DOCSLIB.ORG

The City in Late Imperial China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The City in Late Imperial China THE CITY IN I II LATE IMPERIAL CHINA Contributors Edited by G. WILLIAM SKINNER Hugh D. R. Baker F.W.Mote Sen-dou Chang Kristofer M. Schipper Donald R. DeGlopper Yoshinobu Shiba Mark Elvin G. William Skinner Stephan Feuchtwang Sybille van der Sprenkel Peter J. Golas John R. Watt Tilemann Grimm Arthur F. Wright Harry J. Lamley Stanford University Press, Stanford, California 1977 STUDIES IN CHINESE SOCIETY Preface Sponsored by the Subcommittee on Research on Chinese Society of ;Iie Joint Committee on Contemporary China of the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies, ig67-68 G. WILLIAM SKINNER, Chairman MORTON H. FRIED IRENE B. TAEUBER EZRA F. V<i>GEL BRYCE WOOD, Staff Previously published in thi.s series Maurie~ Freedma:i, ed., Family and Kinship in Chinese Society John Wilson Lewis, ed., The City in Communist China W. E. Wi~ott, ed., ~c?nomic Organization in Chinese Society Mark Elvin and G. Wilham Skinner, eds., The Chinese City Between Two worlds Arthur P. Wolf, ed., Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society · Margery Wolf and Roxane Witke, eds., Women in Chinese Society In ig68-6g the Subcommittee on Research on Chinese Society-financed :· YALE by the Carnegie Corporation of New York, administered by the Social . ; Science Research Council, and overseen by the Joint Committee on Contemporary China of that Council and the American Academy of Learned Societies-devoted two of its research conferences to the Chinese city. In the wake of these conferences, the Subcommittee planned three volumes, of which this is the last to appear. The City in Communist China (edited by John Wilson Lewis) and The Chinese City Between Two Worlds (edited by Mark Elvin and myself) were pub­ lished in i971 and i974, respectively. These three volumes in tum form part of a larger series, Studies in Chinese Society, on which particulars are given opposite. Thirteen of the papers in this volume were presented in preliminary form at a conference held at Wentworth-by-the-Sea, Portsmouth, New ct./~ Hampshire, in August-September ig68. In addition to the authors of these papers-Hugh D. R. Baker, Mark Elvin, Stephan Feuchtwang, Peter J. Gplas, Tilemann Grimm, Harry J. Lamley, F. W. Mote, Kristofer cs~ M. Schipper, Yoshinobu Shiba, G. William Skinner, Sybille van der Sprenkel, John R. Watt, and Arthur F. Wright-the following China (LC) specialists attended the conference and participated in discussions rel­ evant to the volume: Kwang-chih Chang, Lawrence W. Crissman, John c {) p·~ Wilson Lewis, William L. Parish, Jr., Gilbert Rozman, Irene B. Taeuber, ) Ezra F. Vogel, Edwin A. Winckler, and Lien-sheng Yang. A full and Stanford University Press, Stanford, California cogent record of the discussion, prepared by Messrs. Parish and Rozman, © .1977 ?Y the Bo.ard of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University was placed at the disposal of the contributors to assist them in revising Printed m the Umted States of America their papers, and I have been able to draw on that record in writing ISBN 0-8047-0892-4 LC 75-184 my introductions. Charles Tilly and John Whitney Hall, invited to attend Contents List of Maps and Figures xi Contributors xv PART ONE: The City in History ~duction: Urban Development in Imperial China 3 ~WILLIAM SKINNER The Cosmology of the Chinese City 33 ARTHUR F. WRIGHT The Morphology of Walled Capitals 75 SEN·DOU CHANG The Transformation of Nanking, 1350-1400 101 F.W.MOTE The Formation of Cities: Initiative and Motivation in Building Three Walled Cities in Taiwan 1 55 HARRY J• LAMLEY /:/:-)Regional Urbanization in Nineteenth-Century China 211 u G. WILLIAM SKINNER PART TWO: The City in Space G)ntroduction: Urban and Rural in