Niger Consultation Report Consultation Niger

A program of the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency in collaboration with the Government of Niger

With the support of the Norwegian Government

September 2012, Niamey, Niger

Table of Contents

Niger Consultation Report ...... 1 Acronyms and abbreviations ...... i Executive Summary ...... ii 1. Introduction ...... 1 2. Background and Methodology of the study ...... 2 2.1. National context of Niger ...... 2 2.1.1. Economic performance ...... 2 2.1.2. Poverty ...... 2 2.1.3. Food insecurity ...... 2 2.2. Work methodology ...... 3 3. Results of national consultations ...... 4 3.1. Results of interviews with institutional stakeholders ...... 4 3.2. Results of the filed survey ...... 5 Access to services ...... 5 Services Providers ...... 6 3.2.3. Profile of access to and control over productive resources ...... 7 Equity in access to and control of resources ...... 8 3.2.5. Division of labour in agriculture ...... 8 3.2.5. Perception of climate change and its impact ...... 9 3.2.7.Frequency and severity of observed climate extremes and impacts ...... 9 3.2.9. Activities of environmental conservation ...... 9 4. Climate Change in Niger: current and projected situations ...... 9 4.1. The current situation ...... 9 4.2. Projected climate for Niger ...... 10 5. Experienced climate changes and coping strategies of women farmers in Niger ...... 10 5.1. Gender, climate change and extreme events ...... 10 5.2. Gender, climate change and water resources ...... 12 5.3. Gender, climate change and energy ...... 12 5.4. Gender, climate change and health ...... 13 5.5. Gender, climate change, agriculture and food security ...... 14 5.6. Farmers adaptation strategies to climate change ...... 15 5.6.1. Adaptation Practices ...... 15 5.6.2. Current initiatives relating to gender, climate change and women’s empowerment ...... 16 6. Gender, Climate Change and Agriculture: Political and Institutional Responses in Niger ...... 19 6.1. Political Responses ...... 19 6.1.1. The Rural Development Strategy and the National Agricultural Investment Plan...... 19 6.1.2. The 3N Initiative ...... 20 6.1.3. The National Gender Policy (NGP) ...... 21 6.1.4 The National Plan for Environment and Sustainable Development ...... 22 6.1.5. The National Adaptation Programme (PANA) ...... 23 6.1.6. The Economic and Social Development Plan 2012-2015 ...... 23 6.1.7. The draft version of the Strategy for Sustainable Development of Livestock ...... 24 6.2. Institutional context: the national gender machinery ...... 25 6.2.1 The General Directorate for Women's Promotion ...... 25 6.2.2. Gender Units within technical ministries ...... 25 6.2.3 The National Council of the Environment for Sustainable Development ...... 26 6.2.4 Complementary Institutional mechanisms ...... 26 7. Constraints and obstacles to effective adaptation of farmers to climate change in Niger...... 26 7.1. Political, institutional and legal constraints ...... 27 7.2. Economic barriers ...... 27 7.3. Social and cultural barriers ...... 28 8. Priority investment needs to improve the resilience and adaptability to climate change of farmers in Niger ...... 28 9. Conclusions ...... 31 References ...... 32 Appendix

Acronyms and abbreviations AGR: Income Generating Actvities CAADP: Comprehensive African Agriculture Developpement Programme CCIAN: Chamber of commerce, industry and handicraft of Niger CCNUCC: United Nation Framework Convention on Climatic Changes CNEDD: National Coincile for Environement and Sustanable Developpement CONGAFEN: Women Organizations Federation Coordinating Unit ECOWAP: ECOWAS Agricultural Common Policy ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ENBC: Nation al household survey FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization FCMN Niyya: Niger Market-garden Federation GDP: Gross Domestic Product i3N: the Nigeriens Feed the Nigeriens initiative LDCs: Less Developped Countries NIS: National Institute for Statistics HPI: Human Powerty Index MPF/PE: Ministry of Population, Women Promotion and Chlidren Protection NEPAD: New Economic Partnership for Africa Development MDGs: Millenium Development Goals NGO: Non Governmental organization PAA: African Adaptation Program PAC/RC: Climatic Resilience Adaptation Comunty Programme PANA-Resilience: National Adaptation Programme for the agriculture sector resilience to climate change PASR: Farming Support Programme PNEDD: National Plan for Environnement and Sustenable developpement PNG: National Gender Policy PNIA: National Agriculture prior Investments plan PRSSA: Strenghting of the agriculture support services programme PTF: Technical and Financial partners RECA: Niger Chambers of Agriculture Network RGAC: General census of agriculture and the Livestock RGP/H: General census of the Population and housing SDR: Rural Development Strategy SDRP: Development and Poverty reduction programme SNIS: National health information system SRP: Poverty Reduction Strategy UNDP: United Nation Developpement Programme UNICEF: United Nations Children Fund

Executive Summary

In Niger, agriculture remains the main socio-economic activity because it occupies 80% of the active population and contributes 42.8% of GDP. This agricultural population is made for nearly half of women found in most activities. In addition to the participation of women in subsistence agriculture, they also take care of small ruminants, poultry, marketing of agricultural products and livestock by-products. However, women’s agricultural activities are strongly influenced by many obstacles, the most dreadful of which are excessive workload and the social constraints that result in discrimination based on gender. In addition to these constraints we have, for some time, the adverse effects of climate change which disproportionately affects women and girls farmers as well as in relation to food security, health and well-being.

The analysis shows that, by causing considerable damage to natural resources, climate change weigh down the household chores of women who are at the forefront of the search for means of survival such as water and energy sources. Aware of these threats, Nigerien women farmers massively engage in various activities of protection and management of the environment but failed to reverse the trends observed since the acceleration of climate change. In order to strengthen the capacity of women to get out of poverty and to the extreme vulnerability caused by climate change impacts, state actors, donors, NGOs and professional associations have invested in various initiatives to secure the full participation of women in growth and development.

At the level of donors involved alongside government, many projects and programs are being implemented with great sensitivity to gender and climate change. As for the government, the desire to create an environment conducive to the involvement of women in the development process has resulted in the development, adoption and implementation of policy documents and national and sectoral strategies as the I3N, the National Gender Policy, the National Agricultural Priority Investment (NIPA), PNEDD, NAPA etc. In the same vein, a reform of the institutional framework was initiated and led to the creation of a Ministry of Women's Empowerment. Gender Units were created in different Departments with the aim to ensure gender mainstreaming in development policies.

However, despite these efforts, challenges remain numerous. The most significant challenges include the challenges to improving rural development policies, economic challenges such as lack of access to resources for women, cultural and religious challenges firmly opposed to the societal transformations necessary to the true integration of the Nigerien woman in the modern economy.

That’s why, the NEPAD Agency, has initiated this program in order to help consolidate the achievements of past and ongoing initiatives. The program is built around four components tightly connected namely (i) relief of tasks for Rural Women Producers (ii) capacity building and institutional development, (iii) improving access of rural women producers to key productive resources such as land , credit, water, equipment, inputs, (iv) strengthening the participation of women farmers in the management of natural resources. Through the last two components of adaptation options among the most viable will be developed to iii

strengthen the resilience of women to climate change. The implementation of the program will be based on the principles of synergy with other stakeholders, ownership by national actors and the principle of alignment with national reference frameworks as I3N, PNG, and PANA.

1. Introduction Agriculture plays an important role in the socioeconomic life of African countries. In Niger, it occupies 80% of the active population and contributes 42.8% of GDP. Almost half of the agricultural population consists of women found in most of the agricultural activities. Indeed, apart from their participation in subsistence agriculture, women take care of the small ruminants, poultry, and marketing of agricultural products and livestock sub-products.

However, this important contribution of women could be severely compromised by the combination of unfavorable factors if appropriate measures are not taken. Indeed, already weakened by glaring inequalities in terms of access to and control over productive resources and facing a heavy workload, small-scale women farmers now face the negative impacts of climate change. Therefore, it is urgent to give more attention to the risks posed by climate change impacts in agriculture and their effects on the most vulnerable groups which include women farmers.

It is with the awareness of the need to provide adequate responses to the threat of climate change for women farmers that the NEPAD Agency initiated with the support of the Norwegian Cooperation, the Program “Gender, Climate Change and Agriculture” in support of the measures adopted by the government to improve the policy and institutional framework in the field. The vision of this is to promote the resilience of agriculture to climate change through the empowerment of small-scale women farmers. The program's specific objectives are to: i) strengthen and harmonize the institutional and political framework to meet the challenges related to the impacts of climate change on small-scale women farmers, ii) strengthen local capacity by facilitating training, sharing and access to information and knowledge, iii) improve accessibility of small women farmers to land, inputs, credit and technology, and iv) strengthening women's participation in national and regional processes of local economic, social and political decision- making.

The program will ensure that all agricultural investments, including the national agricultural investment plans (NIPA / CAADP) developed or are being developed by countries include investments specific to women and improve of the latter in agriculture. Due to this support program, specific initiatives for women and women's organizations will be identified and implemented. The program will also support the upgrading of gender and environmentally sensitive agriculture. The design of this program has been entrusted to the firm GeoSAS which with the support of local consultants has launched a series of case studies at five pilot countries, namely Cameroon, Ethiopia, Malawi, Niger and Rwanda.

The study, through national consultations, aims to identify in consensual manner the most urgent and most appropriate actions to build resilience and empowerment of rural women in the context of climate variability and change. It is in this context that the present work was entrusted to a team of national consultants. This report has been prepared on the basis of the results of the national consultations and includes nine parts: (1) introduction, (2) background and methodological issues, (3) the main results of the national consultation, (4) gender and climate change in Niger, (5) gender, experienced climate change impacts, (4) the results of national consultations, (5) the policy and institutional responses (6) gender and climate change - policies and instituinnal responses, (7) constraints and obstacles to effective adaptation of farmers to climate change, (8) the priority investment needs to improve the resilience and adaptability to climate change, and (9) conclusions & recommendations.

2. Background and Methodology of the study

2.1. National context of Niger Niger has an area of 1,267,000 km ². It shares borders with Algeria to the north, Libya and Chad to the East, Nigeria and Benin to the south and in the West by Burkina Faso and Mali. It is a landlocked country whose nearest sea outlet is 700 km.

2.1.1. Economic performance After several years of turbulence related to political and social instability, the Nigerien economy began a phase of growth which covered the decade 2000-2010. During this period, the average rate of growth of the Nigerien economy amounted to nearly 3.8% of GDP (Ministry of Planning, 2011). The main driver of this growth is the agricultural sector which unfortunately is often struck by drought with consequences such as a decrease in production. Between 2000 and 2010 the relative share of agriculture in the GDP amounted to a 42.2% exceeding the contribution of the tertiary sector, which stood at 40%. The share of the agricultural sector is distributed as follows: 25% for the sub-sector of agriculture, 12% for livestock and about 4.5% for forestry and fisheries.

2.1.2. Poverty Niger is one of the least developed countries (LDCs). Ranked 177 out of 178 countries according to the UNDP report on development, poverty is endemic. The Human Poverty Index (HPI) is 64.4% (UNDP, 2005). The evaluation carried out within the framework of the preparation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) reveals that two-thirds of Niger's populations live below the poverty line. A third of Niger's population is extremely poor. The same report indicates that the rural people suffer the worst effects of poverty. In fact, 90% of Niger's poor live in rural areas. The disaggregation of poverty by gender shows that women are more vulnerable to poverty than men because three out of four poor people are women. Families with women as heads of households are most vulnerable. However, depending on the poverty profile prepared by the National Statistic Institute (NIS) after the use of data from various surveys on household living conditions, the poverty level decreased from 63% in 1990 to 62.1% in 2005 and 59.5% in 2008 (ENBC, 2008).

2.1.3. Food insecurity Niger is a country where the risk of food insecurity is very strong. During the past 40 years, the country has experienced several episodes of famine. The most serious are those of 1973-1974, 1983-1984, 2005 and 2011. The recurrence of food insecurity in the country is due to a very strong dependence on agriculture in winter in the country where droughts are frequent. The analysis of available data shows that Niger is at risk of being confronted with drought every three years with severe grain shortages and many consequences on the food and nutrition situation. Thus, according to the results of the joint investigation of vulnerability to food insecurity of households conducted in November 2011, almost 9% of Nigeriens are severely food insecure. The same evaluation indicates that 26.4% of people are moderately food insecure. In total, for the campaign 2011/2012, are 5,458,871 people who are food insecure in Niger. It should also be noted that 3,622,956 people or 23.1% are at risk. This situation is the result of poor crop witnessed at the end of 2011. The acute poverty that people live in exacerbates vulnerability to household food insecurity.

Map of the agro-climatic zones of Niger

2.2. Work methodology This consultation was carried out in three stages: a desk review, interviews with stakeholders, conducting a mini survey and the organization and holding of a national workshop. The literature review examined the documents of national policies and strategies in relation to the concerns of women farmers to cope with climate change. The second step was conducted through interviews (based on an interview guide, see Appendix # 2) conducted with various categories of stakeholders including institutional actors which include ministries (Agriculture, Population and Women Promotion, Water and Environment, Livestock) specialized state structures (High Commissioner to I3N), the technical and financial partners, NGOs, women's organizations, farmers organizations and women's groups of agricultural producers. The full list of those interviewed is attached as Appendix # 3.

In addition to the interviews a survey was conducted among 600 small rural producers in the regions as follows: Region of Tillabery: 45 people from five villages Region of Niamey: 240 people from three peri-urban villages Region of Dosso: 90 people in five villages Region of Tahoua: 45 people Region of Maradi: 240 people from six villages

The choice of these sites has been made to cover the main agricultural production areas of the west, the south and the center of the country which concentrate a large part of the socio- economic development of the country's agricultural areas. A questionnaire was administered for this purpose (see Appendix # 1). In each village, the gender balance was taken into consideration. However, due to socio-cultural considerations which do not facilitate the contact with women, the strict adherence to the rule of parity was not always possible.

A national workshop was organized to present and discuss the results of this process in order to identify areas for future actions. The National Consultation Workshop on Gender, Climate Change and Agriculture Support Program, held on 6th and 7th August 2012 at the Palais des Congrès in Niamey was organized by the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) in partnership with the “Foundation Guri, Better Life”. The limitation of this study is that it was not possible to cover a larger number of people and to reach all parts of the country in order to emphasize the specific regional situations. Indeed, if the entire Niger presents itself as vulnerable to climate change, there are major specificities related to agro-climatic characteristics for each region.

3. Results of national consultations

3.1. Results of interviews with institutional stakeholders In general, the various NGOs and associations, as well as technical and financial partners encountered during this study indicate intervening on behalf of women through institutional mechanisms presented in section 6 of this report. These actors often ask respect for gender equality and the protection of the environment as cardinal principles of the intervention. For all organizations contacted, and having an action plan, it clearly provides specific activities for rural women in the context of improving the resilience to recent climate change.

In some cases, such as Agricultural Inputs Project financed by a consortium of donors, the project was revised at the request of donors to mainstream gender in its activities. Regarding the PASR funded by Denmark, a quota of 30% of the financing of production activities is for women. At this program, the involvement of women is particularly strong in sectors such as milk, fish, meat, cowpea, garlic, or collection of forest products. In addition, many donors are currently funding initiatives directed exclusively or primarily towards rural women such as Women Empowerment Project of the Italian Cooperation, the Project for the Improvement of Monetary Income of the women by the Belgian Cooperation. Other initiatives identified were presented in the section "Ongoing initiatives (see section 5.6.2 of this report).

