THE CITY IN I II LATE IMPERIAL CHINA Contributors Edited by G. WILLIAM SKINNER Hugh D. R. Baker F.W.Mote Sen-dou Chang Kristofer M. Schipper Donald R. DeGlopper Yoshinobu Shiba Mark Elvin G. William Skinner Stephan Feuchtwang Sybille van der Sprenkel Peter J. Golas John R. Watt Tilemann Grimm Arthur F. Wright Harry J. Lamley Stanford University Press, Stanford, California 1977 STUDIES IN CHINESE SOCIETY Preface Sponsored by the Subcommittee on Research on Chinese Society of ;Iie Joint Committee on Contemporary China of the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies, ig67-68 G. WILLIAM SKINNER, Chairman MORTON H. FRIED IRENE B. TAEUBER EZRA F. V<i>GEL BRYCE WOOD, Staff Previously published in thi.s series Maurie~ Freedma:i, ed., Family and Kinship in Chinese Society John Wilson Lewis, ed., The City in Communist China W. E. Wi~ott, ed., ~c?nomic Organization in Chinese Society Mark Elvin and G. Wilham Skinner, eds., The Chinese City Between Two worlds Arthur P. Wolf, ed., Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society · Margery Wolf and Roxane Witke, eds., Women in Chinese Society In ig68-6g the Subcommittee on Research on Chinese Society-financed :· YALE by the Carnegie Corporation of New York, administered by the Social . ; Science Research Council, and overseen by the Joint Committee on Contemporary China of that Council and the American Academy of Learned Societies-devoted two of its research conferences to the Chinese city. In the wake of these conferences, the Subcommittee planned three volumes, of which this is the last to appear. The City in Communist China (edited by John Wilson Lewis) and The Chinese City Between Two Worlds (edited by Mark Elvin and myself) were pub­ lished in i971 and i974, respectively. These three volumes in tum form part of a larger series, Studies in Chinese Society, on which particulars are given opposite. Thirteen of the papers in this volume were presented in preliminary form at a conference held at Wentworth-by-the-Sea, Portsmouth, New ct./~ Hampshire, in August-September ig68. In addition to the authors of these papers-Hugh D. R. Baker, Mark Elvin, Stephan Feuchtwang, Peter J. Gplas, Tilemann Grimm, Harry J. Lamley, F. W. Mote, Kristofer cs~ M. Schipper, Yoshinobu Shiba, G. William Skinner, Sybille van der Sprenkel, John R. Watt, and Arthur F. Wright-the following China (LC) specialists attended the conference and participated in discussions rel­ evant to the volume: Kwang-chih Chang, Lawrence W. Crissman, John c {) p·~ Wilson Lewis, William L. Parish, Jr., Gilbert Rozman, Irene B. Taeuber, ) Ezra F. Vogel, Edwin A. Winckler, and Lien-sheng Yang. A full and Stanford University Press, Stanford, California cogent record of the discussion, prepared by Messrs. Parish and Rozman, © .1977 ?Y the Bo.ard of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University was placed at the disposal of the contributors to assist them in revising Printed m the Umted States of America their papers, and I have been able to draw on that record in writing ISBN 0-8047-0892-4 LC 75-184 my introductions. Charles Tilly and John Whitney Hall, invited to attend Contents List of Maps and Figures xi Contributors xv PART ONE: The City in History ~duction: Urban Development in Imperial China 3 ~WILLIAM SKINNER The Cosmology of the Chinese City 33 ARTHUR F. WRIGHT The Morphology of Walled Capitals 75 SEN·DOU CHANG The Transformation of Nanking, 1350-1400 101 F.W.MOTE The Formation of Cities: Initiative and Motivation in Building Three Walled Cities in Taiwan 1 55 HARRY J• LAMLEY /:/:-)Regional Urbanization in Nineteenth-Century China 211 u G. WILLIAM SKINNER PART TWO: The City in Space G)ntroduction: Urban and Rural in Chinese Society 253 - G. WILLIAM SKINNER x Contents ?:ities and the Hierarchy of Local Systems 275 List of Maps and Figures C.JG. WILLIAM SKINNER The Y amen and Urban Administration 353 JOHNR. WATT Ningpo and Its Hinterland 391 YOSHINOBU SHIBA Market Towns and Waterways: The County of Shang-hai from 1480 to 1910 441 MARK ELVIN Academies and Urban Systems in Kwangtung 475 TILEMANN GRIMM Extended Kinship in the Traditional City 499 PART oNE: The City in History HUGH D. R. BAKER Introduction: Urban Development in Imperial China Fig. 1. P'ing-chiang T'u Pei. Map of Soochow, 1.229 14 PART THREE: The City as a Social System Fig. 2. Aerial Photograph of Soochow, 1945 15 .. Ttf;roduction: Urban Social Structure in Cning China 521 The Cosmology of the Chinese City CJc. WILLIAM SKINNER Map 1. T'ang Ch'ang-an 58 Map 2. Northern Sung Kaifeng 61 Early Ch'ing Guilds 555 Map 3. Southern Sung Hangchow 65 PETER J. GOLAS Map 4. Ming Peking 68 Fig. 1. The Walls of Peking 69 School-Temple and City God Fig. 2. Hsi-chih