charles B. Schildecker, Chair- The Year of the Civil Delinquent, by Hon. man, Police Science and Criminology, COOPERATION Morris I. Leibman, Attorney, Chicago, Miami­Dade Junior College, Miami, Fla., Ill., February 1967, vol. 36, o. 2, p. 14. An American Policeman in England, by ovember 1967, vol. 36, o. 11, p. 14. Lt. Robert C. Mitchell, Multnomah FACILITIE County Department of Public Safety, POLICE MANAGEME T Portland, Oreg., July 1967, vol. 36, No.7, Award·Winning Police Facility, by Eugene Police Applicant Screening, by Capt. C. O. p.2. L. Mueller, Chief of Police, ulver City, (Jack) Stene, Commander, Detective Di- Atlanta Metropol, by T. Owen mith, Chief Calif., December 1967, vol. 36, No. 12, p. of Police, College Park, Ga., March 1967, 12. VISion, ioux Falls, S. Dak., Police De- vol. 36, No.3, p. 10. A ew Outlook With ew Facilities, by partment, August 1967, vol. 36, No.8, p. 9. An Engli h Policeman in the United States, Thoma B. Morgan, Chief of Police, Recruitment and Selection of Perso~ by Chief Inspector John P. de B. Ken· Haines City, Fla., , vol. 36, No. Part IV: Selection Procedures, Jan. nard, Lancashire Constabulary, Hutton, 5, p. 6. 1967, vol. 36, o. 1, p. 25.

