DOCSLIB.ORG

Mosquitoes As Vectors of Human Disease in South Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mosquitoes As Vectors of Human Disease in South Africa Review Mosquitoes as vectors of human disease in South Africa Jupp PG, MSc, PhD, DSc (Med) Medical Entomologist, formerly of the National Institute for Virology and National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg. Correspondence: 31 Ravenswood, George Street, Port Alfred, 6170. E mail: [email protected] Keywords: mosquitoes, malaria, arboviruses, chikungunya, Sindbis, West Nile, Rift Valley fever, dengue. Abstract While malaria is the most important mosquito-borne disease in South Africa, there are also several mosquito-borne viruses that also cause human disease. The most significant are chikungunya, West Nile, Sindbis and Rift Valley fever viruses. In this review these are compared with malaria, mainly in regard to their ecology and epidemiology. (SA Fam Pract 2005;47(9): 68-72) Introduction Africa, the so-called arboviruses, have (family Flaviviridae) and Rift Valley Only the female mosquito sucks blood been reviewed in some detail by fever virus to the genus Phlebovirus to obtain protein to develop her eggs. McIntosh.2 The aim of the present (family Bunyaviridae). Additionally, Spielman and D’Antonio have paper is to give an updated brief imported dengue, another Flavivirus, described the detection of the human review which includes comparison of has infected man in KwaZulu Natal. A host and subsequent blood feeding the mosquito-borne viruses with human being is always regarded as in detail.1 Briefly, this is as follows. mosquito-borne malaria. Only one an incidental host as humans are not Consider a human “victim” sitting vertebrate host-humans- are needed usually involved in the maintenance outside- a mosquito will respond to in the transmission cycle of human of the viruses in nature. Nevertheless, his scent plume, a mixture of exhaled malaria, and certain species of in certain cases humans become carbon dioxide and lactic acid, Anopheles mosquito, whereas highly viraemic and readily infect because sensors on her antennae are mosquito-borne arboviruses are true mosquitoes. tuned to these chemicals and other zoonoses. chemicals in the person’s body odour. Zoonoses are infections that are Malaria The scent plume, heavier than air, intertransmissable between animals The high risk area for malaria in South sinks to the ground and the mosquito and human beings. Hence there is Africa is a narrow strip on our eastern flies in low to intersect the plume at its mosquito transmission between wild border stretching from Musina widest part. As the mosquito gets vertebrates or domestic livestock as (previously Messina) in the north to close, the host’s movement and body well as mosquito transmission to Swaziland in the south, where it heat will guide her to any uncovered humans, sometimes including human consists mainly of the Kruger National flesh. She probes with her proboscis to human transmission. The viruses Park and adjacent private game until her fasicle nicks a venule or multiply in both vertebrates and reserves. It also includes eastern arteriole. With each insertion, a fine vectors. The viruses produce a viraemia Swaziland and northern KwaZulu salivary tube in her fasicle will deliver in vertebrates to infect the vector Natal. Rarely, limited focal transmission an anticoagulant to inhibit any mosquitoes and must infect the may occur in the North-West and bleeding. What is left behind in the salivary gland of these vectors so that Northern Cape provinces along the saliva that was pumped into the host’s vectors can secrete virus in their saliva Molopo and Orange rivers.3 skin often irritates the host and to infect further vertebrates. Twenty- The 2 vectors in South Africa are sometimes may lead to illness or even two mosquito-borne viruses have been Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles death. isolated in southern Africa of which 10 funestus, belonging to 2 different It is well known that malaria is the are known to cause human illness. complexes of mosquito species. most important mosquito-borne Out of the 10 viruses, 4 are of signi- Within each complex, final identi- disease in South Africa. However, what ficant medical importance. Chikun- fication can only be achieved by is less well known is that there are also gunya and Sindbis viruses are both examining their chromosomes several mosquito-borne viruses that classified in the genus Alphavirus (karyotyping) or portions of their DNA also cause human disease. The (family Togaviridae) while West Nile (sequence analysis). Both species arthropod-borne viruses in South virus belongs to the genus Flavivirus lay separate floating eggs in ground 68 SA Fam Pract 