Chinese Society 253 - G. WILLIAM SKINNER x Contents ?:ities and the Hierarchy of Local Systems 275 List of Maps and Figures C.JG. WILLIAM SKINNER The Y amen and Urban Administration 353 JOHNR. WATT Ningpo and Its Hinterland 391 YOSHINOBU SHIBA Market Towns and Waterways: The County of Shang-hai from 1480 to 1910 441 MARK ELVIN Academies and Urban Systems in Kwangtung 475 TILEMANN GRIMM Extended Kinship in the Traditional City 499 PART oNE: The City in History HUGH D. R. BAKER Introduction: Urban Development in Imperial China Fig. 1. P'ing-chiang T'u Pei. Map of Soochow, 1.229 14 PART THREE: The City as a Social System Fig. 2. Aerial Photograph of Soochow, 1945 15 .. Ttf;roduction: Urban Social Structure in Cning China 521 The Cosmology of the Chinese City CJc. WILLIAM SKINNER Map 1. T'ang Ch'ang-an 58 Map 2. Northern Sung Kaifeng 61 Early Ch'ing Guilds 555 Map 3. Southern Sung Hangchow 65 PETER J. GOLAS Map 4. Ming Peking 68 Fig. 1. The Walls of Peking 69 School-Temple and City God Fig. 2. Hsi-chih Men, Peking 70 STEPHAN FEUCHTWANG Map 5. Four Capitals, a Comparison of Sizes and Shapes 72 Urban Sooial Control 6o9 The Morphology of Walled Capital.Y SYBILLE VAN DER SPRENKEL Fig. 1. City Wall and Corner Tower of T'ai-ku, Shansi Social Structure in a Nineteenth-Century Map L Ta-t'ung-fu, Shansi Fig. 2. Lu-lung, Chihli Taiwanese Port City Fig. 3. Loyang DONALDR.DEGLOPPER Map 2. Chou-chia-k'ou, Honan Neighborhood Cult Associations in Traditional Tainan Fig. 4. Ling-t'ai, Kansu Map 3. Feng-yang-fu and Capital of Feng-yang hsien, Anhwei KRISTOFER M. SCHIPPER Fig. 5. Models of Street Grids in Cities with Four Gates Fig. 6. T'ung-ch'uan-fu, Szechwan Notes 679 The Transformation of Nanking, 1350-1400 Character List 777 Map I. Ming Nanking, ca. i390 135 Map 2. Ming Nanking, ca. i390, Detail Showing Major Index 799 Built-Up Areas xiii xii List of Maps and Figures I.Mt of Maps and Figures The Formation of Cities: Initiative and Motivation Map 5. Market Towns in the Ningpo Area, ca. 1900 in Building Three Walled Cities in Taiwan Map 6. Ningpo, 1877 Map 7. Local Specialization in the Ningpo Area, Late Nineteenth Map 1. Taiwan, 1810-75 Century Map 2. Northern Taiwan, ca. i888 Map 3. Hsin-chu City, ca. 1843 Market Towns and Waterways: The County of Shang-hai Map 4. I-Lan City, ca. 1835 from i480 to i910 Map 5. Urban Growth in the Taipei Area to 1894 Fig. i. Waterways, Walled Cities, and Military Stations in Map 6. T'ai-pei-fu and Environs, ca. i894 Northeastern Sung-chiang Prefecture 442 Regional Urbanization in Nineteenth-Century China Fig. z. Shanghai Before the Building of Its Walls 443 Map i. Southeastern Kiangnan, ca. 1600 446 Map 1. Physiographic Macroregions of Agrarian China in Relation Map 2. Market Towns in the Vicinity of Shanghai, ca. 1470 470 to Major Rivers, with Regional Cores Indicated Map 3. Market Towns in the Vicinity of Shanghai, ca. i6oo 470 by Shading 214 Map 4. Market Towns in the Vicinity of Shanghai, ca. 1750 471 Map 2. Physiographic Macroregions in Relation to Provinces, Map 5. Market Towns in the Vicinity of Shanghai, ca. 1870 471 and Showing Metropolitan Cities, 1843 215 Map 6. Market Towns in the Vicinity of Shanghai, ca. 1910 471 Fig. 1. Rank-Size Distribution of Urban Central Places by Region, 1843 ' Fig. 2. Rank-Size Distribution of Cities with a Population of PART THREE: The City as a Social System 10,000 or more, Agrarian China Except Manchuria and Introduction: Urban Social Structure in Ch'ing China Taiwan, 1843 Fig. i. Ward in the Major Business District of Peking, ca. 1750 530 Fig . .z. Ward in an Upper-Class District of Peking, ca. 1750 531 PART Two: The City in Space Fig. 3. Demographic Characteristics of Peking, 1917-18 532 Cities and the Hierarchy of Local Systems Fig. 4. Chiang-Ian Chieh, Canton, 189o's 534 Fig. 1. A Regular Central-Place Hierarchy, Boundless and