At the NGOs level, the structures involved are decisively among others CARE International, SNV, Vie Kandé Nibaira or CONGAFEN and KASSAI. The NGO CARE International in Niger is currently implementing several initiatives such as the Women's and Terroirs Initiative whose main purpose is to ensure women's access to land. CARE also implements the project "Adaptation by Learning" common to four other countries following an action research approach that allows identifying and implementing best practices for adaptation to climate change. CARE has also developed a program of access to financial services for women called "Mata Masu Dubara" based on a system of collection and pooling of funds from members commonly called “tontine”.

CONGAFEN which brings together 55 women's structures provides in its 2012-2014 action plan an outreach program of domestic coal and gas, the incentive of the State to include environmental education in school curricula, the circulation of materials to support the preservation of the environment. Federation of Market-garden Cooperatives (The FCMN Niyya) is an umbrella organization which has 134 member organizations. Of the 26 278 heads of family farms 10,793 members are women. Its overall objective is to contribute to improving the living conditions of vegetable by capacity building and ensuring a price numerator. However, the massive presence of women as members starkly contrasts with their under-representation in the governing bodies. This is why the Federation is considering the implementation of a strategy to ensure i) awareness

of the gender perspective in all activities, (ii) training of women in rural entrepreneurship and community life, education of members on issues of HIV / STIs.

At the Network of Chambers of Agriculture (RECA) which is a structure with national coverage, the specific activities for women farmers are: technical assistance, extension services, training / information / awareness and dissemination of new technologies in order to help the poor and the young farmers to adapt to climate change and achieving food security. RECA facilitates improved access to low-interest loans, access to education, technical support and capacity building, access to water and control of land resources, agricultural technology, agricultural inputs and livestock.

3.2. Results of the filed survey The survey objectives were to understand the aspects of access to services and productive resources and constraints, the role of women in agricultural activities, the involvement of women in decision-making processes, perception of climatic events and their impacts, strategies and priority adaptation needs. The analysis of the survey results revealed the following findings:

Access to services The main services that we encounter are generally training services, outreach services / information / communication, extension services or dissemination of technology and literacy. At the level of the benefits in kind, recipients receive essentially inputs and production equipment. Persons who have no access to services represent 10% of the population affected by the survey. Literacy Services are the most inaccessible (86% of people do not have access) and rural credit services for which about four out of five people do not have access. In contrast, the training and information are widely taught and more than two out of three people say they have access thereof. General access to services is provided by the State and the projects / programs. However, the framing device has dwindled over the years, since the demise of the PRSSA that has initiated a successful experience of extension service through training and visits.

BOX 1: The female device of PRSAA extension The strengthening of support services for agriculture outreach program (PRSSA) through training and visits (funded by the World Bank) established in 1997, an extension to increase female participation in extension work. At startup, the system included only 22 women extension agents (AVB) against 245 men (no women are appointed to a leadership position) and 84% of the contact groups are composed of men, 6% women and 10 % mixed. At the end of the project in 1998, the scheme was structured from the national to the regional and departmental levels with 38 women AVB and 25% of female contact groups (more than triple) and women's groups have multiplied. Almost all women (middle) workers in agriculture, livestock and the environment have been integrated into the scheme. Equipped with motorcycles, they sometimes travel in teams (sharing experiences). An extension guide has been designed with themes based on extension specific needs of women. An extension guide was developed bBased on the census of constraints to women's participation in the extension program and after identifying the specific needs of women. The context has changed considerably, the national supervisory crumbled, the staff has aged and requires retraining. There has been no recruitment in recent years thus no any renewal. The rolling stock are lacking and the staff ratio (number of villages covered by agent) increases as extension programs should be reviewed to reflect the needs of producers and topical issues such as climate change, gender, demography, HIV/ AIDS, decentralization, etc. However, we note that the number of women and men in rural development officers (senior and middle management) increased, although the majority of graduates are not recruited.

The gender breakdown of data on access to services highlights the traditional patterns in favor of men. Seventy-six percent (76%) of people without access to any service are women. Men represent 65.3% of those who have access to extension against 34.7% of women. Access to training / information is not as unfair with 57.4% men and 43.6% women. Rural credit service is more difficult to access for women. In fact, women represent only 22.8% of people who benefit from these services. Concerning the production inputs, more than 3 out of 4 people have access to at least one input. The most used inputs are seeds and fertilizers. We also find the same patterns marked by discrimination in favor of men: women represent 75% of people who say they have no access to inputs, and when such access is provided, it is men who benefit more. And the proportion of people with access to seed is 62% for men and 38% for women. Regarding fertilizers, 67.5% of those who have access are men against 32.5% of women. Regarding pesticides, these rates are 65% men against 35% women, respectively (for more details, appendix 4.3.5). The religious and cultural factors are mostly said to explain these inequalities. Thus the proportion of those who think that religion is a hindering factor is (73%) while culture is evoked by 79%. Few people (5%) cite reasons such as lack of confidence in women. The overall results are given in Appendix 4.8.

Services Providers The state services (including projects) are said to be the first providers of services and inputs (62%) followed by NGOs and producer organizations (35%). The involvement of elected officials and private entities is low. At this level also, we find the same inequalities between men and women. The wide access to training could be interpreted as the positive impact of the primacy of this component by most stakeholders interviewed as part of this work. First at the Ministry of Population, Women's Promotion and Child Protection, several training modules are currently provided. Thus, we find modules on gender, capacity building of women's groups, training for actors (politicians, managers, NGOs) to take into account the gender dimension in the communal development plans, the modules for the management of community goods to ease the tasks of

women. Similarly, the Women’s Houses in different regions are centers of excellence for training and information for the benefit of women. In addition, NGOs and development associations, development projects and ministries have almost each training program and information intended to rural stakeholders and makes the inclusion of gender equity one of the priorities of their areas of activity.

3.2.3. Profile of access to and control over productive resources a) Women's participation in decision-making We note at this level also asymmetric relationship marked by the overwhelming dominance of the masculine over the feminine. Overall, it is men who have decision-making powers and often they decide without reference to women. Thus, it is men who decide on household expenses, from the sale of livestock (84.7% of cases) and the use of the crop (84, 1%). This contrasts strongly with the massive involvement of women in agricultural and income-generating activities. On the other side women see their power to enhance decision when it comes to the use of agricultural by-products (30.3% of women may decide) of livestock products (29.6 %) or with respect to access to credit (20%). The overall results of the decision-making are presented in Appendix 4.5. The answers are clear when it comes to what respondents think in relation to inheritance rights, or in relation to the principle of equality between men and women. Only 16% of people give a positive answer to the first question and the women are obviously the first to disbelieve it (with a 40% favorable response against 60%). For the issue of equal rights between men and women, only 10% seem to believe. On the contrary the decision of the fixing of the number of children seems to be left to other forces. In fact, only 13.6% of men and 8.5% of women say they can decide for themselves on this issue. Contrariwise the participation of women in community life and in leadership appears to be satisfactory (40% of women reported participating).

Access to and control of land In Niger, the ownership of agricultural land is done according to several forms; the most common is access through succession. However, buying, borrowing or renting are also frequent opportunities that open access to farmland. Succession to agricultural land is subject to three categories of rights, including Islamic law, modern law and customary law. Islamic law recognizes the possibility for women to inherit but gives a share to the female heirs against two for male heirs. But, the ignorance of these provisions by women, especially in rural areas, generally excluded them from the inheritance of land which is considered to be the exclusive affair of male heirs. Modern law recognizes the same share of inheritance to Nigerien men and women whether for land or other property left for inheritance. The customary meanwhile, puts great emphasis on the patriarchal system. In this system, girls do not inherit from their father and women do not inherit from their husbands (NIS, UNICEF, 2008). However, women may have rights of use or exploitation of land. However, there are notable exceptions according to regions. Thus, in the region of Dosso women do not inherit the fields, while they can in Tahoua (UNCEF & NIS, 2008).

On the ground, of the 73,345 ha of irrigated land identified in RGAC in 2008, only 3041 ha (4%) are exploited by women. The lands of the people surveyed were acquired in nine cases out of ten by inheritance. The results of the survey confirm the high male dominance on land. Nearly 90% of the land (88.5%) belongs to men. The remaining 11.5% is held jointly by the husband and wife, or by children. The dune lands constitute the overwhelming majority of the land (98.7%) exploited by women. Draft animals are the means of non-manual labor are most widespread. However, only 12% of households reported to own such animals.

Equity in access to and control of resources The access to and control of resources is also marked by inequalities against women. This inequality is so profound that in some cases, they appear normal even by those who suffer thereof. Thus, compared to treatment by agricultural extension services such as health, it appears that the opinions of men and women converge to recognize that no preferential treatment is given to men (64% men and 76% women think that there is no discrimination with regard to access to extension services). By contrast, there was recognition of unequal treatment based on gender of the household head in the access to agricultural technologies. Regarding credit services, they are women who feel less discriminated. In fact, women represent 56% of people who think that there is no discrimination against 44% of men. The disagreement between men and women is total when it comes to the time spent on field work and the work of environmental conservation. Men think they spend more time than women and vice versa. In fact, 70% of women believe that women spend more time on farm work while 73% of men think otherwise. Men and women recognize that women have equal access to productive resources. They all agree unanimously that women are under-represented in institutions (form more details, see Appendix No 4.4.3).

3.2.5. Division of labour in agriculture In Niger, women have always played an important role in agricultural activities. The last General Census of Population and Housing (RGP/H, 2002) reveals that women represent 49.5% of the national agricultural population against 50.5% for men. The results recorded by the survey are consistent with this pattern. Indeed, compared to women's involvement in agricultural activities, 74% of women interviewed reported being directly involved in agricultural work. More than half of women surveyed said they spend at least five (5) hours per day for field work. Regarding the type of agricultural activity carried out, we find more women in rainfed agriculture despite the constraint of access to land. Women are less represented in irrigation, only 19% of farmers and 70% of them work manually and exploit small plots of less than 0.5 ha (RGAC, 2002). Access to irrigation is also problematic as respondents who believe that only 28% of women have access to irrigated land.

Tasks in agricultural activities fall broadly as follows: Men and boys prioritize conservation of soil, sowing, plowing, harvesting and all post-harvest activities such as transportation, construction of attic, and the storage of the crops. Men are also related to activities such as the construction of housing, and participation in village meetings. Men and boys are also responsible for grazing animals and the collection of fodder. Apart from its agricultural and domestic activities, women are involved in income generating activities. Moreover, there are more women than men (33.1% of women against 31.2% of men) who practice activities, crafts, gardening and petty trade.

The results of the General Census of Agriculture and Livestock, indicate that nationally, both men and women hold all livestock. Overall, men have 51% of cattle against 37% for women heads of household. However, there are significant differences in the type of animals raised. Men have an advantage in raising cattle while women specialize in small ruminants. At the national level, women have more sheep (51.2% of women heads of households against 31.7% of men, heads of household). We see the same trends in the study sample which shows that men have 54% of cattle (and 16.7% for women), while small ruminants are divided between men and women at 20% for men, 52.2% women and 18% owned jointly (for more detail see appendix 4.4.3). Although apparently the men are responsible for more tasks than women, there is an almost universal awareness of the fact that the workload of women is too heavy for them. This is because they are

involved in most of the household chores and also involved in field work. Only 12% of respondents believe that the workload of women is not too heavy (Appendix 4.7).

3.2.5. Perception of climate change and its impact Rural Nigeriens are well aware of climate change and their manifestations. This is what emerges from the responses recorded when people are interviewed on the changes in the conditions in which agriculture and animal husbandry are practiced. Nine out of ten people say they have seen negative changes. Both men and women perceive these changes in very similar proportions (93.0% men and 92.8% women). The phenomena that are most commonly observed are decreases in rainfall (88.2% favorable response), the delay in the start of the rainy season (86.4%), drought (83.0%), extreme temperatures (74.4%), and sandstorms (63.6%) (see appendix 4.6.1). More than three out of four respondents believe that there is a real awareness in the society concerning the risks brought by climate change. At this level also, the results disaggregated by sex are hardly significantly different (80.9% of men think that there's a great awareness against 75.2% of women).

3.2.7.Frequency and severity of observed climate extremes and impacts With regard to the frequency of the observed changes, reduced pasture is considered to be the most recurrent (76% of respondents mentioned this impact). It is followed by extreme temperatures (74%) and lower water points (60%). These results help explain why the livestock sector has a higher level of vulnerability than all of the remaining sectors. Indeed, climate change is the most frequently reported factor by people (decrease of pasture and water points) that mostly affects the sub-sector (see appendix 4.6.3). Concerning the impacts, the decline in production (crop failure) emerges as the most cited concern by the population (98.9%). Here also, gender does not seem to play role. Food insecurity, malnutrition, depopulation, loss of livestock, displacement of populations is also mentioned as the most immediate consequences of climate change.

3.2.9. Activities of environmental conservation The heightened awareness noticed with the rural people concerning climate change is accompanied by a strong involvement of people in the activities of environmental conservation. More than three out of four (77.2%) reported taking part in at least one form of environmental conservation activity. There is however, a greater presence of men in these activities with 83.3% against 70.5% for women. Activities that mobilize most of the people met during the study are reforestation and land reclamation (88%). Other activities practiced by a significant minority of respondents are land reclamation, dredging, dune fixation, the destruction of weeds or treatment of Koris (Appendix 4.6.6).

4. Climate Change in Niger: current and projected situations

4.1. The current situation Niger has a Sahelian climate characterized by very high temperatures and a rainy season (June to October) and dry season (November to May). Rainfall is distinguished by a very high temporal and spatial variability, with a downward trend since the mid-1960s. The deficit is estimated between 50 and 80%, depending on the year and stations. The 1970s, 1984, 2001, 2005 and 2011 showed particularly important deficits. Between 1950 and 2000, the country recorded a significant decline in the level of annual rainfall and a significant increase in minimum temperatures (CNEDD, 2009). The current climate variability and its adverse effects spare no social group just as they affect all

areas of the country. The most vulnerable groups are the farmers (15.09%) followed by women and (13.20%), and farmers. As regard to the farmers, their vulnerability has been established at all eight (8) regions of the country, while women, children and farmers are vulnerable in seven (7) out of eight regions (CNEDD, 2005).

4.2. Projected climate for Niger The projection results carried out according to different types of models generally converge to predict by 2020-2049, average increase in maximum temperatures which will be between 2.3 °C and 2.6 °C 1 in comparison to the 1961-1990 normal. According to these projections, the areas of Agadez, Maïné Soroa, Konni and Maradi will be affected by these higher temperature increases while the lowest temperatures will be recorded in the areas of Niamey and Gaya. However, even in these areas, the projected increases could reach 1.5 °C. As regard to rainfall, projection results show a slight increase by 2020 - 2049 at most stations. At the station of Tillabery, these increases in total rainfall will be greater while the stations of Gaya, Niamey and Maradi could register slight declines. In addition, it is expected that changes in the timing of campaigns with a late settling of the rainy season.