2005;47(9) Review Figure 1: Anopheles arabiensis Health Departments have had to deal There is a feral transmission cycle with an increase in vector populations between these 2 mosquito species (especially after good rains), vector and both baboons and vervet resistance to insecticides and our monkeys. Viral transmission occurs whole malaria area becoming at night while the wild primates are chloroquine resistant. sleeping in the canopies of trees or in Studies on the biting behaviour of high rocky outcrops or cliffs. The An. arabiensis in the Limpopo province vectors show a higher feeding rate in have shown that the great majority of the canopy of trees than on the ground bites occur during the night time at but nevertheless will bite humans on ground level, decreasing markedly the ground in the vicinity of the wild 72cm or higher above the ground.6 primate sleeping places. Thus human Furthermore, in another study in the infection has been entirely rural.9 Both same area, 81% of mosquitoes of this Ae. furcifer and Ae. cordellieri are tree water. An. arabiensis prefers species were shown to bite the ankles hole breeding mosquitoes. Their eggs temporary to semi-permanent ground and feet rather than other parts of the are deposited on the moist wood within pools with a moderate amount of body and the application of DEET such holes, sometimes deep within vegetation that develop after rain so (diethyltoluamide) repellent to ankles the tree. Some of the eggs hatch each that they become widespread during and feet provided 69.2% protection time rain fills or partially fills the tree the rainy season. An .funestus larvae against An .arabiensis bites.7 These hole and when the hole dries out again are found mainly in the shady margins results indicate therefore that wearing any unhatched eggs remaining can of warm perennial streams where the socks and closed shoes, emphasizing survive provided a high relative vegetation is rank and the current slow. the lower legs when applying humidity persists deep within the hole. As they are confined to perennial repellents and raising feet above In this way the vectors can survive streams, heavy rains do not favour this ground level at night could consi- several years without rain. mosquito because they flush the eggs derably reduce the risk of contracting 3 Figure 2: Aedes furcifer – vector of and larvae down stream. Up until malaria. These studies need to be chikungunya 1996 houses, particularly traditional repeated with An. funestus, although huts, were sprayed annually with it is well known that Anopheles species residual DDT when the treatment in general are most active at ground changed to the pyrethroid delta- level. methrin. This resulted in an upsurge in malaria between 1995 and 1999, Chikungunya for example a 6- fold increase in Outbreaks of this virus have occurred incidence at Ndumu in northern infrequently in the rural tropical KwaZulu Natal.4 During the DDT wooded savannah of the eastern period the only significant vector was Limpopo Province, northern KwaZulu An. arabiensis as the more endophilic Natal and the Zimbabwe lowlands. An. funestus had been well controlled. Hence its distribution is similar to that However, in 1999 An. funestus had of malaria. Human outbreaks of chikungunya reappeared in northern KwaZulu Natal The primary vectors are Aedes occurred in the eastern Northern showing resistance to pyrethroid furcifer and possibly also Aedes Province in 1956,11 1975/769 and 1977 insecticides.4 In 2003, resistance tests cordellieri. Because females of these 12,13 and in southern Zimbabwe in on An. arabiensis from northern 2 species are indistinguishable it has 1961/62 14 and 1971.15 More recently KwaZulu Natal also showed that a not always been possible to know in 2001 one case of chikungunya was degree of resistance to DDT had whether one or both have acted as diagnosed in a person who had stayed developed which has serious vectors.8 However, Ae. furcifer s. s. in the eastern Northern Province.16 implications for vector control accounted for most mosquitoes in this An epizootic in monkeys without operations in South Africa.5 Since the group during the chikungunya human cases is known to have new political dispensation in South outbreak at Mica in 1975/76 when 16 occurred in northern KwaZulu Natal Africa in April ,1994, human traffic from isolations of the virus were made from in 1964. As has been discussed neighbouring African states has greatly the Ae. furcifer group and in vector previously, in the absence of extensive increased. This has probably been competence experiments it was shown evergreen rain forest in southern Africa the cause of chloroquine resistant to be a moderately efficient vector of with an enzootic vector like Aedes strains of the parasite