Bounded 279 Neighborhood Cult Associations in Traditional Tainan Map i. The Upper Yangtze Region, 1893, Showing Regional-City Trading Systems 289 Map 1. Tainan in 1907 Fig. 2. Greater-City Trading Systems in Relation to Rivers and Major Roads (Schematized), Upper Yangtze Region, i893 Map 2. The Upper Yangtze Region, i893, Showing Greater-City MAP SYMBOLS Trading Systems 292 Map 3. A Small Portion of the Upper Yangtze Region, 1893 294 ~ Civil offices Map 4. A Still Smaller Portion of the Upper Yangtze Region, i 8g3 295 ~ X Military offices and installations The Y amen and Urban Administration fl:! Religious institutions Fig. L Shao-hsing-fu, Chekiang 354 Fig. 2. The Shan-yin County Yamen, Shao-hsing-fu, Chekiang 380 ® Academic institutions Ningpo and Its Hinterland [Q] Charitable institutions Map L Waterworks on the Ningpo Plain 394 Map 2. Market Towns in the Ningpo Area, ca. 1227 398 ~ Granary ·Map 3. Growth of Market Towns in the Ningpo Area, ca. 1227-ca. 1560 Map 4. Market Towns in the Ningpo Area, ca. 1730 The Morphology of Walled Capitals SEN-DOU CHANG Walls have been so central to the Chinese idea of a city that the tradi­ tional words for city and wall are identical, the character ch' eng standing for both. In imperial times the great bulk of China's urban population was concentrated in walled cities; an unwalled urban center was at least in some senses not a proper city. Archaeological evidence has revealed that the earliest city walls were simply pounded earth ramparts. These ramparts in later times were faced with bricks, ceramic blocks, or cut stones as a protection against weathering and erosion. Although some prosperous cities probably had their walls faced as early as in the T'ang period, evidence from local gazetteers makes it clear that the brick or stone walls of most nineteenth· century cities date from no earlier than the late fourteenth century.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2019-20 Annual Report
    PRINCETON UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT AND PROGRAM OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES Annual Report 2019-2020 1 COVER: The wooden doors to 202 Jones. Photo taken by Martin Kern. 2 Annual Report 2019-20 Contents Director’s Letter 4 Department and Program News 6 Language Programs 8 Undergraduates 11 Graduate Students 14 Faculty 18 Events 24 Summer Programs 26 Affiliated Programs 29 Libraries & Museum 34 3 Director’s Letter, 2019-20 In normal years, the Director’s Letter is a retrospective of the year in East Asian Studies—but where to begin? Annual disasters and upheavals are standard topics in traditional East Asian chronicles. By June of 2020 (a gengzi 庚子 year), we had already lived through more than our share: the coronavirus pandemic, severe economic downturn, government inaction and prevarication, Princeton’s shift to online teaching, dislocation of undergraduate and graduate life, shuttering of libraries and labs, disruption to travel, study, and research for students, staff, and faculty, the brutal murder of George Floyd, and the international renaissance of the Black Lives Matter movement. invigorate campus intellectual life, completing book This spring semester, the usual hum of summer manuscripts, or starting new projects. The heaviest burden, programming and plans for next academic year grew no doubt, fell on our language instructors. The faculty quiet, and many EAS projects were cancelled, postponed, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean innovated non-stop to shifted online, or put on hold. As this Annual Report goes insure that, in the era of Zoom, students would remain fully to press, plans for undergraduate residence on campus engaged in all four language skills of speaking, listening, and the format for classes in fall of 2020 are still being reading, and writing.