Men, Peking 70 STEPHAN FEUCHTWANG Map 5. Four Capitals, a Comparison of Sizes and Shapes 72 Urban Sooial Control 6o9 The Morphology of Walled Capital.Y SYBILLE VAN DER SPRENKEL Fig. 1. City Wall and Corner Tower of T'ai-ku, Shansi Social Structure in a Nineteenth-Century Map L Ta-t'ung-fu, Shansi Fig. 2. Lu-lung, Chihli Taiwanese Port City Fig. 3. Loyang DONALDR.DEGLOPPER Map 2. Chou-chia-k'ou, Honan Neighborhood Cult Associations in Traditional Tainan Fig. 4. Ling-t'ai, Kansu Map 3. Feng-yang-fu and Capital of Feng-yang hsien, Anhwei KRISTOFER M. SCHIPPER Fig. 5. Models of Street Grids in Cities with Four Gates Fig. 6. T'ung-ch'uan-fu, Szechwan Notes 679 The Transformation of Nanking, 1350-1400 Character List 777 Map I. Ming Nanking, ca. i390 135 Map 2. Ming Nanking, ca. i390, Detail Showing Major Index 799 Built-Up Areas xiii xii List of Maps and Figures I.Mt of Maps and Figures The Formation of Cities: Initiative and Motivation Map 5. Market Towns in the Ningpo Area, ca. 1900 in Building Three Walled Cities in Taiwan Map 6. Ningpo, 1877 Map 7. Local Specialization in the Ningpo Area, Late Nineteenth Map 1. Taiwan, 1810-75 Century Map 2. Northern Taiwan, ca. i888 Map 3. Hsin-chu City, ca. 1843 Market Towns and Waterways: The County of Shang-hai Map 4. I-Lan City, ca. 1835 from i480 to i910 Map 5. Urban Growth in the Taipei Area to 1894 Fig. i. Waterways, Walled Cities, and Military Stations in Map 6. T'ai-pei-fu and Environs, ca. i894 Northeastern Sung-chiang Prefecture 442 Regional Urbanization in Nineteenth-Century China Fig. z. Shanghai Before the Building of Its Walls 443 Map i. Southeastern Kiangnan, ca. 1600 446 Map 1. Physiographic Macroregions of Agrarian China in Relation Map 2. Market Towns in the Vicinity of Shanghai, ca. 1470 470 to Major Rivers, with Regional Cores Indicated Map 3. Market Towns in the Vicinity of Shanghai, ca. i6oo 470 by Shading 214 Map 4. Market Towns in the Vicinity of Shanghai, ca. 1750 471 Map 2. Physiographic Macroregions in Relation to Provinces, Map 5. Market Towns in the Vicinity of Shanghai, ca. 1870 471 and Showing Metropolitan Cities, 1843 215 Map 6. Market Towns in the Vicinity of Shanghai, ca. 1910 471 Fig. 1. Rank-Size Distribution of Urban Central Places by Region, 1843 ' Fig. 2. Rank-Size Distribution of Cities with a Population of PART THREE: The City as a Social System 10,000 or more, Agrarian China Except Manchuria and Introduction: Urban Social Structure in Ch'ing China Taiwan, 1843 Fig. i. Ward in the Major Business District of Peking, ca. 1750 530 Fig . .z. Ward in an Upper-Class District of Peking, ca. 1750 531 PART Two: The City in Space Fig. 3. Demographic Characteristics of Peking, 1917-18 532 Cities and the Hierarchy of Local Systems Fig. 4. Chiang-Ian Chieh, Canton, 189o's 534 Fig. 1. A Regular Central-Place Hierarchy, Boundless and Bounded 279 Neighborhood Cult Associations in Traditional Tainan Map i. The Upper Yangtze Region, 1893, Showing Regional-City Trading Systems 289 Map 1. Tainan in 1907 Fig. 2. Greater-City Trading Systems in Relation to Rivers and Major Roads (Schematized), Upper Yangtze Region, i893 Map 2. The Upper Yangtze Region, i893, Showing Greater-City MAP SYMBOLS Trading Systems 292 Map 3. A Small Portion of the Upper Yangtze Region, 1893 294 ~ Civil offices Map 4. A Still Smaller Portion of the Upper Yangtze Region, i 8g3 295 ~ X Military offices and installations The Y amen and Urban Administration fl:! Religious institutions Fig. L Shao-hsing-fu, Chekiang 354 Fig. 2. The Shan-yin County Yamen, Shao-hsing-fu, Chekiang 380 ® Academic institutions Ningpo and Its Hinterland [Q] Charitable institutions Map L Waterworks on the Ningpo Plain 394 Map 2. Market Towns in the Ningpo Area, ca. 1227 398 ~ Granary ·Map 3. Growth of Market Towns in the Ningpo Area, ca. 1227-ca. 1560 Map 4. Market Towns in the Ningpo Area, ca. 1730 The Morphology of Walled Capitals SEN-DOU CHANG Walls have been so central to the Chinese idea of a city that the tradi­ tional words for city and wall are identical, the character ch' eng standing for both. In imperial times the great bulk of China's urban population was concentrated in walled cities; an unwalled urban center was at least in some senses not a proper city. Archaeological evidence has revealed that the earliest city walls were simply pounded earth ramparts. These ramparts in later times were faced with bricks, ceramic blocks, or cut stones as a protection against weathering and erosion. Although some prosperous cities probably had their walls faced as early as in the T'ang period, evidence from local gazetteers makes it clear that the brick or stone walls of most nineteenth· century cities date from no earlier than the late fourteenth century.