entering the the virus.9,10 How Ae. cordellieri , africanus, it is unlikely that a mosquito- country while concurrently mosquito which is more prevalent at some monkey forest cycle occurs for viral control and malaria prophylaxis have localities than A.e. furcifer s.s., would maintenance. Vertical transmission deteriorated in both Mozambique and compare with Ae. furcifer in such by the Ae. furcifer group, following Zimbabwe. Hence our South African experiments remains to be evaluated. virus survival in the egg stage, does SA Fam Pract 2005;47(9) 69 Review not appear to occur and this is the are poorly viraemic after infection with Ochlerotatus and the Aedes subgenus only other mechanism that would either virus, they cannot significantly Neomelaniconion are vectors.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessment and an Updated List of the Mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia Azzam M
    Alahmed et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:356 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3579-4 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Assessment and an updated list of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia Azzam M. Alahmed1, Kashif Munawar1*, Sayed M. S. Khalil1,2 and Ralph E. Harbach3 Abstract Background: Mosquito-borne pathogens are important causes of diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Knowl- edge of the mosquito fauna is needed for the appropriate control of the vectors that transmit the pathogens and prevent the diseases they cause. An important frst step is to have an up-to-date list of the species known to be present in the country. Original occurrence records were obtained from published literature and critically scrutinized to compile a list of the mosquito species that occur within the borders of the Kingdom. Results: Fifty-one species have been recorded in the Kingdom; however, the occurrence of two of these species is unlikely. Thus, the mosquito fauna of the Kingdom comprises 49 species that include 18 anophelines and 31 culicines. Published records are provided for each species. Problematic records based on misidentifcations and inappropriate sources are discussed and annotated for clarity. Conclusion: Integrated morphological and molecular methods of identifcation are needed to refne the list of spe- cies and accurately document their distributions in the Kingdom. Keywords: Culicidae, Mosquitoes, Saudi Arabia, Vectors Background Mosquito-borne pathogens, including Plasmodium Te Arabian Peninsula (c.3 million km2) includes the species, dengue virus, Rift Valley fever virus and micro- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Oman, Qatar, United flariae, cause diseases in the KSA [9–11].
    [Show full text]
  • Why Aedes Aegypti?
    Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 98(6), 2018, pp. 1563–1565 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0866 Copyright © 2018 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Perspective Piece Mosquito-Borne Human Viral Diseases: Why Aedes aegypti? Jeffrey R. Powell* Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Abstract. Although numerous viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes, four have caused the most human suffering over the centuries and continuing today. These are the viruses causing yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika fevers. Africa is clearly the ancestral home of yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika viruses and likely the dengue virus. Several species of mosquitoes, primarily in the genus Aedes, have been transmitting these viruses and their direct ancestors among African primates for millennia allowing for coadaptation among viruses, mosquitoes, and primates. One African primate (humans) and one African Aedes mosquito (Aedes aegypti) have escaped Africa and spread around the world. Thus it is not surprising that this native African mosquito is the most efficient vector of these native African viruses to this native African primate. This makes it likely that when the next disease-causing virus comes out of Africa, Ae. aegypti will be the major vector to humans. Mosquito-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been afflicting The timeline for the spread of Ae. aegypti is reasonably clear humans for millennia and continue to cause immeasurable and is consistent with epidemiologic records. Beginning in the suffering. While not the only mosquito-borne viruses, the fol- sixteenth century, European ships to the New World stopped lowing four have been the most widespread and notorious in in West Africa to pick up native Africans for the slave trade8 terms of severity of diseases and number of humans affected: and very likely picked up Ae.