    [Show full text]
  • List 3. Headings That Need to Be Changed from the Machine- Converted Form
    LIST 3. HEADINGS THAT NEED TO BE CHANGED FROM THE MACHINE- CONVERTED FORM The data dictionary for the machine conversion of subject headings was prepared in summer 2000 based on the systematic romanization of Wade-Giles terms in existing subject headings identified as eligible for conversion before detailed examination of the headings could take place. When investigation of each heading was subsequently undertaken, it was discovered that some headings needed to be revised to forms that differed from the forms that had been given in the data dictionary. This occurred most frequently when older headings no longer conformed to current policy, or in the case of geographic headings, when conflicts were discovered using current geographic reference sources, for example, the listing of more than one river or mountain by the same name in China. Approximately 14% of the subject headings in the pinyin conversion project were revised differently than their machine- converted forms. To aid in bibliographic file maintenance, the following list of those headings is provided. In subject authority records for the revised headings, Used For references (4XX) coded Anne@ in the $w control subfield for earlier form of heading have been supplied for the data dictionary forms as well as the original forms of the headings. For example, when you see: Chien yao ware/ converted to Jian yao ware/ needs to be manually changed to Jian ware It means: The subject heading Chien yao ware was converted to Jian yao ware by the conversion program; however, that heading now
    [Show full text]
  • August 8-12, 2022 Sapporo, Japan
    IMPORTANT DATES VENUE Abstract submission April 30, 2022 The conference of Biomaterials International 2022 Early registration May 31, 2022 will be held at the Hokkaido University Conference date August 8-12, 2022 Conference Hall. SAPPORO Sapporo is the fifth largest city of Japan by population, with a population of nearly two million, and the largest city on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido. It is the capital city of Hokkaido Prefecture and Ishikari Subprefecture. Sapporo is an ordinance -designated city, and is well known for its functional grid of streets and avenues. Sapporo is also the political and economic center of Hokkaido. It is a tourist city with rich resources, beautiful scenery and four distinct seasons: blooming spring, tree-lined summer, colorful autumn and snowy winter. Sapporo was once rated as the No 1 in “Japan charming city ranking” for three years consecutively. CALL FOR PAPERS Abstracts are invited on the symposia topics or other related areas of biomaterials. Short abstract of approximately 200 words and a two-page extended abstract should be submitted on-line before April 30, 2022. For further information, please visit http://www.biomaterials.tw Organized by: August 8-12, 2022 Sapporo, Japan http://www.biomaterials.tw INVITATION ORGANIZING COMMITTEE REGISTRATION The Biomaterials International 2022 will take Chairman: S.J. Liu (Chang Gung University) Late Early Registration place at the Hokkaido University Conference Co-Chairman: T. Hanawa (Tokyo Medical and Registration Registration (before May 31, Hall, Sapporo, Japan. The conference will bring Dental University) Type (after June 1, 2022) together the international research Secretary: D.M.
    [Show full text]
  • [email protected] Degrees BA Amherst Coll
    1 March 2018 JOHN WHITTIER TREAT 1542 Madrona Drive Seattle, WA 98122 USA Email: [email protected] Degrees B.A. Amherst College, 1975, Asian Studies M.A. Yale University, 1979, East Asian Languages and Literatures Ph.D. Yale University, 1982, East Asian Languages and Literatures Academic Appointments University of Oslo Japan Foundation Visiting Professor, May 2014 Ewha Womans University Visiting International Summer College Professor, 2013-15 Institute of the Humanities Fellow, 2015 Seoul National University Visiting Distinguished Professor, 2008 University of New South Wales Visiting professor, 2006 Yale University Professor Emeritus, 2014- Professor, 1999-2014 Chair, EALL, 2003-2008, 2009-2010 Chair, LGBT Studies Committee, 2010-2012 Affiliate faculty, WGSS, 2011-14 University of Texas, Austin Mitsubishi Visiting Professor, 1994 University of California, Berkeley Associate Professor, 1991-1992 University of Washington Affiliate Professor, 2014- Professor, 1995-1999 Associate Professor, 1989-1991, 1992-1995 Assistant Professor, 1983-1989 1 Major Post-Doctoral Grants, Fellowships and Awards Till Center Smoke Farm Writers Residency, 2017. Finalist for Lambda Literary Foundation Award for best gay fiction of 2015 (The Rise and Fall of the Yellow House) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (Japan), three-year grant 2013-15 (with S. Hatano and N. Watanabe) for project “Japanophone Literature in Colonial Korea” Asakawa Kan’ichi Visiting Fellow, Waseda University, 2008 Japan Foundation Short-term Professional Fellowship,