If the different projections occur, their impacts on the food security of the populations, which is already serious, could be put to the test. Mohamed Ben quoted in the Second National Communication on Climate Change concludes to a 13% yield decrease for millet in 2025, due to a temperature rise in July-August-September. Seidou et al, cited in the same document, in a study on the statistical modeling of the relationship climate - cereal yields in Niger, under the project Capacity Building for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Sahel Countries says that millet yields (main staple food consumed in Niger) could face up to 42% variability as a result of the variability of rainfall and temperature.

At the livestock sector, forecasts indicate a more favorable evolution over the period 2005-2035 where there is a trend to higher livestock. However, the sudden resurgence of pests linked to rising temperatures recommends a relativization of the results of this forecast. In addition to the direct impact on the food security of people and animals, the projected decline in rainfall and rising temperatures will cause land degradation, declining agricultural and pastoral production, and chronic disruptions of food supply, the population movements and the tensions they cause, disease development and a significant loss of biodiversity. With regard to the monthly average cloudiness it appears that in 2025, there will be a slight decrease compared to the normal over the period 1961-1990, with the exception of the station of Gaya. The most important decrease in the monthly average which is of -2.9 Octas, will be recorded in Bilma in the far North.

5. Experienced climate changes and coping strategies of women farmers in Niger

5.1. Gender, climate change and extreme events In Niger and according to various studies particularly in the context of the National Adaptation programme (PANA), the main extreme events in connection with the present climate are floods, torrential rains, droughts, sandstorms or dust, extreme temperatures, and winds. These phenomena tend to worsen and affect both the economy and the social sectors.

Table 1: Main risks that are common in Niger Risks Economic impact Loss & Casualties Frequency Trend Droughts 3 ? 3 significant increase Heavy rains / floods 3 2 1 Significant increase Sandstorms 2 ? 4 unclear Extreme temperatures 3 ? ? Moderate increase Locust invasion 3 ? 2 Moderate increase Legend: - Economic impacts: 1 = not harmful, 2 = Moderately harmful, 3 = too damaging - Casualties: 1 = 1 person per event, 2 = 10, 3 = 100, 4 = 1000 people - ? = Data not available. - Frequency: 1 = 1-20% probability, 2 = 20-40%, 3 = 40-60%, 4 = 60-80%, 5 = 80-100%, - ? = Data not available. Source: CNEDD, 2006

These phenomena hit so severely all regions of the country as shown in the following table. Only the south seems to better withstand the impact of these phenomena.

Table 2: Estimation of the degree of vulnerability to specific natural hazards Sanstorm and Droughts Floods / locust Fires / bush Agroecological areas / or / Violent Wind Invasions Fires duststorm Desert Zone H - Pastoral zone H M M Northen Agricultural area H M M ? Agricultural area M M M M ? Key: Level of Vulnerability: L = Low, M = Medium, H = High, - ? = Data not available, - = Total absence of the phenomenon Source: CNEDD, 2006

On the socio-economic field, drought contributes to the sensitive degradation of productive capital of the populations. Indeed, the drought experienced in Niger caused a significant reduction in the productive constituting the principal capital stock breeders/ pastoralists. The cereal deficit led people to migrate to favorable areas. In 2010, it is estimated that drought has caused the decimation of half Nigerien livestock while in 1984 the losses following the first year of drought corresponded to the disappearance of 33% of goats and 35% sheep (CNEDD, 2003). Strong winds often accompany thundery squalls causing damage to the socio-economic infrastructure, vegetation, soil etc. Infrastructures most affected by this phenomenon are buildings, utility poles and telecommunications facilities.

Regarding pests, many pests have emerged following the droughts of 1973-1976 and continue to cause severe damage to crops whose last episode was in 2004. Harvest losses and degradation of

natural plant resources caused by locust attacks and other environmental factors is an obstacle to the economic development of the country. Also, in case of massive invasions of locusts, funds cut in the national budget for the fight are a significant shortfall in the country's economy. Estimated damage to forest resources following the droughts of 1968-1973, 1977-1985 and 2004 was about 338,180 ha (CNEDD, 2003).

5.2. Gender, climate change and water resources In Niger, the group of natural disasters "floods/ heavy rains/ floods" is the one that causes the most socio-economic and cultural impacts. Heavy rains often cause major flooding of rivers during wet years in Niger. Flood damage will usually result in the loss of lives, destruction of socio- economic infrastructure (roads, wells, boreholes, dams, bridges, public buildings, markets, houses, hydro-agricultural), the loss in livestock, damage to cultural sites. In view of all those disasters, women and children are on the frontline with the loss of their livelihoods. The flora, fauna and fisheries are not spared. Floods and damages they cause, often accompanied by loss of woody and herbaceous plant species. They also cause the premature death of certain species while inducing a weak development of forage species. Here too, it is women who suffer more because of their involvement in the collection of firewood and dependence on Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs).

The silting of water points occasioned in the long term by torrential rains contributes to the gradual disappearance of these water points. Similarly, high temperatures induce a rise in evaporation hence their contribution to the early drying of water points causing a decline in fish production and irrigation, which as we have often stressed provide women with much of their income. In addition, the perturbation induced by the rapid evaporation over recharging of groundwater has a direct impact on women who, as we know play a leading role in the supply of drinking water.

5.3. Gender, climate change and energy In Niger, modern energy services are virtually non-existent in rural areas. This is undoubtedly a hindrance to socio-economic development of the country. In addition, the few available energy services represent a very high environmental cost in terms of local pollution and domestic emissions of greenhouse gas emissions or deforestation. The availability of modern energy services means that households like other economic actors have recourse to traditional energy sources gratuitous but very inefficient. The consequences of this form of use of non-renewable energy sources are manifold. They lead in many cases to a vicious circle of decreased availability and increased cost of supply. However, it is women and children who traditionally perform these tasks, which take up a large part of their active day. This blocks certain areas of development because it limits the availability of women to education just as it also deprives them of a more rewarding and more productive work, which helps keep them in poverty. Beyond the increasing exposure of the population to the negative impacts of climate change and environmental degradation, this vicious circle leads people into a more and more profound poverty. To summarize, energy services in rural areas are limited to the traditional and inefficient use of local non-renewable biomass for cooking and heating. The use of traditional lighting solutions ranging from candles to batteries for electric lighting or the use of diesel-powered generators that is inefficient and poorly maintained. Limited intervention of the State in this area has contributed to some availability of modern energy services, but the lack of maintenance and actors have often led to a return to traditional solutions.

However, when addressing the issue of access to energy, one of the main concerns is the relationship between access to energy and climate change. Although often referred to as a problem of rich countries, the promotion of efficient energy technologies and environmentally friendly can help to increase the sustainability of access to energy programs. To date, many accesses to energy programs do not have a comprehensive approach in taking into account climate change issues. One reason for this situation is the fear of additional costs induced by the use of climate-friendly technologies. However, there are a growing number of experiments demonstrating how the use of environmentally friendly technologies can help reduce dependence on external sources of fuel, while promoting the use of locally available energy sources. In addition, many technologies involved have a relatively high investment cost. Finding a way to finance these high expenses, which will subsequently be amortized by controlled operating costs, will help increase the use of environmentally friendly technologies. One of the main challenges of access to energy today is to help countries move up the "energy ladder", while opting for a low carbon footprint. In all cases, the use of alternative energy sources should be encouraged (gas, coal and solar energy) for cooking and other domestic uses.

5.4. Gender, climate change and health It is a fact that drought and high temperatures are interlinked, and will accentuate the effects of many tropical diseases. Indeed, according to studies Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change, carried out in the framework of the preparation of national communications on climate change, measles outbreak is localized in the dry season with a peak in March-April. This is one of the most deadly childhood diseases in Niger. It was also established that extreme temperatures influence the seasonal distribution of cases of attack of diseases such as malaria, meningitis and measles. Correlations between meteorological parameters and health also show an influence of temperature and rainfall on the attack rate of malaria. Pascal (1996) showed that the optimum temperatures for the survival of mosquitoes including Anopheles females are 22°C to 30°C. The optimum temperature can extend the life of mosquitoes and increase the frequency of blood meals of female anopheles (at least 43 per hour). It is also clear from this study that the activities of Anopheles are reduced by low temperatures and the optimum temperature parasite is 27°C to 31°C. In addition, this study shows that rainfall has a great influence on the annual incidence of malaria where the evolution of the malaria attack rate is in the same direction as the annual total rainfall from 1986 to 1995. Other years the results are rather mixed. For cons, the attack rate is highest during the third quarter (July, August, September), which corresponds to the rainy season followed by the fourth quarter with a very severe attack rate.

Climatic parameters including air temperature and rain have a strong influence on the incidence of meningitis. This disease occurs mainly during the dry season from the first week to the 22nd, 26th week. The attack rate increases with the increase of temperatures. With the arrival of rain, temperature keeps high but the attack rate drops drastically (except for a few isolated cases). Thus, while the rainfall reaches its peak, the incidence of meningitis is almost zero. It should also be noted that the period of occurrence is much longer as the rainy season is short and settles later (Case of Agadez). Like in the case of meningitis, the incidence of measles is influenced considerably by the rain in all four regions. Sandstorms and/or dust coupled with extreme values of temperature and relative humidity of the air greatly increase respiratory diseases and cause eye irritation. They can also be associated with the spread of meningitis. Also because they reduce visibility, dust storms can often cause fatal accidents. In addition to the human cost, these climate- related diseases represent a cost for the country and disrupt much the participation of women in other economic activities.

Regarding malaria, the estimated cost of treating a severe case is US$ 40 for a total of US $17 million per year. The monetary value of lost work is approximately US $ 12 million per year. It is estimated that the economic loss due to malaria is about 30 million US dollars per year. As for meningitis, the annual budget estimates prepared in 2005 by the National Health Information System (NHIS) for multiple preventive domains (vaccination), monitoring and management of cases is approximately US $ 6 million. Regarding measles, budget for the year 2007 prepared under the accelerated control of measles in Niger and the 2007 implementation plan was about US $18 million. To these diseases we should add protein-energy, avitaminosis and waterborne diseases due to consumption of non-potable water.

5.5. Gender, climate change, agriculture and food security The food security of populations in Niger is mainly based on agricultural production. However, the latter is, for several decades, dependent on weather conditions, the most damaging is drought. Other factors such as hydro-meteorological floods, sandstorms also contribute to food insecurity in Niger. According to Gado et al., Niger's recent history has been marked by a series of droughts, famines resulting from either localized or generalized as follows: - 1912-1915 (Severe drought that caused a food crisis across the Sahel); - 1925-1928 (Dry period); - 1940-1944 (Severe drought); - 1947-1949 (Dry period); - 1968-1973 (Severe drought that caused a food crisis across the Sahel); - 1977-1985 (Severe drought that caused a food crisis across the Sahel).

It follows from the analysis of this series that the last thirty years, two prolonged periods of severe drought that caused widespread famine occurred in Niger. In other words, Niger has experienced two major food crises that can be described as major crises. These are famines of 1972-1974 and 1984-1985. In addition to these two major food crises, the country has experienced periods of critical food situation: 1990-1991, 1993-1994, 1996-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2005, 2011-2012.

Invasions of pests are another natural disasters closely associated with climate and which strongly affect food security. The most dangerous are locusts, rodents and granivorous birds. Indeed flights of locusts capable of destroying in a few hours all the crops are by far the most feared agricultural risk. In Niger, locust attacks are committed by three species of locusts mainly desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria). According to archival materials and FRIFAS agricultural research cited by Gado et al. and considering the time scale of this study, Niger has experienced three major invasions of locusts: - 1974-1975 and 1984-1986 Senegalese Grasshopper Invasions - 1988 Invasions of locusts.

There was also a recent locust invasion during the 2004 crop year and that the country is in the process of suffering the consequences now.

Regarding livestock, much of the Nigerien livestock has been decimated in 1973 drought. Flow of tens of thousands of refugees (between 30000 and 40000) was recorded. Damage of the crisis of 1984-1985 was comparable.

As for sandstorms and/or dust, their threat to food security is especially early in the season where they can cause loss of seedlings due to the silting of the seedlings they generate. The decline in the level of production in drought and other factors related to climate change will result in terms of

malnutrition whose first victims are, once again, women and young children. In 2006, 20% of Nigerien women aged 15 to 49 years suffered from chronic energy deficiency while they act as a pillar of food, health and nutrition security at the household level.

5.6. Farmers adaptation strategies to climate change

5.6.1. Adaptation Practices The analysis of adaptation strategies developed during the past crises shows that the practices that people often use can be grouped into two categories based on the viability of the options.

Unsustainable Strategies are those that lead to the decapitalization of households or exert excessive pressure on natural resources. In this category we can include sale of firewood, selling household assets, the acquisition of a loan, selling straw, selling utensils. It also includes all options that lead to the weakening of the productive capacity of households such as rural exodus, the involuntary displacement of people in search of land and pasture. Finally, we include strategies with a direct negative impact on health, such as food rationing and consumption of certain foods without nutritional value.

Sustainable Strategies are composed of practices that generate income and food resources in a reproducible manner without significant negative impacts on the environment. It is strengthening income-generating activities; practice off-season gardening, use of adapted varieties, and sale of animals, digging pastoral wells, craft, and sale of agricultural residues or birth control. These options at household level observed during past crises may be supplemented in the light of adaptation needs expressed by the populations in the different surveys in the field. Indeed, it is clear from the analysis of the results of the field survey that the priority adaptation needs to strengthen the resilience of rural women revolve around access to the techniques and technologies of production and processing agricultural products, access to education, building community food security stocks, and access to loans at low interest rates. Additional options, some of which are already implemented are introduction of forage species in pastoral areas, the creation of Banks for Livestock Feed, support for the promotion of gardening and peri-urban farming, development of mutual companies, production and dissemination of agro-meteorological information, the fight against climate sensitive diseases, capacity building material, technical and organizational aspects of rural producers.

However, even when it seems necessary to consider the feasibility of a policy, from a financial, technical point of view or its gender sensitivity, strategies must, indeed, be considered in relation to gender in order to ensure, in particular, if they are intended primarily to women and if they do not cause an increase in the workload of women.