    [Show full text]
  • Data-Driven Identification of Potential Zika Virus Vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad a Dallas1,3, Barbara a Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad A Dallas1,3, Barbara A Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8 1Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 2Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 3Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, United States; 4Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, United States; 5Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 6Center for Tropical Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 7Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 8River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States Abstract Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern. Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete, especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced. To identify unknown vectors of Zika, we developed a data-driven model linking vector species and the Zika virus via vector-virus trait combinations that confer a propensity toward associations in an ecological network connecting flaviviruses and their mosquito vectors. Our model predicts that thirty-five species may be able to transmit the virus, seven of which are found in the continental United States, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens. We suggest that empirical studies prioritize these species to confirm predictions of vector competence, enabling the correct identification of populations at risk for transmission within the United States. *For correspondence: mvevans@ DOI: 10.7554/eLife.22053.001 uga.edu Competing interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Mosquito Vectors of Zika Virus
    Microbes and Infection xxx (2018) 1e15 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Microbes and Infection journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/micinf An overview of mosquito vectors of Zika virus Sebastien Boyer a, Elodie Calvez b, Thais Chouin-Carneiro c, Diawo Diallo d, * Anna-Bella Failloux e, a Institut Pasteur of Cambodia, Unit of Medical Entomology, Phnom Penh, Cambodia b Institut Pasteur of New Caledonia, URE Dengue and Other Arboviruses, Noumea, New Caledonia c Instituto Oswaldo Cruz e Fiocruz, Laboratorio de Transmissores de Hematozoarios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil d Institut Pasteur of Dakar, Unit of Medical Entomology, Dakar, Senegal e Institut Pasteur, URE Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France article info abstract Article history: The mosquito-borne arbovirus Zika virus (ZIKV, Flavivirus, Flaviviridae), has caused an outbreak Received 6 December 2017 impressive by its magnitude and rapid spread. First detected in Uganda in Africa in 1947, from where it Accepted 15 January 2018 spread to Asia in the 1960s, it emerged in 2007 on the Yap Island in Micronesia and hit most islands in Available online xxx the Pacific region in 2013. Subsequently, ZIKV was detected in the Caribbean, and Central and South America in 2015, and reached North America in 2016. Although ZIKV infections are in general asymp- Keywords: tomatic or causing mild self-limiting illness, severe symptoms have been described including neuro- Arbovirus logical disorders and microcephaly in newborns. To face such an alarming health situation, WHO has Mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti declared Zika as an emerging global health threat. This review summarizes the literature on the main fi Vector competence vectors of ZIKV (sylvatic and urban) across all the ve continents with special focus on vector compe- tence studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Potentialities for Accidental Establishment of Exotic Mosquitoes in Hawaii1
    Vol. XVII, No. 3, August, 1961 403 Potentialities for Accidental Establishment of Exotic Mosquitoes in Hawaii1 C. R. Joyce PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE QUARANTINE STATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE HONOLULU, HAWAII Public health workers frequently become concerned over the possibility of the introduction of exotic anophelines or other mosquito disease vectors into Hawaii. It is well known that many species of insects have been dispersed by various means of transportation and have become established along world trade routes. Hawaii is very fortunate in having so few species of disease-carrying or pest mosquitoes. Actually only three species are found here, exclusive of the two purposely introduced Toxorhynchites. Mosquitoes still get aboard aircraft and surface vessels, however, and some have been transported to new areas where they have become established (Hughes and Porter, 1956). Mosquitoes were unknown in Hawaii until early in the 19th century (Hardy, I960). The night biting mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, is believed to have arrived by sailing vessels between 1826 and 1830, breeding in water casks aboard the vessels. Van Dine (1904) indicated that mosquitoes were introduced into the port of Lahaina, Maui, in 1826 by the "Wellington." The early sailing vessels are known to have been commonly plagued with mosquitoes breeding in their water supply, in wooden tanks, barrels, lifeboats, and other fresh water con tainers aboard the vessels, The two day biting mosquitoes, Aedes ae^pti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) arrived somewhat later, presumably on sailing vessels. Aedes aegypti probably came from the east and Aedes albopictus came from the western Pacific.