    [Show full text]
  • China Versus Vietnam: an Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
    A CNA Occasional Paper China versus Vietnam: An Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea Raul (Pete) Pedrozo With a Foreword by CNA Senior Fellow Michael McDevitt August 2014 Unlimited distribution Distribution unlimited. for public release This document contains the best opinion of the authors at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Cover Photo: South China Sea Claims and Agreements. Source: U.S. Department of Defense’s Annual Report on China to Congress, 2012. Distribution Distribution unlimited. Specific authority contracting number: E13PC00009. Copyright © 2014 CNA This work was created in the performance of Contract Number 2013-9114. Any copyright in this work is subject to the Government's Unlimited Rights license as defined in FAR 52-227.14. The reproduction of this work for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited. Nongovernmental users may copy and distribute this document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this copyright notice is reproduced in all copies. Nongovernmental users may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies they make or distribute. Nongovernmental users may not accept compensation of any manner in exchange for copies. All other rights reserved. This project was made possible by a generous grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation Approved by: August 2014 Ken E. Gause, Director International Affairs Group Center for Strategic Studies Copyright © 2014 CNA FOREWORD This legal analysis was commissioned as part of a project entitled, “U.S. policy options in the South China Sea.” The objective in asking experienced U.S international lawyers, such as Captain Raul “Pete” Pedrozo, USN, Judge Advocate Corps (ret.),1 the author of this analysis, is to provide U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 6.2: Responses to Transboundary Environmental Challenges Within the Europe and Central Asia Region (Chapter 6, Section 6.3.3)
    IPBES Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Appendix 6.2 for Europe and Central Asia Appendix 6.2: Responses to transboundary environmental challenges within the Europe and Central Asia region (Chapter 6, Section 6.3.3) Table 6.2.1 shows a number of bilateral agreements between Mongolia, Russia and China related to water management and nature conservation relevant to transboundary Amur River basin. Table 6.2.1: Bilateral water and nature conservation agreements between Mongolia, Russia and China Title Description Sino-Soviet Agreement on Agreement between the USSR and China on joint research operations on 1956 development of “Grand planning and survey operations to prepare a scheme for the multi- Amur Scheme” purpose exploitation of the Argun River and the Upper Amur River. Sino-Russian Agreement Bilateral overview of developments planned by the water and energy 1986 on development of “Joint authorities of China and Russia led by the Song-Liao Water Resource Comprehensive Scheme Commission of China and Sovintervod Hydro-engineering Institute of for Water Management on USSR Water Resources Ministry. Amur and Argun Rivers” Mongolia-China – 1994 Agreement on Use and Agreement on the protection and utilization of transboundary waters Protection of including aquatic biota Transboundary Waters Russia-China Agreement Protects 25 fishes, two crustaceans, one turtle, one mollusk, three 1994 on protection of aquatic aquatic plants. Regulates size limits for fish, net mesh sizes and lengths, bio-resources in seasonal fishing bans, closure of waters to fishing, and permitted fishing transboundary Amur- and gear. Does not cover Argun river and Khanka Lake. Ussuri Rivers Agreement on Dauria Trilateral agreement was signed by China, Mongolia, and Russia to 1994 International Protected establish Dauria International Protected Area (DIPA) to protect globally Area important grasslands in the headwaters of the Amur-Heilong basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 – Stakeholder
    4115, rue Sherbrooke ouest, bureau 310 Westmount, Québec H3Z 1K9 Tel.: 514.481.3401 Fax: 514.481.4679 eem.ca Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the CBG Mine Extension Project Chapter 6 – Stakeholder consultation DECEMBER 2014 ENGLISH TRANSLATION JUNE 2015 PROJECT NUMBER: 13EAO039 PREPARED FOR: Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée CBG Mine Extension Project: Chapter 6 – Stakeholder consultation MASTER TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 – BACKGROUND................................................1-1 CHAPTER 2 – PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT STUDY...................2-1 CHAPTER 3 – BIOLOGICAL BASELINE STUDY...................... 