Table 3: Summary analysis of adaptation options, advantages/disadvantages for women Options Forces Weaknesses Market Gardening Fix populations and the rural exodus, - Lack of water points which reduces the presence of their - Cost of sinking wells or boreholes husbands responsibilities of women - Access to markets not always guaranteed household food for products - Increasing women's income and - Lack of access to land household - Can increase the workload of women Ties and use of varied Resistant better vagaries costly high seed

animal species more - Better yields Difficult to reproduce at the community adapted level

Banks in animal feed Strong dependence limit grazing and costly products reduced pressure on the environment Conservation difficult for vaccines and Helps reduce the frequency of conflicts products to keep cool Very sensitive to women's activities (fattening small ruminants) Promotion of market Increased income monetary Non-availability of space gardeners and livestock Very sensitive to gender Opportunities-not always guaranteed drying peri-urban Increases household food security - May increase the daily workload of women Introduction of forage Gender-sensitive through fattening Difficulty of collecting basic seed species Conducive to environmental Difficulty of access to land for the conservation production Provides cash income Promotion banks Secure food availability costly initial incorporation Gender-sensitive Costs and conservation techniques not always controlled Not always guaranteed transparency in management, stock replenishment problem Reinforcing material and technical capacity of producers Sales of animals Increased revenues if considered in the Inappropriate e-crisis due to deteriorating context of strategic destocking terms of trade Gender-Sensitive Promotes the capitalization of households Elimination of diseases Sinking of Pastoral wells. Availability of water for livestock T-neck shaft sinking Maintenance of wells Promotion of handicrafts Provides monetary incomes - Increases the workload of women The Sale of Agricultural Provides monetary income Increases the workload of women Residues Not always guarantee availability the controller of the birth Allows master workload in households Limit the hand of open agricultural Pressure control population Decision-not always controlled by women Consumption and/or sale diversified food regimes and improving Can increase the workload of women of leaves or berries food security Can exert strong pressure on natural And diversified sources of income resources increases the monetary Sales of non-timber forest And diversified sources of income Collection can increase the workload of products increases the monetary women Can exert strong pressure on natural resources

5.6.2. Current initiatives relating to gender, climate change and women’s empowerment

a) Programs implemented by the CNEDD

The CNEDD currently has two pilot projects related to improving the resilience of rural women to climate change, namely, the Programme PANA - Program for Agricultural Sector Resilience and Adaptation in Africa (AAP). The PANA project - Agriculture Sector Resilience aims to "strengthen the capacity of agricultural adaptation to climate change" by an urgent and immediate help to the most vulnerable populations. The main interest of this project lies in the fact that at the heart of the planning process were the concerns of women farmers to cope with climate change impacts. Indeed, the process of preparing the PANA’s Resilience was based on the report of the Concerted Vulnerability Evaluation conducted in 2005 in collaboration with UNDP. Based on the results of this study which presents women as the second group most vulnerable after the pastoralists, the formation of beneficiary groups was carried out in order to reserve a quota of 20% for women. The identification of the activities was carried out on the basis of the indications given by the people themselves in relation to the extreme events they consider the most severe. The final selection gives priority to activities aimed primarily for women.

The African Adaptation Programme meanwhile continues to pursue as main goal, the institutionalization of the integration of climate change into development policies. It has, however, a demonstrative dimension because it allows fund some pilot activities. The importance of such a product is that any effort to take into account gender and climate change will necessarily be limited in the absence of a strategic framework overtly sensitive to gender and climate change. However, these two projects are pilot projects. Therefore, their impact is limited both in terms of national coverage from the point of view of people living in areas where they operate. b) The Community Action Project for Climate Resilience (PACRCC) Funded by the World Bank, the development objective of this project is to improve resilience of populations and production systems of communities to climate change. It has three components, the first two deal with the issue of climate change. The first component is the integration of climate resilience in development strategies at national and local levels, while the second seeks to integrate the practices of climate resilience in the agro - sylvopastoral activities and in the welfare measures of the local populations. In the context of this project, it is expected that the agro - sylvopastoral resilience be improved by intensifying practices of sustainable land and water management to reduce impacts of climate change. This will be done through activities of capacity building in agriculture, agro-forestry, agro-pastoralism and pastoralism. The project document clearly states that the choice of fields of intervention was made following a gender-sensitive approach. In this context, the project document notes that special attention will be given to women as priority beneficiaries of the activities. c) The project Multifunctional Platform The platform is a multifunctional device operating from a diesel-powered engine used for several modules such as threshers, mills, huskers. It can also generate electricity to power the pumps, lighting or for powering a variety of electrical devices and appliances. By facilitating many chores such as threshing, grinding or fetching water, this unit offers a real alternative to reduce the working hours of women in difficult and time and energy -consuming tasks. The evaluation shows that this mechanism can reduce the workload of women from 12 hours per day to about 5 hours. Its interest is multifaceted. First, it helps relieve women and give them free time to attend to their income-generating activities. Then it offers women the time needed for their own development. However, it is a diesel engine which in itself is a source of greenhouse gas emissions. Even if Niger is not, for the time being, required to limit its contribution to pollution, it would be appropriate for the future of this device to be otherwise considered with respect to the energy source. It is for

this reason that a project of an alternative source of energy has been developed to supply the engine with solar energy. This option, in addition to the fact that it would be environmentally acceptable, has the advantage of reducing pollution and saving women beneficiaries the load of purchasing diesel fuel currently used. d) The Community Listening Clubs Project for Women's Empowerment and Leadership Community Listening Clubs Project for Women's Empowerment and Leadership is a project funded by FAO and implemented by the Nigerien NGO Vie Kande Nibaira. Listening clubs aim to improve access to information for rural women in particular to strengthen their empowerment. Their goal fits in both the mandate of FAO of fighting against hunger and malnutrition and the strategic goals related to equality between men and women in the access to goods, services and decision-making processes. Their purpose also joins the third Millennium Development Goal (MDG 3), which focuses on gender equality and women's empowerment. For their internal operating, Listening Clubs encourage members to express their needs or expectations related to everyday life. The radio is a relay that provides the answers either by the intervention of an expert or by the broadcasting of debates taking place in the various clubs. The general scheme of operation is as follows: Identification of a subject or theme - realization of the issue - Active Listening - Dialogue and debate - Decision - Finding means of action, Actions- Restitution of experiences.

In Niger, in all the villages where the project involved three listening clubs were established and two of these three clubs are clubs for women. Among the topics addressed by some Nigerien clubs include access to land. At the end of this process, some municipalities where they operate managed to find the right of women to land as an inalienable right of particularly access through inheritance. e) Program "Bamako Suites for the empowerment of women in West Africa" Funded by the Italian Cooperation, the Project operates in three countries: Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Niger with the objective of strengthening the initiatives of institutions and organizations of civil society from the perspective of gender equality and women's empowerment. The main components of the project are (i) the fight against poverty through economic empowerment (ii) health, reproductive rights and the fight against gender-based violence (iii) the participation of women in governance at national and local level. The main actions taken in Niger are advocacy for greater involvement of women in decision-making through the media, the capacity building of women artisans in marketing and design and implementation of a directory of women artisans in a website, empowerment and capacity building of women through Integrative literacy, the creation of a database of agricultural inputs and capacity building of women. f) Women Empowerment and Local Development Project Women Empowerment and Local Development Project is funded by the Italian Cooperation. These actions are also taken into account for the implementation of third MDGs through pursuing three general objectives which are (i) the development of policies to empower women within the local development programs, (ii) the creation of a National Policy for Gender in Niger (iii) enhancing the role of women in the field of security and food sovereignty of the Niger people and the preservation of environmental resources. Specifically, the project aims at empowering women through support for gender policies and local development MPF / PE as the realization of a pilot initiative in the Tahoua region. These actions are intended to improve the position of women in the development and use their own knowledge in safeguarding agricultural heritage and more generally the environment. The expected results are: (a) strengthening the role of the Ministry of Population, Women and Child Protection (MP/FP/PE) in promoting decentralization process open

to the participation of women in Niger (b) the implementation by women, of actions they have themselves identified in 60 villages (c) the strengthening of decentralized MP / FP / EP through the formation of a services promotion network in all villages involved in the project, (d) diversification, enhancement, creation and implementation of new industries based on traditional knowledge of women, (e) 10% decrease of the workload of women (f) strengthening the participation of women in decision-making at the local level (g) awareness campaign.

6. Gender, Climate Change and Agriculture: Political and Institutional Responses in Niger Since the proclamation of the year 1975 as International Year for women by the United Nations, Niger has undertaken various initiatives with a view to mainstreaming the gender dimension in policy making. With awareness of the acceleration of climate change, the same effort is being deployed. Also, strategy papers in various fields have been developed. In addition, institutional mechanisms have been installed and a legal framework has been adopted to facilitate the achievement of government’s objectives in terms of gender and climate change.

6.1. Political Responses

6.1.1. The Rural Development Strategy and the National Agricultural Investment Plan Like all countries in West Africa, Niger has engaged since October 2006 in the process of implementing the agenda of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) and the Common Agricultural Policy (ECOWAP), as part of national efforts to promote agricultural development and economic growth. This process is part of the implementation of the Accelerated Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (SDRP) and the Rural Development Strategy (RDS). It should be noted that Niger has a Rural Development Strategy since 2003, as a Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS). The roundtable, held from September 29 to 30, 2009, resulted in the signing of the National Charter ECOWAP/ CAADP Niger (Compact), which establishes a framework for partnership between the Niger government and development partners in the implementation of National Plan for Agricultural Investment (NIPA). The Charter also states that the NIPA will fit entirely in the RDS which is a melting pot of all development interventions in the agricultural sector at the country level.

The overall objective of the Rural Development Strategy of Niger is to "reduce the incidence of rural poverty from 66% to 52% by 2015 by creating the conditions for Sustainable Economic and Social Development to ensure Food Security of and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources”. The Rural Development Strategy (RDS) is available under three strategic axes: (i) Promote Rural Access to Economic Opportunities for Creating Conditions for Sustainable Growth in Rural Areas, (ii) Preventing Risks, Enhance Food Security and Managing Sustainable Natural Resources for Securing Populations Living Conditions, (iii) Building the Capacity of Public Institutions and Rural Organizations to Improve the Management of Rural Sector. Equity and gender is a crosscutting concern with respect to each of the twenty three (23) SDR programs. The instruction and the implementation of these must always take into account the real needs of women and involve them in the activities to be undertaken. It will exceed the vision that led to the definition of individual components specific to women, to bring practical gender approach in all actions taken.

NIPA being an emanation of the SDR did not deviate from this rule. Of the 17 activity groups chosen by the NIPA that arise from CAADP pillars, only the further study on gender and HIV-AIDS

was gender-specific. Other actions chosen do not involve separation but largely female component. Like the RDS, NIPA makes a transversal treatment; requiring great care in implementation, monitoring and evaluation of actions.

Among objectives of RDS, the issue of climate change and resilience to climate change does not appear explicitly. However, during its development, there was a strong awareness of the strong vulnerability of the Nigerien economy to recurrent droughts and desertification and the need to limit natural risks on production. Also, the second strategic axis indicates the importance of (i) limiting as much as possible, the dependence of production systems vis-à-vis climate hazards, (ii) halting the overexploitation of natural resources, which while jeopardizing the sustainability of production systems, compromise increased opportunities, (ii) to secure the living conditions of households, reducing the risk of occurrence of food crises by improving sanitary conditions of access to water and food. NIPA, like all SDR assets is transferred to the 3N Initiative since the adoption of the latter.

6.1.2. The 3N Initiative The 3N Initiative verbatim "Nigeriens feed Nigeriens" is an integrated food security program adopted by Niger in June 2012 aiming at "contributing in protecting Niger populations against hunger and malnutrition and ensure the conditions for full participation in national production and to improve their income". To achieve this goal, the initiative aims at "strengthening the capacity of national food production, supply and resilience to food crises and natural disasters". The 3N Initiative is built around five strategic axes corresponding to the expected overall effects of investments and actions. These are (i) the growth and diversification of agro-forestry-pastoral and fisheries, (ii) Regular supply of rural and urban markets in agricultural and food products (iii) Improve the resilience of populations to climate change, crises and disasters (iv) Improving the nutritional status of Nigeriens (v) Animation, Initiative Coordination and 3N momentum of reforms. These five strategic axes are translated into five strategic programs (SP), twelve operational programs and institutional arrangements.

The approach recommended for the implementation of the 3N Initiative is based on a participatory and inclusive approach that will obey five guiding principles, namely (i) the concentration of actions, (ii) targeting of support, (iii) taking into account gender, (iv) sustainability of the productive base, (v) mobilization and empowerment of stakeholders. Unlike strategy papers which preceded it, the development of the 3N Initiative occurred in a context where gender and climate change is at the heart of all concerns and where significant progress has been made at national level. The emphasis in the management of climate change is expressed in the fact that 3N Initiative fits into the perspective of optimal use of opportunities and comparative advantages of agricultural and food sectors of Niger to integrate the Nigerien economy in dynamics of competitiveness at regional and even international level in accordance with the principle of solidarity with future generations. The 3N Initiative document is therefore footprint of this great awareness on the interest of the concept of gender and climate change in Niger. Thus the specific objective of the 3N Initiative is designed so that strengthening resilience to food crises and natural disasters is set as the starting point for efforts to be made under this initiative.

In relation to gender, the 3N Initiative targets vulnerable households, women, youth, and persons with disability and producer organizations as evidenced by the third principle of intervention. Taking into account the gender dimension appears also in strategic programs, village, community and family kits. Thus it is clearly stated that women in general, women heads of households, in

particular, are the priority target groups under programs "Improving forecasting mechanisms and coordination of emergency" and "Prevention of different forms of malnutrition". Concerning service kits, a range of income-generating activities in which women are the main beneficiaries has been programmed. This is the case for instance with gardening activities. This concern is reflected in village kits by programming small irrigation for market gardening and fruit growing and making available plots of 200 to 300 square meters for women. Regarding the results chain of the 3N Initiative, the fourth Specific Programme provides, among other results, securing land access for the most vulnerable groups including women, youth and people with disability. The sixth Strategic Programme also provides monitoring of the proportion of women and young people who have developed new income-generating activities as one of the indicators.

6.1.3. The National Gender Policy (NGP) The analysis of the situation in Niger according to gender led to the following key findings: (i) inequality of status and position of women and men in the family and in society, (ii) unequal economic status of women and men and the feminization of poverty, (iii) unequal enjoyment of rights by women and men and differentiated exercise of their obligations within the family and society (iv) unequal participation of men and women in decision-making bodies at all levels, despite the existence of the quota law, (v) low-impact interventions in favor of fairness and equal access for men and women.

The need to provide answers to issues raised through these observations is the origin of the adoption of the National Gender Policy (NGP) on July 31, 2008. NGP is aligned with international, regional and national commitments Niger has signed. The most important are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel and Degrading treatments (1984), the Millennium Development Goals (2000), the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005), the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Right (1981), the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990), The ECOWAS Gender Policy (2001), The African Union Policy on Gender (22 May 2009), the Accelerated Development and Poverty Reduction (2008-2012), and the Constitution of the Seventh Republic (2011).

Through this policy, the Government of Niger hopes to build with all stakeholders, a society without discrimination where men and women, boys and girls have equal opportunities to participate in its development and enjoy the benefits of its growth. GNP has set two objectives (i) establish an institutional, socio-cultural, legal and economic environment for achieving fairness and equality of opportunity between men and women and (ii) ensure the effective integration of gender into policies, plans, programs and projects of development of the country.

NGP is based on four cardinal principles: (i) gender is transverse and the National Gender Policy is the only frame of reference for all involved in the matter, (ii) the two overall objectives of the NGP are related and their realization requires a synergistic action in the actions of actors identified by the institutional implementation, (iii) commitments of the players and the acceptance of gender as “eligibility criterion for funding development interventions“ and (iv) gender does not mean similarity and its non-fulfillment is an obstacle to national development. NGP is supported by four strategic axes. The first aims to promote equitable situation and social position of women and men within the family and in the community, the second axis aims to promote fair potential and

the position of women and men in the household economy and the market economy, the third axis focuses on issues of human rights, the fourth axis relates to the capacity of intervention of the institutional framework for the implementation of NGP.

Finally, by developing the NGP, Niger confirms its commitment to achieve equity and equality between men and women at all levels. However, experience has shown that too often having a sectoral policy is not sufficient but we should rather ensure the implementation of the NGP in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. As such, the government and its partners must overcome a number of challenges, including the technical and the financial challenge. Indeed, the necessary funds to implement the 10-year Action Plan (2009-2018) of the NGP is estimated at about 96 million US dollars. The technical challenge, in turn, is related to the need to develop two strategies namely support an advocacy strategy for resource mobilization and communication strategy to support the implementation of the NGP and make its results visible.

