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O Preço Do Belo: Um Ensaio Sobre a Precificação Das Obras De Arte Raras”

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O Preço Do Belo: Um Ensaio Sobre a Precificação Das Obras De Arte Raras” UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA Vitor Crubelatti “O PREÇO DO BELO: UM ENSAIO SOBRE A PRECIFICAÇÃO DAS OBRAS DE ARTE RARAS” Campinas 2018 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA Vitor Crubelatti O PREÇO DO BELO: UM ENSAIO SOBRE A PRECIFICAÇÃO DAS OBRAS DE ARTE RARAS Monografia apresentada ao Instituto de Economia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Bacharel em Ciências Econômicas, sob a orientação do Prof. José Ricardo Fucidji Campinas 2018 Virtutem Forma Decorat Leonardo da Vinci AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus pela misericórdia; aos meus pais Silvia e Carlos pelo apoio incondicional; aos meus primos Caio, Guilherme e Marina que, ao longo destes vinte e quatro anos de existência, me ensinam diariamente o que é família; aos meus amigos Giovanna, Matheus, Natália e Vitória pelos cinco anos de momentos inesquecíveis; aos meus amigos Elias, Daniel, Davi e Victor simplesmente por sua existência em minha vida. Sem vocês essa caminhada não faria sentido; à professora Wanda que, com todo o carinho e amor, me deu todo o suporte para que eu pudesse encontrar-me academicamente, demonstrando com louvores o que é, de fato, ser um professor. O meu mais sincero obrigado a vocês. RESUMO Este trabalho realiza um estudo introdutório acerca das formas de valorização e precificação de obras de arte, mais especificamente pinturas, ditas raras. Para isso apresenta algumas das chamadas teorias do valor desenvolvidas no campo da história do pensamento econômico assimilando-as às formas pelas quais acontece a valorização de pinturas raras. O trabalho traz também algumas das discussões mais recentes a respeito da formação de valor no campo das artes, buscando definir e categorizar os diversos tipos de locais e agentes entre os quais ocorre a formação do preço das obras. Tendo em vista o fato de que o mercado da arte atualmente é responsável por volumosas movimentações de valor (aproximadamente 7% do PIB mundial em 2008), compreende-se que entender o modo pelo qual se dá a atribuição de valor a estes objetos é, além de crucial, uma tarefa extremamente complexa, pois são levados em consideração diversos fatores, sejam tangíveis ou intangíveis, para realizar a precificação de um quadro. Palavras-chave: arte, economia da arte, teorias do valor, precificação, obras raras, estética, pinturas, valor artístico, valor monetário. ABSTRACT This monograph aims at an introductory and tentative study on the ways of valuing and pricing works of art, more specifically paintings, called rare. The study also proposes to bring to the debate some of the Value Theories developed by some of the greatest past economists, which we studied in the field of the history of economic thought, assimilating them to the forms by which rare paintings are valued. The present study also brings some of the most recent discussions about the formation of value in the field of the arts, seeking to define and categorize the different types of places and agents among which the formation of the art price occurs. In view of the fact that the art market is currently responsible for huge amounts of transactions (roughly 7% of world GDP in 2008), it is understood that comprehending the way in which value is attributed to these objects is, as well as crucial, an extremely complex task, since a number of factors, whether tangible or intangible, are taken into account in order to carry out the pricing of an artwork. Keywords: art, economics of arts, value theories, pricing, rare artworks, aesthetics, paintings, artistic value, monetary value. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Canto do Jardim de Montgeron. Claude Monet, 1877. ..................... 18 Figura 2 - Tarde de Domingo na Ilha de Grande Jatte. Georges-Pierre Seurat, 1884 – 1886 ............................................................................................... 19 Figura 3 - A Noite Estrelada. Vincent Van Gogh, 1889. .................................... 19 Figura 4 - A Noiva do Vento. Oskar Kokoschka, 1914. ..................................... 20 Figura 5 - A pintura de 1963 de Andy Warhol intitulada "Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster)" foi vendida por US$ 108,4 milhões na Sotheby’s em Nova York. .................................................................................................. 25 Figura 6 - Garçon à la Pipe, Pablo Picasso (1905) ........................................... 26 Figura 7 - The Massacre of the Innocents, Peter Paul Rubens (1636-1638). ... 26 Figura 8 - Pablo Picasso, Les femmes d'Alger (Versão "O"), 1955. Óleo sobre tela. © Succession Picasso/DACS, London 2015 ...................................... 