3-1 CHAPTER 4 – BIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT................4-1 CHAPTER 5 – SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE STUDY ..............5-1 CHAPTER 6 – STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION……………...... 6-1 CHAPTER 7 – SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT....................... 7-1 CHAPTER 8 – REPORT ON POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS..............................................8-1 CHAPTER 9 – CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT...............9-1 CHAPTER 10 – ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...........................................10-1 6-i CBG Mine Extension Project: Chapter 6 – Stakeholder consultation TABLE OF CONTENTS 6 CHAPTER 6 – STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ............. 6-1 6.1 Consultation methodology ........................................................... 6-1 6.1.1 Scoping mission/Stakeholder engagement plan ............................ 6-2 6.1.1.1 Scoping mission ............................................................. 6-2 6.1.1.2 Stakeholder engagement
    [Show full text]
  • The Reunification of China: Peace Through War Under the Song Dynasty Peter Lorge Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08475-9 - The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty Peter Lorge Index More information Index Alexander the Great, 281 Changzhou, 82 An Lushan Rebellion, 41 Chanyuan, 4, 6–7, 9, 11–12, 15, 17–20, Ancestral Rules, 38 153, 238–9, 244–5, 247, 262–4, Anguozhen, 235 266–75, 277, 286 Anyang River, 99 Chanyuan Covenant, 4, 6–7, 9, 11, 15, 18–20, autumn defense, 256, 262 30–3, 41, 43, 225, 238–9, 244–5, 247, 269–70, 272–5, 277 Bagongyuan, 51 Chen Feng, 38–9 Bai Jiyun, 233 Chen Hongjin, 190 Bai River, 204 Chen Qiao, 173, 176 Bai Zhongzan, 51 Chen Shiqing, 230 Baidimiao, 145 Chen Yaosou, 264 Baigou River, 217 Chengdu, 146, 225, 227–32, 234 Baitian, 161 Chengtian, 18 Baozhou, 245, 265 Chengzhou, 63 Battle of Gaoping, 32, 38, 48, 71, 100 Chiang Kai-shek, 35 Battle of Wangdu, 257 Chinese Ways in War,41 Bazhou, 231 Chizhou, 170–1 Beiping Fort, 265 Chu, 119, 121–4, 126, 128, 131, Beizhou, 266 236, 265 Bi Shi’an, 264 Chu Zhaofu, 166–7 Bian Canal, 92 Chuzhou, 79, 84, 93 Bian Hao, 89 Cizhou, 50 Bian River, 90–1, 98 Clausewitz, 271 Biankou, 95 Comprehensive Mirror Bozhou, 221 Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Governing, 26–8, 34 Cai River, 118 Caishi, 168, 172, 175 Dahui Fort, 109 Caishiji, 171 Daizhou, 60, 219, 221 Cangzhou, 98, 244 Daming, 156, 197 Cao Bin, 137, 145–6, 149, 169–72, Damingfu, 197 174–5, 179, 186, 190, 193, 208–9, Dangtu, 171 214–19 David Curtis Wright, 42, 272, 274, 276 Cao Han, 87, 179, 203 Davis, Richard, 31, 40 Cao Keming, 226 Dechong, 209 Cao Liyong, 268–9, 271 Defang, 182–3,
    [Show full text]
  • Diss Master Draft-Pdf
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Visual and Material Culture at Hokyoji Imperial Convent: The Significance of "Women's Art" in Early Modern Japan Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fq6n1qb Author Yamamoto, Sharon Mitsuko Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Visual and Material Culture at Hōkyōji Imperial Convent: The Significance of “Women’s Art” in Early Modern Japan by Sharon Mitsuko Yamamoto A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of Art in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Gregory P. A. Levine, Chair Professor Patricia Berger Professor H. Mack Horton Fall 2010 Copyright by Sharon Mitsuko Yamamoto 2010. All rights reserved. Abstract Visual and Material Culture at Hōkyōji Imperial Convent: The Significance of “Women’s Art” in Early Modern Japan by Sharon Mitsuko Yamamoto Doctor of Philosophy in History of Art University of California, Berkeley Professor Gregory Levine, Chair This dissertation focuses on the visual and material culture of Hōkyōji Imperial Buddhist Convent (Hōkyōji ama monzeki jiin) during the Edo period (1600-1868). Situated in Kyoto and in operation since the mid-fourteenth century, Hōkyōji has been the home for women from the highest echelons of society—the nobility and military aristocracy—since its foundation. The objects associated with women in the rarefied position of princess-nun offer an invaluable look into the role of visual and material culture in the lives of elite women in early modern Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fen River in Taiyuan, China: Ecology, Revitalization, and Urban Culture