6.1.4 The National Plan for Environment and Sustainable Development Niger developed a National Environmental Plan for Sustainable Development (PNEDD). The purpose of this Plan is "to expand the options for development and sustainability for future generations". Its purpose is to "establish conditions conducive to the improvement of food security, finding solution to the crisis of domestic energy, improved sanitary conditions and economic development of the populations". To achieve these overall objectives, the PNEDD has four additional sub-objectives, namely: (i) ensure a more rational management of natural resources in the fight against desertification by promoting a more holistic approach to the issue, (ii) integrate environmental concerns in the definition of policies, programs and projects implemented in each of the main areas of development, (iii) encourage involvement, accountability and public participation in the management of resources and their habitat, contribute to the preservation and improvement of their living environment, (iv) promote the development of an effective partnership between stakeholders in the issue of the environment and sustainable development in Niger.

It appears that in both the overall and the specific objectives the gender dimension in connection with the woman farmer is not explicitly brought out. However, as it will be seen further, it is by no means an omission reflecting any lack of interest. The PNEDD implementation Strategy includes short-term actions that are most urgent to implement, the medium-term actions grouped into priority programs and a range of accompanying measures which are spread over the mid and long term. This implementation strategy also comes through two main themes including natural resource management and capacity building. These two strategic themes give predominant role to the population, particularly youth and women. The PNEDD consists of six programs which are: (i) Biological Diversity Programme, (ii) Water and Sustainable Development Programme (iii) Climate Change and Climate Variability Programme, (iv) Urban Environment and Living Environment Programme, (v) National Program to Combat Desertification and Natural Resource Management, and (vi) Energy and Sustainable Development Programme. These programs are driven by technical committees made up of representatives of government institutions, representatives of research institutions and representatives of civil society. As noted above, the PNEDD includes the National Programme for Adaptation (PANA) and the Pilot Program Resilience to Climate Change. It is through the activities of these two programs that PNEDD takes into account specifically the needs and priorities of rural women facing climate change.

The PNEDD overall approach in relation to gender has its roots in the close relationship that women have with the natural environment because of their actual presence in farming activities

and collection of vital resources. This ongoing relationship predisposes women to greater sensitivity to changes in the natural environment, which is the environment in which they operate. This permanent contact with the environment has fostered in women, some good practices in environmental conservation.

6.1.5. The National Adaptation Programme (PANA) The National Adaptation Programme addresses the adverse effects of climate change (PANA), and was developed by the National Council of Environment for Sustainable Development (CNEDD) and is part of the implementation of the National Strategy and Action Plan on Climate Change and Variability (SN/PACVC) adopted in March 2004. The development and implementation of PANA in Niger is also within the framework of the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that Niger has signed and ratified. The overall objective of the PANA is to help in mitigating the adverse effects of climate variability and climate change on the most vulnerable populations in the context of sustainable development. Thus fourteen options of adaptation have been identified for the implementation of adaptation measures to help increase agricultural productivity, food security and water availability. These adaptation options were identified during the PANA preparation process, as a priority for players at county, municipal and village levels.

In general, PANA’s relationships with the national development objectives are considered in terms of linkages between adaptation measures identified in the PNEED and national development priorities made up by the SRP. Also, the adaptation measures identified in the framework of PANA are consistent with the direction of the PRS, particularly with regard to food security, capacity building, water management, the struggle against desertification and promoting of income- generating activities. From a programmatic view, apart from the health sector, all other key areas identified by the PANA come within the agricultural sector. They are agriculture, livestock, fisheries, forestry, water resources, wildlife, and wetlands. This high level of priority given to the agricultural sector is confirmed in the choice of projects to be implemented when the first project aims to improve the resilience of agriculture to climate changes.

Box 2: Measures / adaptation options identified by the PANA If the formulation of overall and specific objectives does not show explicitly the notion of gender identification and implementation of projects gives a particular importance to this dimension. That is how on the fourteen projects identified, four projects target specifically women. That is the Project Promotion of cattle feed banks that targets women and children malnutrition; support project to the promotion of gardening and peri-urban farming. Concerning the promotion of Income Generating Activities and mutual development project, it already recognizes the rationale, women as particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and made them priority targets for its interventions. It is the same for the project for the Promotion of cereal banks and Extension Project of plant and animal species better adapted to climatic conditions. Finally, a project is specifically devoted to facilitating women's access to credit, which as we know is one of the stakeholders that hinder more the development of women farmers.

6.1.6. The Economic and Social Development Plan 2012-2015 Niger has embarked on a process of elaboration and adoption of a Plan of Economic and Social Development for 2012-2015. PDES is designed to serve as unique reference framework for the objectives that the government has set in economic development area. The PDES intends to rely on all past initiatives that have brought conclusive results like the Accelerated Development and

Poverty Reduction Strategy (SDRP) and the Rural Development Strategy. The goal of PDES is "to ensure better management and efficiency of public policies". To achieve this overall objective, the PDES has nine results area, namely (i) the aspirations of citizens for security are met, (ii) equity and equality of citizens to public services are guaranteed, (iii) Democratic and Republican Institutions are credible, (iv) the level of social development has significantly improved, (v) Nigerians provide their food security in a sustainable way, (vi) strong and sustained economic growth, (vii) youth are integrated into the economic system, (viii) the preservation and management of environmental resources are strengthened, and (ix) development management is facilitated. The PDES considers the 3N initiative, as one of the main pillars of its success. Indeed, the third strategic axis on the promotion of food security and sustainable agricultural development said that agriculture is the main vehicle of economic growth in Niger, and thus a reactivation of the sector is likely to contribute to economic growth that creates jobs and wealth. The PDES therefore inherits all the attention on Gender and Climate Change by the 3N initiave. The PDES was adopted on August 1st, 2012 and its implementation has been already started.

6.1.7. The draft version of the Strategy for Sustainable Development of Livestock Since 1992, the strategies implemented in livestock were mainstreamed in the guideline of a comprehensive guidance document for rural development entitled "Guiding Principles of Rural Development Policy for Niger (PDPDR)". Other policies and strategies were then created in order to strengthen the PDPDR. The most recent reform is one of 2000 made through the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS), namely the SDR. The major challenges that Niger is facing in the area of livestock are productivity increase, production promotion and securing against the vagaries of the weather. In this perspective, the new vision that emerges is “Niger where livestock, by 2035, contributes significantly to food security and nutrition and improve the socio-economic conditions of the population through sustainable management of the environment”. This is the purpose attached to the Strategy for a Sustainable Development of Livestock in Niger. The overall objective of this strategy is to develop sustainable farming to contribute in improving the food security and incomes of the population and their resilience to crises and natural disasters”. Its specific objective is to “ensure the emergence of livestock production systems, which shall promote economically and environmentally sustainable management of pastoral resources”.

The strategic policy framework includes (i) Animal health and hygiene of animal products sustainably ensured (ii) the increase, diversification and development of animal production, (iii) the creation of a legal and institutional framework for sustainable development of livestock farming against climatic hazards likely to promote economic and ecologically sustainable management of pastoral resources. Healthy and dynamic livestock farming is the creed of the strategy to reduce the vulnerability of the poor rural population. Thus, it shall promote the employment of youth, especially women, while ensuring sustainable use of natural resources. The strategy, with its implementation over a period of twenty three years, a key issue for food security and increase rural incomes in a perspective of sustainable development of animal husbandry.

In accordance with the guidelines set by the PNG, this strategy raises the respect of gender equity as one of its guiding principles for intervention. The Strategy document clearly states that the integration of the gender dimension is not seen in terms of additional activities added for women but rather as a comprehensive approach that takes its origin from the formulation of technical programs. The approach will be to analyze situations from a gender perspective to identify and prioritize all female dominant activities. 1The stakeholders are signatories of the Charter Government (CIP-SDR), the TFP of the rural sector (EU Delegation, leader), farmer organizations

(RECA), development NGOs and associations, the private sector and banks (CCIAN), the ECOWAS Commission, the Commission of the African Union / NEPAD.

6.2. Institutional context: the national gender machinery

6.2.1 The General Directorate for Women's Promotion In the framework of the Women’s Decade, Women's Association of Niger has struggled to defend the interests of women. This is how the Government created:  In 1981, a Directorate of Women Status within the Ministry of Youth and Sports;  In 1987, a Secretariat of State in charge of Social Affairs and Women's Status in the Ministry of Public Health;  In 1989, the Secretariat was set up in the Ministry of Social Affairs and Women’s Status;  In 1991, this Ministry was replaced by the Ministry of Social Development, Population and Promotion of Women;  In 1994, the Ministry of Social Development, Population, Women's Promotion and Child Protection;  In 2005, the Ministry of Social Development, Population, Women's Promotion and Child Protection is divided into two Ministries: Ministry of Population and Social Action and the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection;  In 2008, the Ministry of Population, Women's Promotion and Child Protection.

It is within the last Ministry that was created the General Directorate of Women’s and Gender Promotion whose mission is to undertake actions aimed at empowering women, promoting women's leadership and the promotion of an environment conducive to fairness and equality between men and women in the economic, social, cultural, legal, institutional and political areas. It is made up of three Directorates: the Directorate of the institutional environment strengthening of women and gender advancement, the Directorate of women leadership promotion and the Directorate of women economic empowerment. They have representation at each of the eight regions of Niger. The General Directorate of Promotion of Women is in charge for the implementation of political choices in relation to the treatment of gender and equity issues.

6.2.2. Gender Units within technical ministries The national reference framework for gender equity, as noted above, is the National Gender Policy. The fourth strategic priority of this policy includes the institutional issues that the implementation was facilitated by the Gender Initiative in Niger which is part of the Cooperation Programme, UNFPA-Niger. For the purpose of the implementation of this gender initiative, the Ministry of Population, promoted the creation of gender focal points in all technical ministries. These gender focal points are in charge of ensuring that gender is systematically considered at the time of planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of projects and programs. During the implementation, it became clear that the work of monitoring and follow-up goes beyond the capacity of one person. Also, the focal points were established in Gender Units including about nine persons holding positions of responsibility at high levels. Because of their position in the administrative hierarchy, members of these Units have decision-making power and flexibility that allow them to take initiatives without necessarily to go to their superiors in the adoption of certain documents and certain measures.

Apart from the monitoring work on new policies that realize these focal points, they initiated a review of the work programs of their respective ministries so that these programs reflect political

commitments in relation to gender. Thus, eighteen ministries have already done this review. The Key ministries in charge of issues relating to rural women include the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Environment, and the Permanent Secretariat of the Poverty Reduction Strategy among those who have made these reviews. This means that at this stage the programs and plans of action take fully into account the gender dimension.

6.2.3 The National Council of the Environment for Sustainable Development It was in 1996 that Niger set up the National Council of the Environment for Sustainable Development with the missions (i) to define a national framework of reference containing the policies, guidelines, objectives, strategies and action programs on the environment for sustainable development, (ii) to develop and promote the establishment of a framework and institutional mechanisms ensuring the coordination and harmonization of activities of all stakeholders in the process of PNEDD, (iii) to ensure compliance with environmental standards in all activities of economic, social and cultural development, (iv) promote a real change of mindset and attitude for a sustainable and rational use of natural resources and rational management of the environment.

6.2.4 Complementary Institutional mechanisms Efforts made by the Ministry of Population, Women's Promotion and Child Protection are reinforced with the establishment of Houses of Women and the National Observatory of the Advancement of Women or Female Entrepreneurship Unit of the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Crafts. Houses of Women are structures whose mandate is to support women through training, awareness and implementation of income-generating activities.

Box 3: The Women's Entrepreneurship Unit, established in April 2000 with support from the Canadian International Development Agency, works with women in the following areas: Business management and organization, support in finding business ideas; Support to business creation and consolidation of enterprise, business monitoring; Partnership Facilitation; Resource Centre (scripts and audio-visual documentation and internet access). Between 2000 and 2003, 2978 women entrepreneurs have been concerned by the training activities of the unit, and 88 have made study trips abroad.

Another initiatives complementary to the efforts of state institutions is the establishment of Urban - Rural Women Sponsorship systems. There is a mechanism in place in order to essentially promote the transfer of knowledge, good practice and information for women living in urban areas (closer to technology and information) to rural women. This mechanism is, obviously, a powerful vehicle for information and practices in all areas of life, particularly in the areas of rights and duties of women, new technologies to ease the work of women in rural and services and opportunities available to women in general. In addition, this system relies on contributions from urban women members of the sponsorship network but also all the goodwill at National and International levels. These contributions are used to purchase equipment for working women but also to finance AGR. Still in the context of these efforts, it is worth noting the creation of such Advisers position to the President of the Republic and the Prime Minister's Office to ensure compliance with the commitments made by governments as far as gender is concerned.

7. Constraints and obstacles to effective adaptation of farmers to climate change in Niger

Several constraints and obstacles imped the effective implementation of adaptation techniques to climate change by farmers in Niger. These constraints are political, institutional, legal, economic or sociocultural.

7.1. Political, institutional and legal constraints This group of constraints perhaps the most serious since the effectiveness of any initiative at the grassroots level remains strongly conditioned by the existence of an enabling policy, institutional and legal environment. These three frameworks define the policies, principles and guideline; establish instances of implementation and determine remedies for non-compliance. If in the current situation, the analysis of strategic responses shows that considerable efforts have been made in terms of adoption of reference frameworks, significant challenges still remain. First of all there is the challenge concerning the lack of an overall strategy on gender and change whose main purpose would be to provide overall consistency and synergy necessary to the success of the currently outstanding initiatives. In the absence of such a strategy, attempts to integrate gender and climate change in sectoral policies and strategies are following an approach that separates the two dimensions while it is clear that these two issues are closely linked. Currently, it is difficult to detect the mechanisms through which institutions responsible for agriculture, promotion of gender and those in charge of climate change operate in a concerted manner to give the most appropriate responses to women's concerns on climate change. On the ground, this constraint results in a lack of coordination of the stakeholders on the theme and poor capitalization of acquired projects and programs. Indeed, it is frequent to see several stakeholders involved in the same region, with a variety of scattered actions, different intervention strategies, which makes them difficult to sustainability and evaluation.

The second challenge is related to the legislative gap that is presently prevailing in Niger because of resistance to the project of the Family Code. However, this code should outline a rural women's status, particularly with regard to issues of access to productive resources. The third major challenge in this category is on the weaknesses of the mechanism for information, education and communication (IEC). This challenge resulted in a lack of integration of extension and counseling support and low specific needs of women, particularly with regard to adaptation to climate change. Lack of resources and organization of the support and advice of the rural world exacerbates the impact of this constraint. It resulted in a detrimental ignorance of laws and national texts as Rural Code, Act or quotas on religious provisions in terms of rights of women. Another important result of the weakness of the IEC is the low capacity of village women's organizations to transmit messages and information to rural women to enable them to seize the opportunities presented to them, in particular funding available sources and supports.

Finally, it should be noted, as a major challenge, the lack of an adequate program of capacity building at all levels (national, regional, local) for a better understanding of climate change, effects, strategies to develop adaptation based on agricultural activities and the role to be played by different stakeholders(government, financial partners, intergovernmental organizations, NGOs, Development Associations, private sector, producers and their organizations, women's groups, local elected officials, opinions leaders, etc).