27 Figura 9 - Salvator Mundi, Leonardo da Vinci, 1500. © Peter Nicholls ............. 28 Figura 10 - Nu Couche, Amedeo Modigliani, 1917. (Imagem: Rex) .................. 28 Figura 11 - Graffiti SAMO, de autoria de Basquiat e seu amigo Al Diaz nas ruas de Manhattan ............................................................................................. 35 Figura 12 - Untitled, Jean-Michel Basquiat (1982) ............................................ 36 Figura 13 - Woman I, de Kooning (1950-52) ..................................................... 37 Figura 14 - Untitled, Jean-Michel Basquiat (1982) ............................................ 38 Figura 15 - Jean-Michel Basquiat, Untitled (Devil) (1982) ................................. 39 Figura 16 - Jean-Michel Basquiat, Dustheads (1982) ....................................... 39 Figura 17 - Jean-Michel Basquiat, Obnoxious Liberals (1982) ......................... 41 Figura 18 - Jean-Michel Basquiat, Six Crimee (1982) ....................................... 42 Figura 19 - Jean-Michel Basquiat, Untitled (Two Heads on Gold) (1982) ......... 42 Figura 20 - Marcel Duchamp – A Fonte. 1917. ................................................. 57 Figura 21 - Marcel Duchamp – Roda de Bicicleta. 1913. .................................. 58 SUMÁRIO Introdução ........................................................................................................... 8 Capítulo 1 – Estruturando alicerces: a arte, seus conceitos e mercados. 13 1 A arte e o belo, o que são? ......................................................................... 13 1.1 A arte .................................................................................................... 13 1.2 O Belo .................................................................................................. 15 1.2.1. Sócrates, Platão e Aristóteles ....................................................... 16 1.2.2 Visão kantiana acerca da estética .................................................. 17 2 O mercado da arte e suas formas .............................................................. 22 2.1 Leilões .................................................................................................. 24 2.2 Coleções Particulares........................................................................... 30 2.3 Museus ................................................................................................. 32 3 A mega valorização de um artista: basquiat e o ano de 1982 .................... 34 Capítulo 2 – Formulando ideias: o debate no campo econômico sobre o mercado da arte .............................................................................................. 44 1 As teorias do valor como ferramentas para o estudo das artes – os pioneiros do debate ....................................................................................... 44 1.1 Economistas Clássicos ......................................................................... 46 1.1.1 Adam Smith .................................................................................... 46 1.1.2 David Ricardo ................................................................................. 47 1.2 Escola Marxista .................................................................................... 49 1.3 Os Marginalistas ................................................................................... 50 2 Novas interpretações acerca da arte e seu valor – o debate contemporâneo ...................................................................................................................... 51 2.1 David Throsby e Victor Ginsburgh: conceitos da Economia da Arte .... 52 2.2 Pierre Bourdieu: a valoração dos bens simbólicos ............................... 54 2.3 A abordagem da economia da arte: é possível generalizar? ................ 58 2.4 Cameron Weber: Como a Arte e a economia se cruzam? ................... 61 Capítulo 3 – Assimilando conceitos: conclusão dos estudos até aqui realizados ........................................................................................................ 63 1 Principais conclusões ................................................................................. 63 2 Limitações do estudo .................................................................................. 66 Referências bibliográficas ................................................................................. 67 8 INTRODUÇÃO Prevejo que dificilmente me perdoarão o partido que ousei tomar. Chocando de frente com tudo aquilo que desperta, hoje, a admiração dos homens, só posso esperar a censura universal; e não é por ter sido honrado pela aprovação de alguns sábios que devo contar com a do público: também o meu partido está tomado. Não me preocupo de agradar nem aos belos espíritos nem à gente da moda. Em todos os tempos, haverá
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