    The Fen River in Taiyuan, China: Ecology, Revitalization, and Urban Culture Matthias Falke Location of Taiyuan, Shanxi province, and the Fen River Basin This map was created by Matthias Falke in 2016, using Arc Map and the basemap layer World Topographic Map; map materials are from Openstreetmap contributors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License . Shanxi (山西) and its fertile loess-covered landscapes are also known as the cradle of China’s civilization. The 716-km-long Fen River (汾河) or Mother River (母亲河) drains most of the province via the basin of Taiyuan. The river’s stunning scenery, once the subject of poetry during the Jin (金朝, 1125–1234) and Yuan (元朝, 1279–1368) dynasties, quickly deteriorated after industrialization in the late 1950s. The construction of dams, extensive irrigation of farmland, and wastewater discharge severely impacted the river’s ecosystem. From 1956 to 2013, the average surface runoff fell from 2.65 billion m³ to 1.33 m³. Moreover, overexploitation of groundwater dropped the groundwater level in the Fen River basin by 81.4 meters. Source URL: http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/7679 Print date: 09 July 2019 11:15:32 Falke, Matthias. "The Fen River in Taiyuan, China: Ecology, Revitalization, and Urban Culture ." Arcadia (Autumn 2016), no. 17. View of four cokeries in the Gujiao area with an annual capacity of Traditional dwelling in the rural part of Gujiao 3.8 million metric tons per year before their integration into a Photo taken by Harald Zepp, 2010. combined coke processing facility This work is used by permission of the copyright holder.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Regionalization of Soil and Water Conservation in China
    sustainability Article Evaluation of Regionalization of Soil and Water Conservation in China Danyang Wang 1,2, Zhongwu Li 1,2,*, Guangming Zeng 1,2, Xiaodong Nie 3 and Chun Liu 1,2 1 College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (G.Z.); [email protected] (C.L.) 2 Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China 3 Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environment Science & Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-0731-8864-0078 Received: 15 June 2018; Accepted: 10 September 2018; Published: 17 September 2018 Abstract: This paper evaluates the regionalization of soil and water conservation in China, decades after its widespread implementation across the country. The authors mainly address two questions. First, to what extent could achievements in soil erosion and water management be attributed to regionalization? Statistics and cases show that enhancement of research on soil erosion and ecology, popularization of technologies and mathematical methods and more complete databases are the main improvements to theoretical research; the distribution of region-specific measures and monitoring sites and the development of a responsibility system are the main impacts on practice. Second, is there any weakness to regionalization? Econometric and management methods are currently not well integrated into the process of regionalization; indicators used for division lack standardization, thus weakening the accuracy of regionalization; also, there are limits to its implementation.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping the Third Republic: a Geographic Information System of France (1870–1940)
    HISTORICAL METHODS: A JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY HISTORY https://doi.org/10.1080/01615440.2021.1937421 Mapping the Third Republic: A Geographic Information System of France (1870–1940) Victor Gay Toulouse School of Economics (TSE) and Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse (IAST), University of Toulouse Capitole, Toulouse, France ABSTRACT KEYWORDS This article describes a comprehensive geographic information system of Third Republic Historical GIS; administrative France: the TRF-GIS. It provides annual nomenclatures and shapefiles of administrative con- boundaries; nomenclatures; stituencies of metropolitan France from 1870 to 1940, encompassing general administrative toponyms; France; Third Republic constituencies (departements, arrondissements, cantons) as well as the most significant spe- cial administrative constituencies: military, judicial and penitentiary, electoral, academic, JEL CODES labor inspection, and ecclesiastical constituencies. It further proposes annual nomenclatures N01; N43; N44; N93; at the contemporaneous commune level that map each municipality into its corresponding N94; Y91 administrative framework along with its population count. The 901 nomenclatures, 830 shapefiles, and complete reproduction material of the TRF-GIS are available at https://data- verse.harvard.edu/dataverse/TRF-GIS. 1. Introduction documents (e.g., Ostafin et al. 2020) suggest that this trend will likely intensify in the future. For the seven decades between the collapse of the But a fundamental element empirical researchers Second Empire in 1870 and the establishment of the typically need in order to process, map, and analyze Vichy Regime in 1940, France remained under a sin- spatially localized historical data is an underlying geo- gle political regime: the Third Republic. Despite the graphic frame of reference—a geographic information unprecedented stability of its institutions, France system (GIS).
    [Show full text]