7.2. Economic barriers As well as the obstacles related to strategic aspects, there are many economic obstacles. The fisrt obstacle of this nature is the limited access of women to productive resources such as land, inputs, extension services, and water resources. However, access to these resources is really essential to aim the empowerment of rural women and improve their resilience to climate change. Secondly,

we note inadequate preparation of farmers to develop mechanisms for the prevention and management of disasters relating to climate change and its consequences (floods, droughts, food insecurity, and malnutrition) despite their role as a pillar of food security in the family.

As a result, there is inadequate training of women in sustainable management of forests and water, techniques of land recovery, integrating agriculture/ agroforestry and the protection of the environment. However, women are the primary users of forest and water resources. Access to new technologies is also a source of concern for women farmers. Indeed, very often these technologies and techniques are inadequate for the needs of women as they are needed to alleviate domestic tasks, but also to help in the areas of production, processing, storage and marketing to grow their revenues. Technologies related to alternative energy (solar, wind, coal) to avoid deforestation and environmental degradation, are also not easily accessible. Agricultural insurance and the carbon market are generally underdeveloped in Niger and few are known by farmers as they would have to compensate the small producers in case of disaster with consequences on crops. Finally, the lack of interest that the private sector has for rural women is not conducive to the emergence of a rural entrepreneurship which can help develop coping strategies by women.

7.3. Social and cultural barriers The social, cultural and religious factors continue to exert damaging pressure on the efforts of social change in favor of women. Social prejudices unfavorable to women, misinterpretations of religious provisions, the primacy of the male over the female sex in the same Islamic and customary provisions are much gravity that annihilate women in general and rural women in particular. Thus, as it has been indicated in previous sections, the decision making power belongs essentially to men, the survival means are almost exclusively controlled by women. Moreover, the effects of these biases are shown even in political and modern circles de facto threatening the success of the governments’ initiatives. The prime example is the non-compliance of the Quota Act, under the grounds that there are not enough qualified women to aspire to high office in the government. Illiteracy among rural women is both a cause and a consequence of these social stereotypes.

Box 4: In Niger, the index of female participation (IPF) is one of the lowest in the world. Measured from the level of participation of women in economic decisions, decisions on the life and political decisions and control of economic resources value was 0.11 in 2000 and 0.33 in 2007 6 According to the Report of the Analysis of women and children status conducted in 2009 by the National Institute of Statics and UNICEF, only 17% of women ultimately decide on health issues, 8% of the decisions on important household purchases, 15% for decisions to visit family and friends.

8. Priority investment needs to improve the resilience and adaptability to climate change of farmers in Niger The fundamental challenge of the adaptation strategy to climate change is the reduction of vulnerability. However, adaptive capacity is a function of institutional issues, the availability of appropriate technologies, information, infrastructure, etc. Several types of investments are possible in the areas of adaptation initiatives and to consider reducing vulnerability. But regardless of the type of measures envisaged, they must be adapted to the regional context and to be resilient to shocks that may arise from climate extremes. The interventions proposed by this

consultation study are grouped into four inter-related components. The first two are intended to provide answers to the problems related to the socio-professional environment of women in Niger as well as organizational and institutional issues. The other two components include specific actions to be implemented directly on the ground by the women themselves in order to achieve the desired positive changes through the program. In relation to this last aspect, the guiding principle is to seek to provide better coverage of the most vulnerable areas of the country. Given the existence of other stakeholders on the ground, it was recommended that the program intervenes primarily at areas where no intervention is currently in progress. The main components of the program are as follows.

Component 1: Reduction of Workburden of Rural Women Producers As it appears in the previous sections of this document, the Niger rural women are involved in many rural and household activities which consume most of their working day. This situation makes it difficult for women to undertake new activities that could really contribute to their full development. Also, the success of any initiative dedicated to rural women requires that they can be freed from the burden of the daily and repetitive chores. It is in this perspective that this component was designed.

Objective: Reduce the number and difficulty of the tasks assigned to women to enable them to devote their time to more rewarding activities and personal development.

Activities: 1. Provision of women's groups in tasks relief equipment (ADT) such as threshers, hulling machine, grain mills 2. Women's groups Equipment with multifunctional Platforms 3. Acquisition or equipment related to diffusion of renewable energies such as improved woodstoves or gas stoves 4. And extension of rapid access technologies and not tedious to drinking water

Component 2: Capacity Building and Institutional Development The Awareness on the need to better enhance the contribution of Niger women to the socio- economic development of the country was accompanied by the implementation of multiform actions in favor of women. Some of these interventions focused on organizational aspects while others require as a preliminary condition to access, the constitution of women in group, association or any form of organization. Thus, there are nowadays many women's groups whose level of operationality is variable. To improve the effectiveness of the program and create, more generally, the best conditions for success of any intervention for women, it became necessary to ensure that existing groups can play the role of valid interlocutors. This will require intervention to build capacity of the existing institutional framework to be able to support the various efforts.

Objective: To strengthen the institutional and organizational framework.

Activities: 1. Financial and logistical support for gender units of ministries involved in rural development (agriculture, livestock, environment) 2. Identification and diagnosis functionality of existing women's groups 3. Creation and /or revitalization of existing women's groups 4. Implementation of training program on community life and management of women's groups;

5. Implementation of support and advice activities in connection with climate change including the constraints and needs of women farmers 6. Implementation of modules of women farmers awareness on the legal texts (rural code, religious texts) for better access to productive land 7. Extension of the activities of listeners’ Clubs in the areas of intervention of the Programme

Component 3: Improved access of rural producers to key productive resources such as land, credit, water, equipment, inputs Discriminatory access to productive resources revealed by all studies and confirmed by the results of the survey is a serious handicap for women's agricultural activities. The difficulty of access to land is the most widely recognized concern as one that raises the greatest difficulties. However, access to inputs also poses real challenges both in terms of availability as well as in terms of affordability. The traditional form of credit is expensive for farming activities in general and women's activities in particular. During the discussions in the workshop, access to equipment and irrigation facilities also emerged as bottlenecks while market gardening activities are among those that provide the most income to women farmers. Finally, the development of crops in the processing stage as at the market access also meets many obstacles. Component No. 3 proposes solutions to these constraints.

Objective: Ensure access to productive resources to rural producers to increase productivity and farm incomes of rural women.

Activities: 1. Opening in favor of women's groups, lines of micro-credit for the acquisition of agricultural land collectively. 2. Implemented in collaboration with traditional authorities and local legal mechanisms to ensure women's groups access to reclaimed land by women or their groups. 3. Census-through different regions of the country, best practices in women's access to agricultural land and design mechanisms to adapt and disseminate these practices in the areas of intervention of the program. 4. Creation and /or strengthening of inputs markets (agricultural and livestock) for women. 5. Creating a mini-assistance fund for processing, marketing and access to market 6. Support to research commercial partnership with offices and domestic companies involved in the food marketing 7. Establishment of a procurement mechanism (subsidy) to irrigation equipment 8. Implementation of start-up working capital for women's groups to ensure fuel and maintenance costs.

Component 4: Strengthening the participation of women farmers in the management of natural resources The analysis of field experience shows that women are the custodians of good practices in conservation and natural resource management. Their involvement in the search for means of survival such as water and energy sources, makes, in fact, that woman are social groups that receive a frontal impact of any change in the environment. Thus, they are deeply sensitive and attentive to the protection of natural resources. Therefore, it is clear that the success of any business of preserving the environment and natural resources is closely linked to the involvement of women in the process of identifying constraints, defining solutions and implementing them. It is for this purpose that component 4 was considered.

Objective: Capitalize the good practices developed by communities in general and women in particular, to put women at the center of conservation and preservation efforts of the productive base.

Activities: 1. Establishment of mixed groups for discussion, reflection and exchange on rural dynamics and climate change. These groups identify endogenously constraints and develop mini-action plans based on their perceptions and their experiences on climatic phenomena 2. Implementation of priority actions identified by the communities in particular building restoration and land recovery works which involved mostly women 3. Creation of nurseries for women 4. Production and marketing of fodder seed from other projects 5. Dissemination of weather information

8.1. Management and Monitoring and Evaluation of the Program This component covers all activities related to technical, administrative, and monitoring and evaluation of the program. It should be conducted by a team of experts under the supervision of a National Steering Committee. The role of the Steering Committee will be to ensure effective achievement of the project‘s objectives, ensuring synergy with other ongoing interventions, facilitate ownership by national stakeholders, and maintain the basic orientation of the Program on the concerns of women farmers. More broadly, the Steering Committee will be in charge of the alignment of the program on the main national reference frameworks for food security, gender, and climate change namely, the 3N initiave PNG and the PANA. It will be composed of representatives of key ministries including the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Livestock, the Ministry of Water and Environment, the Ministry of Population, Promotion of Women and Child Protection. The Committee will also contain, as observers, representatives of other projects working on the same theme (eg PAC Resilience, CARE, PANA / R).

9. Conclusions This national consultation helped to highlight the strong involvement of Niger women in agriculture. The analysis of the conditions of this strong involvement demonstrates, however, that the conditions of women's lives continue to be precarious and the speed-up of climate change is a factor that could exacerbate this vulnerability. The reponses given by the government in terms of political and institutional frameworks are undeniable progress. However, these remedies are far from eradicating the threat because of social and cultural pressures still strong and obvious gaps exist still to be filled both institutionally and politically. This obviously requires the continuation and intensification of these efforts. But achieving significant results in the research for improved resilience of women to climate change clearly requires the deepening of ongoing tools and approaches and looking for innovative solutions. This program initiated by the NEPAD Agency, raises a great hope that it plans to combine realism resting on the so-called traditional solutions while aspiring to promote a new dynamic. To go further in the quest for innovative solutions, additional work should be undertaken in the area of intervention of the program in order to (i) undertake an inventory of current interventions to identify the different actors; (ii) identify mobilized funds and the level of coverage of national needs by these funds, and (iii) establish a profile of the socio-economic groups and their environment to identify their specific needs.

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République du Niger, (2003). Stratégie de Développement Rural, 66 pp

République du Niger, (2006). Plan d’Actions de la Stratégie de Développement Rural, 161 pp

République Togolaise /FAO,(2003) Plan stratégique genre et développement agricole République du Niger, (2010), Rôle des institutions traditionnelles et religieuses dans la promotion des droits de la femme au Niger, avec l’appui financier de la coopération danoise,

SE/CNEDD, (1998). Plan National de l’Environnement pour un Développement Durable, 114 pp Sow Aissatou Billy, Marie Touré, Sitan Kanté Programme cadre genre /développement agricole Guinée ;

Appendix

Appendix 1: Households Questionnary

Region ______Department ______Village / Township ______Date / ____/_____/_____ /

General information on the household

1. Age a. 18-25 years / ___ / b. 25-34 years / ___ / c. 35-45 years d. / ___ / e. more than 45 years / ___ /

2. Masculine sex / ___ / Feminine / ___ /

3. Level of instruction a. illiterate / ___ / b. primary / ___ / c. Secondary 1 / ___ / d. Secondary 2 (high school) / ___ / d. technical and professional / ___ / e. Academic / ___ /

4. Registrar has. Bachelor / ___ / b. Married / ___ / c. Divorced person / ___ / d. Widower / ___ /

5. That directs the household a. a woman / ___ / b. a man / ___ /

6. Who provides to food? a. the husband / ___ / b. the woman / ___ / c. the two / ___ / d. the children / ___ / e. other / ___ /

7. Does your household practice t it the family planning? Yes / ___ / No / ___ / 7.1. if yes who decides the number of children and the spacing of the births? a. the woman / ___ / b. the husband / ___ / c. the two / ___ / d. other / ___ / 7.2 Otherwise why? a. not of access to the services of the family planning / ___ / b. Refusal of the husband / ___ / c. Agreement to two / ___ /

II - Information on the power of decision

Answer Questions Yes No Can decide by yourself of the expenses of the household (as food, education health) Can you decide the sale of livestock by yourself? Can you decide by yourself to contract a credit? Can you decide the use of the harvest? Can you decide the sale of raising coins products by yourself? (Milk, cheese...) Can you decide the sale of coins agricultural products yourselves? Can decide by yourselves of the number of child in your household Do you debate questions of the household (use of the agricultural income, inputs…) with your spouse? Do the women have her the same rights that the men to the inheritance? Do you believe that the men and the women must have the right to the same positions that the men in the society? Do the women have to have the same power of decision that the men on resources of the household? Do you exercise a leadership in the customary processes or in formal organizations? Do you participate in the communal life (for example in the city councils?) Do you take part in the activities of the feminine organizations in your township or village?

III - Division of Work

8. What member of the family takes care of the following activities? responsible Member Activities The men The women The boys The girls Preparation of the meals Grazed the animals Pickup of the fire-chamber wood Pickup of fodder Sowing / planting Ploughing Harvest Transportation of the harvests Transformation, merchandising of the agricultural products Storage Conservation of soils and management of water Construction of the domestic attic Construction of the dwelling Involvement to the meetings of the village/commune Involvement to the meetings of popularization Fishing, production of honey Drawing of water

IV - Access to resources and to the technologies

9. The owner of the cattle who is (cows, beefs, camels etc.) in your household? a. the husband / ___ / b. the woman / ___ / c. the two / ___ / d. the children / ___ / e. other / ___ /

10. Who is the owner of the small livestock (sheep, goats, chickens) in your household? a. the husband / ___ / b. the woman / ___ / c. the two / ___ / d. the children / ___ / e. other / ___ /

11. Does your household possess some earths? Yes / ___ / No / ___ / If yes 11.1 What kind of earth? Dunes / ___ / irrigated / ___ / 11.2 That are the owner of these earths a. the husband / ___ / b. the woman / ___ / c. the two / ___ / d. the children / ___ / e. other / ___ / 11.3 How did you acquire them these earths? a. Inheritance / ___ / b. Purchase / ___ / c. Renting / ___ / Other (to specify) ______11.4 What is the size of these earths (roughly)? a. Less the half of one hectare / ____ / b. 1 hectare / ____ / c. 1 to 1,5 hectare / ____ / d. 2 hectares / ____ / e. more than 2 ha / ____ / 11.5 have yourselves access to the irrigation? a. Yes / ____ / b. No / ____ /

12. Do you possess animals of feature for the ploughing? a. Yes / ____ / b. No / ____ /

13. What inputs do you use (possible multiple choice)? a. None / ____ / b. improved Seeds / ___ / c. Manure / ___ / d. Pesticides / ___ / e. Other / ___ /

14. Do to which of the following services have yourselves access? (possible multiple choice)? a. None / ____ / b. Popularization / ___ / c. Formation/information / ___ / d. functional Literacy / ___ / e. farming Credit / ___ / Other (to specify) ______

15. Who do you receive his/her/its services or these inputs? a. Services of the state / ____ / b. outside Partners / ___ / c. NGOs / ___ / d. Private / ___ / e. Elected / ___ / f. Other (to specify) ______16. If you don't have access to none of his/her/its services give the reasons: a. Non-existence of the services / ____ / b. Absence of confidence / ___ / c. Service reserved to the men solely / ___ / d. Service reserved to the women solely / ___ / e. Access forbids by the culture / ___ / f. Access forbids by the religion / ___ / g. Other (to specify) other (to specify) ______