26 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ljj~ -ll6 j ~ -fc2 9t-J( TRAINING Division, Utah State Department of Fish SHOPLWI'ERS HEW and Game, Salt Lake City, Utah, Feb- An Academic Approach to Police Service, ruary 1967, vol. 36, No.2, p. 9. FOR QUESTIOMNG by Lt. Francis R. Kessler, Tucson, Ariz., A Public Safety Cruiser, by Warren Dod- A new statute in the State of Police Department, May 1967, vol. 36, son, Chief of Police, Abilene, Tex., July No.5, p. 9. 1967, vol. 36, No.7, p. 12. Indiana provides that a person The Alien and Law Enforcement in the Stake­Out Teams, by Hon. Edward J. Bell, suspected of shoplifting may be Light of Trea ty Obligations, by Allyn C. Police Commissioner, , Pa., detained for a reasonable time Donaldson, Director, Office of Special April 1967, vol. 36, No.4, p. 7. for questioning without the mer- Consular Services, Departrnent of State, chant or his firm assuming any Washington, D.C., March 1967, vol. 36, PUBLIC RELATIONS No.3, p. 17. civil liability. Atlanta Metropol, by T. Owen Smith, Chief Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? by James As a result, arrests for shop- of Police, College Park, Ga., March 1967, F. Bale, Chief of Police, Whittier, Calif., lifting have risen sharply, and in vol. 36, No.3, p. 10. eptember 1967, vol. 36, No.9, p. 7. Indianapolis convictions are be- A Good Officer Is a Trained Officer, May ''I'm Ashamed of Having Been 0 Indif- 1967, vol. 36, No.5, p. 12. ing obtained in 87 percent of the ferent," Gerald W. Moore, Vice President, Holiday Weekend Di turbances, by Robert cases. In the first 8 months of H. W. Moore Equipment Co., Commerce W. Johnston, Chief of Police, Fort Lauder- City, Colo., September 1967, vol. 36, No. 1 9 6 7, merchandise recovered dale, Fla., September 1967, vol. 36, No.9, 9, p. 13. from shoplifters in this city was p. 14. Police Day in Finland, by Mrs. Eila Kanno, valued at $20,957 as compared Preparation Through Training, December Chief, Bureau of Investigation, Finnish 1967, vol. 36, No. 12, p. 14. to $9,845 during the same period Central Criminal Police, June 1967, vol. the previous year. Recreational Boating Laws and Safety Reg- 36, No.6, p. 2. ulations, June 1967, vol. 36, No.6, p. 14. "Your Friend the Policeman," August Run For Your Life, October 1967, vol. 36, 1967, vol. 36, No. 8, p. 12. No. 10, p. 2. Search of Motor Vehicles, Part I, March SCIENTIFIC AIDS 1967, vol. 36, No.3, p. 2; Part II, April A cashier in a variety store was vol. 36, No.4, p. 19; Part III, May Document Examination From a Photocopy, watching the monitor for the vol. 36, No.5, p. 14; Part IV, June February 1967, vol. 36, No.2, p. 23. store's six closed­circuit TV cam- , vol. 36, No.6, p. 21; Part V, July A Look at Codes and Ciphers, January 1967, eras when she saw a man pick up 1967, vol. 36, No.7, p. 7; Part VI, Au- vol. 36, No. I, p. 17. gust 1967, vol. 36, No. 8, p. 7; Part VII, a $2 shirt and hide it under his A Team Against Crime­Law Enforcement September 1967, vol. 36, No. 9, p. 20; jacket. She pushed a button that and the Laboratory, November 1967, Part VIII, October 1967, vol. 36, No. 10, vol. 36, No. 11, p. 3_ locked and started p. 10; Part IX, November 1967, vol. 36, alarms. No. 11, p. 19; Part X, December 1967, Typewriter Examinations, May 1967, vol. vol. 36, No. 12, p. 18. 36, No.5, p. 21. When the defendant was asked Seeing More While Looking Less, by C. in police court if he had any de- TECHNIQUES Alex Pantaleoni, Coordinator of Police fense, he replied, "I didn't realize Science, Rio Hondo Junior College, Santa I was on camera at the time." Investigation of Safe Burglaries, by Lt. Col. Fe Springs, Calif., July 1967, vol. 36, ( Warning posters are placed No.7, p. 9. Joseph Dussia, Deputy Commissioner, Pennsylvania State Police, Harrisburg, throughout the store.) He was POLICE UNITS Pa., November 1967, vol. 36, No. 11, p. 7. given 30 days in the workhouse Stake­Out Teams, by Hon. Edward J. Bell, and assessed costs for shoplifting. The Detoxification Center, .by Col. Curtis Police Commissioner, Philadelphia, Pa., Brostron, Chief of Police, St. Louis, Mo., April 1967, vol. 36, No.4, p. 7. December 1967, vol. 36, No. 12, p. 6. Does Your City Need a Mobile Field Head- TRAFFIC SAFETY quarters? by Capt. Harry C. Heyen, In- A variation of the neatly vestigative Division Commander, Fre- A Conscientious Student Traffic Safety Pro- wrapped package carried by gram, by Edward F. Cox, Fairfax County. mont, Calif., Police Department, August shoplifters into which they slip 1967, vol. 36, No.8, p. 17. Va., Police Department, May 1967, vol. stolen items is one with a large Drug Abuse Control, by John Finlator, Di- 36, No.5, p. 2. rector, Bureau of Drug Abuse Control, Drugs and Our Automotive Age, April bow. The bow has a self­adhering Food and Drug Administration, Depart- 1967, vol. 36, No.4, p_ 16. back and COvers an opening in ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, The Talking Traffic Light, by Lt. Michael the package. The bow is removed, June 1967, vol. 36, No.6, p. 6. Thomas Loftus, Officer in Charge of Youth the stolen item slipped into the & rcement of Fish and Game Laws, by Burea u, Omaha, Nebr_, Police Depart- package, and the bow quickly " olden B. Peay, Chief, Law Enforcement ment, January 1967, vol. 36, No. I, p_ 12. replaced over the opening. December 1967 27 WeighL_____ 190 to 200 pounds. Build______Heavy. Hair______Black. WANTED BY THE FBI Eyes______Brown. Complexion__ Dark. Race______White. Nationality__ American. Occupations_. Clerk, fund raiser, laborer, mail-order worker, sales- man, welder. Scars and Burn scars on left shoulder, marks. circular scar on inner left forearm, operation scar on palm of left hand, scar on back of right hand, scar on right index finger, scars on both thighs. FBI No_____ . 4,371,540. Fingerprint classification: 18 L 17 W I I 0 12 Ref: 1 M 1 ROOD 1