17. Do you think that the wage costs of the women are too heavy for them? a. yes / ___ / b. no / ___ /

18. Does a mechanism exist to alleviate the wage costs of the women? a. yes / ___ / b. no / ___ /

19. Do you think that the men enjoy a better access to resources, to the services and agricultural inputs? a. yes / ___ / b. no / ___ / 19.1 If yes what are some shaved them? a. culture / ___ / b. religion / ___ / c. lack of confidence to the women / ___ / d. other to specify ______19.2 What are the consequences of it? a. dependence opposite the husbands / ___ / b. weak production / ___ / c. other (to specify) ______

20. Fairness in the access to resources and to the services? Okay Not all Doesn't Questions Okay Not okay Perfectly okay know the 1. Do the agricultural services of popularization treat the households directed by the women on a same equal footing that those controlled by the men? 2. Do the sanitary services of popularization treat the households directed by the women on a same equal footing that those controlled by the men? 3. The households directed by the women and those controlled by the men have an equitable access to the agricultural technologies 4. The households directed by the women and those controlled by the men have an equitable access to the services of credits 5. The women contribute more that the men to the management of the environment 6. The women have an access and a control limited to resources productive (earth, dawned of water, etc.) 7. The women have an equal access to the education and to information on agriculture and health 8. The women pass more of time that the men to the rustic works 9. The women are represented fairly in the local institutions

V - Means of subsistence’s and generating activities of incomes for the household 21. What are the main means of subsistence for the household? a. Agriculture / ____ / b. Livestock / ____ / c. Agriculture and livestock Association / ____ / d. Other (to specify) ______22. Who controls / possesses the means of survival adults (agricultural products, of raising, money) in your household? a. The husband / ____ / b. The woman / ____ / c. Jointly / ____ / d. The children / ____ / yourself

23. Do you exercise other generating activities of incomes? a. yes / ____ / b. no / ____ / 23.1 if yes which a. trade / ____ / b. handicraft / ____ / c. sale of wood and straw / ____ / d. other / ____ /

24. Evolution of the domestic raising habits Number of possessed Number of possessed Animals Observations animals him 10 years animals today Beefs Cows Sheep Goats Camels Private pastures VI - food Security, climatic risks, vulnerability and means of adaptation

25. Are you directly involved in agriculture and livestock?? a. yes / ____ / b. no / ____ / 25.1 if yes how many hours per day pass yourselves at the field in season of rains? / ____ /

26. Do you think that your household is in food insecurity? a. yes / ____ / b. no / ____ / If yes why? ______

27. Who exercises the work that provides the most important piece of food in period of food crisis in your household? a. The women / ____ / b. The men / ____ / c. the two / ____ / d. The children / other / ____ /

28. Do you think that the conditions in which are agriculture and livestock practiced are changing? a. Yes / ____ / b. No / ____ /

29. If yes what changes did you note? (possible multiple answers) a. reduction of rains / ____ / b. flooding / ____ / c. delay in the installation of the season of rains / ____ / d. elongation of the seasons of rains / ____ / e. shrinkage season of rains / ____ / f. Droughts / ____ /

g. elevated Temperatures / ____ / Winds of sands / ____ / i. reduction of grazing / ____ / j. reduction of the points of water / ____ / k. blinding / ____ / l. erosion / ____ / m. other (to specify) / ____ /

30. Have you noticed changes in the frequency of these events? Events Very common Common Infrequent observations Drought Floods Elevated temperatures Winds of sand Delays installation country Elevated temperatures Reduction of grazing Reduction of the points of water Erosion Blinding

31. Did you note some changes in the severity of these events?

Events Very severe Severus Little severe observations Drought Floods Winds Elevated temperatures Violent winds Delays installation country Reduction of grazing Reduction of the points of water Erosion Blinding 32. What are in your opinion the impacts of these changes bound to the climate (possible multiple answers) a. bad harvests / ___ / b. displacements of populations / ___ / c. epidemics (for example the diarrhea, the malaria) / ___ / d. destruction of goods / ____ / e. destruction of the infrastructures (schools, roads, centers of health, of the bridges) / ___ / f. disruption of provision in water / ___ / g. loss of livestock / ____ / h. farming exodus / ____ / i. famine and malnutrition / ____ / j. disappearance forest and wildlife / ____ / k. school dwindle / ____ / l. other (specify) / ______/

33. To your opinion, what sudden group the more the impact of these changes a. the women in general / ___ / b. the farming women / ___ / c. the children / ___ / d. the men) / ___ / e. the households directed by the women / ____ /

34. What are the most important strategies of adaptation that you adopted during the situations of emergencies or famine tracks? a. reduction of the number of meal / ____ / b. consumption of wild leaves, fruits, roots / ____ / c. collection and sale of leaves, fruits or wild roots / ___ / d. Sale of assets of the household / ___ / e. to solicit the support of the parents and friends / ___ / f. to solicit food help / ___ / g. to solicit a loan / ___ / h. transhumance / ____ / i. other (to specify) / ______

35. Do you think that him a sufficient awareness on risks them of climatic changes? Yes / ___ / no / ____ / 36. Are you committed in activities of conservation of the environment? a. yes / ___ / no / ____ /

36.1 if yes the what a. Reforestation / ____ / b. Restoration of the earths damaged / ____ / c. dredging of the points of water / ___ / d. destruction of invading plants / ___ / e. treatment of the Choir / ___ / f. fixing of the dunes / ___ / g. other (to specify) / ______

37. Do some mechanisms exist to help to limit the impacts of these changes in your zone? a. yes / ___ / b. no / ___ / 37.1 If yes to whom do these mechanisms address? a. the men / ___ / b. the women / ___ / c. not of distinction / ___ /

38. To your opinion, that one can make to help the poor agriculturists to adapt to the climatic change and to reach the food security? a. to Improve the access to the loans to weak interest / ___ / b. Improvement the access to the education, technical support and backing of the capacities / ___ / c. to Improve the access to water and the control of the fundamental resources / ___ / d. to Improve the access to the agricultural technologies (adapted seeds, manure, species of livestock adapted) / ___ / e. to Improve the involvement of the women to the mechanisms decisional to all levels / ___ / f. selection of race resists / ___ / g. sowing of grazing / ___ / h. constitution of food stocks communal / ___ / i. to reinforce the programs of social nets / ___ / j. to vary the generating activities of incomes / ___ / k. promotion of the extendable energies / ___ / l. treatment of the pouring basins / ___ / m. other (to specify) ______

39. Which of the situations or convenient following did one observe to the level of the women at the time of the past food crises? a. difficulties to repay the loans / ___ / b. precocious marriage / ___ / c. exodus of the women / ___ / d. other ______

Appendix 2: Technical Services, PTF, NGO Questionnary

I - Identification 1. Name of the organization ______Seat ______2. Coverage a. Local /__/ b. Regional /___/ c. National /___/ 3. Sector of activity: a. Agriculture /__/ b. Livestock /__/ c. Mixed /__/ d. farming Credit /__/ e. Protection about. / __ / f. Transformation / ___ / g. Other (to specify) ______II - Activities 4. What are your group’s targets? a. Men /__/ b. Women /__/ c. Young /__/ d. Not of distinction /__/ 5. Arrange yourselves of a plan of actions? a. Yes /__/ b. No /__/ (if yes to recover the plan of action of at least one year) 6. What are your main activities? a. technical support /___/ b. services of popularization /___/ c. inputs of production /___/ d. Training / information / awareness /___/ e. farming Credit /___/ f. Diffusion of new technologies /___/ g. Other to specify ______7. Has specific activities to the women agriculturists? a. Yes /__/ b. No /__/ 7.1 If yes what are the services offered the women (possible multiple choices) a. technical support /___/ b. services of popularization /___/ c. inputs of production /___/ d. Training / information / awareness /__/ e. farming Credit /___/ f. Diffusion of new technologies /___/ g. Other to specify ______7.2 What is the part of your budget (of it %) dedicated to these activities? /____/ 8. Have yourselves of the protective specific activities of the environment? a. Yes /___/ b. No /___/ 8.1 if Yes which (possible multiple choices)? a. Reforestation /____/ b. Restoration of the earths damaged /_____/ c. dredging of the points of water /____/ d. destruction of invading plants /____/ e. treatment of the Choir /____/ f. fixing of the dunes /____/ g. Diffusion of new technologies /___/ h. other (to specify) ______

8.2 If Yes, what is the part (%) of the budget dedicated to these activities? /____/ 9. That make yourselves to help the poor agriculturists and the young to adapt to the climatic change and to reach the food security (possible multiple choices)? a. Improvement of the access to the loans to weak interest /___/ b. Improvement of the access to the education, technical support and backing of the capacities /___/ c. Improvement of the access to water and the control of the fundamental resources /___/ d. Improvement of the access to the agricultural technologies /___/ e. Improvement of the access to the farming credit /___/ f. Improvement of the access to the improved seeds and manure /___/ g. Improvement of the access to the animal species more adapted /___/ h. Improvement the involvement of the women to the mechanisms decisional to all levels /___/ i. Sowing of grazing /___/ j. Constitution of food stocks communal /___/ k. Backing of the programs of social nets /___/ l. Diversification of the generating activities of incomes /___/ m. Promotion of the extendable energies /___/ n. Treatment of the pouring basins /___/ o. Other (to specify) ______

NB: the results of this survey will be presented during a shop, it is for it that we ask you to really put your coordinates: Names and First names: ______Structure: ______phone: ______Email: ______

Appendix 3: List of structures contacted

Appendix 4: Outcomes of the mini survey

Appendix 4.1: Distribution of the investigated persons following the age Appendix : 4.2 Répartition des enquêtes par sexe Age Frequency percentage (%) Sexe Frequency percentage (%) 18-25 years 46 7,58 Male 310 51,84 25-34 years 131 21,89 Female 288 48,16 Total 598 100 35-45 years 133 22,22 more than 45 years 288 48,32 Total 598 100

Appendix 4.3 – Profile of the access and the control of the resources Appendix 4.3.1: Who is the owner of the big cattle? Appendix 4.3.2: Who is the owner of the small cattle? Staff Staff The woman 88 The woman 306 The husband 290 The husband 112 The two 77 The two 106 The children 21 The children 37 Other 61 Other 15 Total 537 Total 576

Appendix4.3.3: To whom belongs the ground? Appendix 4.3.4: Who controls the means of survival of the household? Staff Staff The woman 22 The woman 43 The husband 519 The husband 439 The two 17 The two 77 The children 16 The children 12 Other 1 Other 6 Total 575 Total 577

Appendix 4.3.5:Access to the inputs and agricultural services

Investigated Questions Answers Masculin Feminine Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage What input do you use? Yes 37 57.8% 107 42.2% No input No 266 50.5% 177 48.8% Yes 227 50.8% 137 48.5% Seeds improved No 41 48.2% 123 50.6% Yes 227 51.8% 108 47.5% Manure No 41 43.6% 152 55.3% Yes 112 55.2% 59 43.8% Pesticide No 156 47.4% 201 52.0% Yes 16 72.7% 6 27.3% Other No 252 49.4% 254 49.8% Which of the services do you have access? Yes 31 46.3% 85 52.2% No service No 271 52.2% 195 47.2% Yes 200 51.4% 106 47.8% Popularization No 75 55.1% 141 44.9% Yes 139 56.7% 103 42.0% Formation/information No 136 48.6% 144 51.4% Yes 37 42.5% 50 57.5% functional literacy No 238 54.3% 197 45.0% Yes 70 51.5% 16 48.5% Farming credit No 205 52.7% 231 46.5%

Yes 5 50.0% 5 50.0% Other to specify No 270 52.4% 242 47.0% Of whom do you receive these inputs? Yes 182 49.6% 182 49.6% Services of the state No 86 55.8% 68 44.2% Yes 49 56.3% 38 43.7% Partners No 219 50.6% 211 48.7% Yes 100 49.0% 101 49.5% NGOs No 168 53.2% 148 46.8% Yes 38 47.5% 41 51.3% Private No 230 52.3% 208 47.3% Yes 3 75.0% 1 25.0% Elected No 265 51.4% 248 48.1% Yes 18 50.0% 18 50.0% Other to specify No 250 51.7% 231 47.7%

Appendix 4.3.6:Equity in the access to the services Investigated Questions Answers Masculin Feminine Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Do the agricultural Okay Perfectly 104 49.1% 108 50.9% services of Okay 93 46.0% 106 52.5% popularization treat the households directed by Not okay 66 55.9% 51 43.2% the women on a same Not all okay 29 70.7% 12 29.3% equal footing that those controlled by the men? Doesn't know the 13 65.0% 7 35.0% Do the sanitary services Okay Perfectly 114 52.3% 104 47.7% of popularization treat Okay 110 45.1% 130 53.3% the households directed by the women on a Not okay 55 57.9% 40 42.1% same equal footing that Not all okay 14 77.8% 4 22.2% those controlled by the men? Doesn't know the 13 68.4% 6 31.6% The households directed Okay Perfectly 96 49.5% 98 50.5% by the women and those Okay 85 45.2% 101 53.7% controlled by the men Not okay 87 56.9% 64 41.8% have an equitable access to the agricultural Not all okay 28 70.0% 12 30.0% technologies Doesn't know the 8 50.0% 8 50.0% The households directed Okay Perfectly 105 51.5% 98 48.0% by the women and those Okay 79 37.3% 131 61.8% controlled by the men Not okay 95 67.4% 45 31.9% have an equitable access Not all okay 20 83.3% 4 16.7% to the services of credits Doesn't know the 4 40.0% 6 60.0% The women contribute Okay Perfectly 29 37.7% 48 62.3% more that the men to Okay 46 37.1% 76 61.3% the management of the Not okay 101 58.0% 72 41.4% environment Not all okay 126 62.7% 75 37.3% Doesn't know the 5 27.8% 13 72.2% The women have an Okay Perfectly 35 38.0% 55 59.8% access and a control Okay 160 53.0% 142 47.0% limited to resources Not okay 64 50.4% 61 48.0% productive (earth, Not all okay 43 67.2% 21 32.8% dawned of water, etc.) Doesn't know the 5 55.6% 4 44.4% The women have an Okay Perfectly 90 49.7% 91 50.3% equal access to the Okay 135 48.9% 137 49.6% education and to Not okay 58 58.0% 42 42.0% information on Not all okay 15 75.0% 5 25.0% agriculture and health Doesn't know the 3 27.3% 8 72.7% The women pass more Okay Perfectly 22 32.8% 145 67.2%

of time that the men to Okay 25 40.3% 37 59.7% the rustic works Not okay 105 51.5% 47 47.5% Not all okay 151 61.1% 44 38.1% Doesn't know the 2 16.7% 10 83.3% The women are Okay Perfectly 29 55.8% 23 44.2% represented fairly in the Okay 38 42.2% 50 55.6% local institutions Not okay 99 48.1% 107 51.9% Not all okay 96 59.6% 63 39.1% Doesn't know the 44 52.4% 40 47.6%

Appendix 4.4:Profile activities Appendix 4.4.1: Are you directly involved to you in agriculture Appendix 4.4.2: Who supplies the most important working Sex part in the household Statement Total Men Women Sex Persons Total Yes 301 211 512 Masculin Feminine No 12 74 86 The women 45 65 110 Total 313 285 598 The men 210 148 358