Notify the FBI

SHERMAN CHADWICK KAMINSKY, also known as: Anthony Ballard, Any person having information Ralph Barron, Irving Bennett, Paul Marks, Charles H. Miller, Charles N. which might assist in locating this Miller, "Chuck" Miller, Paul Russo, ,Paul A. Vargo, "Chad," "Shad," and fugitive is requested to notify im· others. mediately the Director of the Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Extortion; Conspiracy ment of Justice, Washington, 20535, or the Special Agent in Charge of the nearest FBI field office, the tele- SHERMAN CHADWICK KAMINSKY is gang members posing as law enforce· being sought by the FBI for extortion ment officers contact the victim and phone number of which appears on and conspiracy. Federal warrants for extort money from him by threatening the first page of most local directories. his arrest were issued on November exposure. 10, 1966, at New York, N.Y., and on Kaminsky has an extensive crim· , 1966, at Chicago, Ill. inal record dating back to 1945. He has been convicted of criminally reo ceiving stolen property, unlawful en· The Crime try, and attempted burglary. He has Shortly after three youths held up Kaminsky is a known member of a reputedly committed or attempted to a man and stole his wallet and car, ring of unsavory individuals who commit extortion in 25 States, the police officers spotted the car travel. allegedly extort money from homo· District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, ing over a hundred miles an ,hour. sexuals they have previously compro· , and Mexico. He appeared in When the youths ran into a sheriff's mised. The gang, reportedly traveling a New York City court on local ex· roadblock, they abandoned the car throughout the North American con· tortion charges on November 9, 1966, and ran. By this time daylight was tinent and operating in the United but disappeared during a recess. fading and it looked as if the three States for the past several years, has Kaminsky reportedly possesses sui· might get away. Suddenly, a light extorted thousands of dollars from in· cidal tendencies. appeared from the sky above and fol- dividuals from all walks of life. lowed them everywhere they ran. Their method of operation usually Description Pursuing deputies, by following the involves stealing a victim's credentials light, were able to surround and ap- Age______39, born , 1928, Bronx, prehend the youths. The light after he has been placed in a com· N.Y. promising situation by one of the HeighL_____ 5 feet 10 inches to 5 feet 11 from the sheriff's helicopter which gang members. Then two additional inches. been following the chase.

28 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin II U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1965 0­279­863 FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS

Complete thil form and retum to.

DmECTOR FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20535

(Name) (2'Ule)

(Addrees)

(Off,ll (8tate) (Zip Oode)

Capt. W. G. Tipton of the St. Peters- dows when on the point of withdraw- 3. Have you received a telephone call or burg, Fla., Police Department advises ing funds. Other individuals reported visit from a person who said he was a t, with the aid of material furnished they were saved from becoming bank examiner and needed your help in the FBI, his department has pre- victims of flimflam activity because of trapping a bank teller who is believed to pared a brochure for distribution by having read this material. have withdrawn money from your ac- count? banking institutions to their patrons. Included in the brochure are the The brochure is aimed at protecting 4. Have you encountered anyone who has following warning points: the unwary citizen from the exploits offered you money, under any circum- of confidence men. 1. Have you recently met a stranger who stance, but requested you show "good faith" by putting up some of your money? Response from the public has been showed you a large bundle of money and, excellent, Captain Tipton reports, and told you he found it and would divide it If any of these approaches have with you if you would show "good faith" bank personnel state that elderly peo- by putting up your money? been made to the customer, he is ple avoided losing more than $8,000 2. Has a stranger recently offered to bless advised not to withdraw his money, to would­be conmen because they saw your money, remove a curse, or perform but to immediately notify the bank the warning brochure at tellers' win- a ritual which will double its value? teller or nearest police officer.

law enforcement and the community. 2. To create a better understanding within A concerted effort on the part of the the community of problems facing law The courts of London are taking a enforcement. Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office is strong stand against narcotics of- being made to swing public opinion 3. To provide the layman a keener insight into police work. fenders, as illustrated by a case in and support firmly behind law en- which a 6­month sentence was given a forcement. The new forum­type pro- The program includes a presenta- man convicted for possessing LSD. gram is entitled "PEOPLE," which tion about the laws and ordinances designed to protect the community, as The criminal appealed his sentence, stands for "Public Education On well as in­depth discussions of various and when the appeal case went before Progressive Law Enforcement," and field s of specialization, such as juve- the higher appeals committee, the suitable for five weekly presenta- niles, robbery, vice, etc. All adult chairman of the committee denied his It has a threefold purpose: members of the community are en· appeal and doubled the defendant's 1. To establish a closer relationship between couraged to participate in the project. sentence from 6 months to 1 year. F~ES UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE POSTAGE AND PAID FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION WASHINGTON. D .C. 20535 OFFICIAL BUSINESS

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