Both 45 55 100 The children / others 4 11 15 Total 304 279 583

Appendix4.4.3: home and land activities sharing. Men Women Boys Girls Activités Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Preparation of the meals 3 590 552 41 3 590 161 432 Grazed the animals 146 446 50 542 412 180 52 540 Pickup of the fire-chamber wood 183 410 246 347 84 509 219 374 Pickup of fodder 374 217 114 477 255 336 70 521 Sowing / planting 528 65 166 427 205 388 112 481 Ploughing 539 53 77 515 202 390 25 567 Harvest 539 55 117 477 206 388 41 553 Transportation of the harvests 516 78 63 531 176 418 22 572 Transformation, merchandising of the agricultural products 248 345 374 219 42 551 108 485 Storage 545 49 60 534 23 571 10 584 Conservation of soils and management of water 541 52 94 499 46 547 4 589 Construction of the domestic attic 561 33 30 564 106 488 4 590 Construction of the dwelling 550 44 25 569 129 465 4 590 Involvement to the meetings of the village/commune 557 37 243 351 101 493 79 515 Involvement to the meetings of popularization 533 60 263 330 72 521 54 539 Fishing, production of honey 320 238 29 529 59 498 11 547 Drawing of water 134 457 390 202 40 552 199 393

Appendix4.5:Power of decision Sex Questions Answers Masculin Feminine Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Can decide by yourself of the expenses of the Yes 294 49.5% 91 15.3% household (as food, education health) No 16 2.7% 193 32.5% Can you decide the sale of livestock by Yes 242 40.7% 76 12.8% yourself? No 68 11.4% 208 35.0% Can you decide by yourself to contract a Yes 260 43.8% 120 20.2% credit? No 50 8.4% 163 27.5% Yes 273 46.2% 91 15.4% Can you decide the use of the harvest? No 36 6.1% 191 32.3% Can you decide the sale of raising coins Yes 103 17.6% 173 29.6% products by yourself? (Milk, cheese...) No 201 34.4% 108 18.5% Can you decide the sale of coins agricultural Yes 188 31.8% 127 21.5% products yourselves? No 121 20.4% 156 26.4% Can decide by yourselves of the number of Yes 80 13.7% 50 8.5%

child in your household No 225 38.4% 231 39.4% Do you debate questions of the household Yes 197 33.4% 160 27.1% (use of the agricultural income, inputs…) with No 112 19.0% 121 20.5% your spouse? Do the women have her the same rights that Yes 57 9.6% 38 6.4% the men to the inheritance? No 250 42.3% 246 41.6% Do you believe that the men and the women Yes 81 13.7% 70 11.8% must have the right to the same positions that No 226 38.2% 214 36.2% the men in the society? Do the women have to have the same power Yes 83 14.0% 84 14.2% of decision that the men on resources of the No 225 38.0% 200 33.8% household? Do you exercise a leadership in the customary Yes 129 21.9% 80 13.6% processes or in formal organizations? No 180 30.6% 200 34.0% Do you participate in the communal life (for Yes 211 35.6% 166 28.0% example in the city councils?) No 98 16.6% 117 19.8% Do you take part in the activities of the Yes 149 25.1% 237 40.0% feminine organizations in your township or No 160 27.0% 47 7.9% village?

Appendix 4.6:Genre and Climate change Appendix 4.6.1: perception of climate change and their effects

Investigated Questions Answers Masculin Feminine Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Have noted you of the changes of the Yes 284 52.50% 257 47.50% agricultural practice conditions and raising No 21 51.22% 20 48.78% If yes whom? Yes 254 52.70% 228 47.30% Reduction of rains No 32 50.00% 32 50.00% Yes 76 55.07% 62 44.93% Floodings No 211 51.59% 198 48.41% Delay in the installation of the season of Yes 240 50.74% 233 49.26% rains No 47 63.51% 27 36.49% Yes 34 48.57% 36 51.43% Elongations of the seasons of rains No 253 53.04% 224 46.96% Yes 176 54.15% 149 45.85% Shrinkage season of rains No 111 50.00% 111 50.00% Yes 240 52.40% 218 47.60% Droughts No 47 52.81% 42 47.19% Yes 208 51.11% 199 48.89% Temperature raised No 79 56.43% 61 43.57% Yes 192 55.17% 156 44.83% Winds of sands No 95 47.74% 104 52.26% Yes 226 53.68% 195 46.32% Reduction of grazings No 61 48.41% 65 51.59% Yes 187 56.33% 145 43.67% Reduction of point of water No 100 46.51% 115 53.49% Yes 165 55.00% 135 45.00% Blinding No 122 49.39% 125 50.61% Yes 169 55.78% 134 44.22% Erosion No 118 48.36% 126 51.64% Yes 18 62.07% 11 37.93% Other No 270 52.02% 249 47.98%

Appendix 4.6.2:Impacts of climate change Investigated What are in your opinion the impacts of Answers Masculin Masculin these changes bound to the climate? Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Yes 305 52.41% 277 47.59% Bad harvests No 2 33.33% 4 66.67% Yes 210 54.26% 177 45.74% Displacements of the populations No 97 48.26% 104 51.74% Yes 213 52.85% 190 47.15% Epidemics No 94 50.81% 91 49.19% Yes 224 54.11% 190 45.89% Destructions of goods No 83 47.70% 91 52.30% Yes 147 55.68% 117 44.32% Destructions infrastructures No 160 49.38% 164 50.62% Yes 155 54.77% 128 45.23% Disruption of provision in water No 152 49.84% 153 50.16% Yes 259 53.51% 225 46.49% Loss of livestock No 48 46.15% 56 53.85% Yes 209 54.15% 177 45.85% Farming exodus No 98 48.76% 103 51.24% Yes 230 51.22% 219 48.78% Famine and malnutrition No 77 55.80% 61 44.20% Yes 183 55.12% 149 44.88% Disappearance forest / fauna No 124 48.44% 132 51.56% Yes 132 59.73% 89 40.27% Scalar dwindle No 175 47.68% 192 52.32% Yes 7 63.64% 4 36.36% Other No 300 51.99% 277 48.01%

Appendix4.6.3 : Fréquence des changements constatés Investigated Questions Answers Masculin Masculin Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Very frequent 56 60.87% 36 39.13% Drought Frequent 189 49.74% 191 50.26% Infrequent 63 54.31% 53 45.69% Very frequent 10 41.67% 14 58.33% Floods Frequent 77 47.53% 85 52.47% Infrequent 195 54.02% 166 45.98% Very frequent 85 52.15% 78 47.85% Winds Frequent 187 52.97% 166 47.03% Infrequent 35 50.72% 34 49.28% Very frequent 55 64.71% 30 35.29% Elevated temperatures Frequent 174 51.48% 164 48.52% Infrequent 74 47.74% 81 52.26% Very frequent 52 65.00% 28 35.00% Delay installation country Frequent 160 50.96% 154 49.04% Infrequent 94 50.54% 92 49.46% Very frequent 105 57.07% 79 42.93% Reduction of grazings Frequent 172 50.15% 171 49.85% Infrequent 29 50.88% 28 49.12% Very frequent 101 54.89% 83 45.11% Reductiondawnswater Frequent 159 51.13% 152 48.87% Infrequent 36 48.65% 38 51.35% Very frequent 57 53.77% 49 46.23% Erosion Frequent 155 52.54% 140 47.46% Infrequent 83 49.40% 85 50.60% Very frequent 48 63.16% 28 36.84% Blinding Frequent 164 50.62% 160 49.38% Infrequent 87 50.58% 85 49.42%

Appendix4.6.4 :Severity of the changes noted

Investigated Questions Answers Masculin Masculin Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Very frequent 56 60.87% 36 39.13% Droughts Frequent 189 49.74% 191 50.26% Infrequent 63 54.31% 53 45.69% Very frequent 10 41.67% 14 58.33% Floodings Frequent 77 47.53% 85 52.47% Infrequent 195 54.02% 166 45.98% Very frequent 85 52.15% 78 47.85% Elevated temperature Frequent 187 52.97% 166 47.03% Infrequent 35 50.72% 34 49.28% Very frequent 55 64.71% 30 35.29% Wind of sand Frequent 174 51.48% 164 48.52% Infrequent 74 47.74% 81 52.26% Very frequent 52 65.00% 28 35.00% Delay installation country Frequent 160 50.96% 154 49.04% Infrequent 94 50.54% 92 49.46% Very frequent 105 57.07% 79 42.93% Reduction of grazings Frequent 172 50.15% 171 49.85% Infrequent 29 50.88% 28 49.12% Very frequent 101 54.89% 83 45.11% Reductiondawns water Frequent 159 51.13% 152 48.87% Infrequent 36 48.65% 38 51.35% Very frequent 57 53.77% 49 46.23% Erosion Frequent 155 52.54% 140 47.46% Infrequent 83 49.40% 85 50.60% Very frequent 48 63.16% 28 36.84% Blinding Frequent 164 50.62% 160 49.38% Infrequent 87 50.58% 85 49.42%

Appendix4.6.5:Severity of the changes noted Did you note some Investigated changes in the severity of Answers Masculin Masculin these events? Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Drought Very severe 77 70.00% 33 30.00% Severus 197 48.05% 213 51.95% Little severe 31 47.69% 34 52.31% Floodings Very severe 21 63.64% 12 36.36% Severus 76 44.71% 94 55.29% Little severe 178 53.13% 157 46.87% Winds Very severe 51 61.45% 32 38.55% Severus 162 48.65% 171 51.35% Little severe 89 54.94% 73 45.06% Temperatures Very severe 90 59.60% 61 40.40% Severus 161 50.79% 156 49.21% Little severe 48 46.15% 56 53.85% Violent winds Very severe 74 59.68% 50 40.32% Severus 139 47.93% 151 52.07% Little severe 88 54.32% 74 45.68% Delay in the installation of Very severe 74 62.18% 45 37.82% the agricultural countries Severus 146 48.67% 154 51.33% Little severe 82 52.56% 74 47.44% Elevated temperature Very severe 98 57.65% 72 42.35% Severus 142 50.71% 138 49.29% Little severe 28 40.58% 41 59.42% Reduction of grazings Very severe 128 55.17% 104 44.83% Severus 144 51.80% 134 48.20% Little severe 24 40.00% 36 60.00% Reduction of the points of Very severe 122 54.22% 103 45.78% water Severus 132 51.97% 122 48.03% Little severe 43 46.74% 49 53.26%

Erosion Very severe 84 59.57% 57 40.43% Severus 118 48.16% 127 51.84% Little severe 91 51.41% 86 48.59% Blinding Very severe 71 62.83% 42 37.17% Severus 134 48.38% 143 51.62% Little severe 91 51.41% 86 48.59%

Appendix4.6.6:Protective actions of the environment Investigated Questions Answers Masculin Masculin Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Think yourselves that there is a sufficient Yes 242 54.02% 206 45.98% awareness on the risks of the climatic changes No 57 45.60% 68 54.40% Are you committed in the activities of Yes 249 56.59% 191 43.41% conservation of the environment No 50 38.46% 80 61.54% If yes whom? Yes 232 59.03% 161 40.97% Reforestation No 22 40.74% 32 59.26% Yes 199 56.70% 152 43.30% Restoration of the earths No 55 57.29% 41 42.71% Yes 120 60.30% 79 39.70% Desensablemnt No 134 54.03% 114 45.97% Yes 83 65.87% 43 34.13% Destructions of the invading plants No 171 53.27% 150 46.73% Yes 51 58.62% 36 41.38% Treatment koris No 203 56.39% 157 43.61% Yes 80 52.63% 72 47.37% Fixings of the dunes No 174 58.98% 121 41.02% Yes 8 61.54% 5 38.46% Other No 246 56.68% 188 43.32%

Appendix 4.6.7:Strategies of adaptation facing the climatic changes Investigated Questions Answers Masculin Masculin Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Reduction of the number of Yes 236 53.03% 209 46.97% meal No 70 50.00% 70 50.00% Consumption of wild leaves Yes 264 51.97% 244 48.03% No 42 54.55% 35 45.45% Collection and sale of Yes 138 51.30% 131 48.70% leaves, fruits, wild roots No 168 53.16% 148 46.84% Sale asset of the households Yes 201 50.63% 196 49.37% No 105 55.85% 83 44.15% To solicit support of the Yes 136 56.90% 103 43.10% parents and friends No 170 49.13% 176 50.87% To solicit food help Yes 195 50.78% 189 49.22% No 111 55.22% 90 44.78% To solicit a loan Yes 156 53.24% 137 46.76% No 150 51.37% 142 48.63% Transhumance Yes 9 47.37% 10 52.63% No 228 49.67% 231 50.33% Other Yes 11 64.71% 6 35.29% No 295 52.03% 272 47.97%

Appendix 4.6.8 :Needs of adaptation of the women agriculturists to the climatic changes Investigated Questions Answers Masculin Masculin Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage To improve the access to the loans to Yes 198 47.48% 219 52.52% weak interest No 106 63.47% 61 36.53% Improvement the access to the Yes 232 53.21% 204 46.79% education, technical support No 72 48.65% 76 51.35% To improve the access to water and Yes 177 52.68% 159 47.32% fundamental resources No 127 51.21% 121 48.79% To improve the access to the Yes 237 52.78% 212 47.22% agricultural techniques No 67 49.63% 68 50.37% To improve the involvement of the Yes 105 45.06% 128 54.94% women to the mechanisms decisionnels No 199 56.70% 152 43.30% Selection of resistant races Yes 141 57.32% 105 42.68% No 163 48.22% 175 51.78% Sowing of grazings Yes 159 55.21% 129 44.79% No 145 48.99% 151 51.01% Constitution of communal food stocks Yes 221 53.38% 193 46.62% No 83 48.82% 87 51.18% To reinforce the programs of social nets Yes 142 52.40% 129 47.60% No 161 51.60% 151 48.40% To vary the generating activities of Yes 193 52.59% 174 47.41% incomes No 111 51.15% 106 48.85% Promotions of the extendable energies Yes 138 54.98% 113 45.02% No 166 49.85% 167 50.15% Treatment of the basins pouring Yes 36 53.73% 31 46.27% No 208 49.29% 214 50.71% Other Yes 3 50.00% 3 50.00% No 301 52.08% 277 47.92%

Appendix 4.7 :Nombre d’heure de travail par jour pour les femmes Investigated number of hours per day to the field Frequency Percentage 0 2 0.67% 1 2 0.67% 2 6 2.01% 3 4 1.34% 4 51 17.06% 5 56 18.73% 6 50 16.72% 7 35 11.71% 8 50 16.72% 9 18 6.02% 10 8 2.68% 11 3 1.00% 12 6 2.01% No determined 8 2.68% Total 299 100.00%

Appendix 4.8 :The reasons of the non-access of the women to the services and agricultural inputs Investigated Questions Answers Men Percentage Women Percentage Yes 189 45.22% 229 54.78% Culture No 94 62.25% 57 37.75% Yes 210 46.46% 242 53.54% Religion No 85 72.65% 32 27.35% Yes 13 32.50% 27 67.50% Lack of confidence to the women No 270 51.04% 259 48.96% Yes 1 100.00% 0 0.00% Other to specify No 129 51.81% 120 48.19%