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera, Culicidae) of Turkey
    European Mosquito Bulletin, 9 (2001), 18-27. Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association ISSN1460-6127 A revised, annotated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Turkey C. D. Ramsdale ) , B. Alten 2, S. S. <;aglar__2 and N. Ozer-- _-2 ) Vamdean Lodge, London Road, Brighton BNl 6YA, England; 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe 06532, Ankara, Turkey Abstract An updated checklist of the mosquitoes of Turkey is presented together with notes and annotations. Introduction The first list of the mosquitoes of Turkey is to be found in Martini's (1929-31) Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region. A succession of workers, notably Akalin (1936), Irdem (1940; 1941; 1943), Siiyev (1953), Parrish (1959), GOkberk (1%1; 1970), Erel (1%7), Postiglione et al. (1970; 1972; 1973), Coluzzi et al. (1974), Lane (1982; 1985; 1992) and Alten et al. (2000), have since added to or amended this list as new data became available. Recent major taxonomic revision affecting genera, subgenera and species of the tribe Aedini (Reinert, 1999a, 1999b, 1999c, 2ooOa, 2oo0b, 2000c, 2000d) places western Palaearctic members of this tribe in the genus Aedes (containing the subgenera Aedes, Aedimorphus, Fredwardsius and Stegomyia) or the genus Ochlerotatus (containing the subgenera Finlaya, Ochlerotatus and Rusticoidus). Thus, the 50 currently recognised endemic species of mosquito in Turkey are now placed in the genera Anopheles (10), Aedes (3), Ochlerotatus (15), Culex (13), Culiseta (6), Coquillettidia (1), Orthopodomyia (1) and Uranotaenia (1). The revised list presented here will undoubtedly lengthen as morphological studies are reinforced by cyto- genetic, iso-enzyme and/or DNA sequencing analysis, and as more field data become available.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Note
    Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 24(4):585–587, 2008 Copyright E 2008 by The American Mosquito Control Association, Inc. SCIENTIFIC NOTE DISTRIBUTION EXPANSION OF CULEX CORONATOR IN ALABAMA KATHERINE M. GRAY,1 NATHAN D. BURKETT-CADENA 2,4 AND MICKY D. EUBANKS3 ABSTRACT. Culex coronator, a mosquito species common to the American tropics, has been recently documented from a number of temperate areas in the USA. Since 2002 specimens have been reported for the first time from Oklahoma, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Here we provide new collection records for Cx. coronator in east-central Alabama. In October 2007, 2 larvae of Cx. coronator were collected from an artificial container in Tuskegee National Forest in Macon County, AL. The distribution of Cx. coronator in the USA seems to be expanding at a prodigious rate, for reasons that remain unclear. KEY WORDS Culex coronator, distribution expansion Culex coronator Dyar and Knab is a mosquito Cadena using published keys (Darsie and Ward species common to the American tropics and 2005). The container in which larvae were subtropics that breeds in rain-filled depressions collected was a 35-gallon black plastic garbage and water-filled manmade containers (Dyar and can placed at the study site in February of the Knab 1906). Females are known to feed primarily same year for the purpose of collecting resting upon mammals (Almiron and Brewer 1995, adult mosquitoes. The garbage can held ca. Reyes-Villanueva et al. 2006, Mackay 2007) and 0.25 liter of water with particulate organic matter occasionally on birds (Almiron and Brewer 1995, at the time of collection.
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquitoes in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia, and Their Molecular Identification
    Hindawi International Journal of Zoology Volume 2021, Article ID 5563916, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5563916 Research Article Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia, and Their Molecular Identification Elsiddig Noureldin , Ommer Dafalla , Abdualziz Hakami, Mohammed Jubran, Ahmed Alzhrani, Muhannad Mujally, Othman Shajari, Ali Khardali, and Zaki Eisa Saudi Center for Disease Control and Prevention (SCDC), P.O. Box 716, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia Correspondence should be addressed to Elsiddig Noureldin; [email protected] Received 8 February 2021; Accepted 27 June 2021; Published 8 July 2021 Academic Editor: Marco Cucco Copyright © 2021 Elsiddig Noureldin et al. &is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Morphological characteristics have been the gold standard method to identify mosquito species. However, morphological identification has many limitations including lack of expertise and damaging of external characters due to improper specimen handling. &erefore, we used the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) as an integrated tool to identify Culex mosquito species to establish a more precise and reliable identification system related to their spatial distribution in Jazan region. We identified Culex mosquito species and subspecies using taxonomic keys, and then we used the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) as an integrated tool to confirm and refine the list of Culex mosquito species in the region. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for the identified species, and their distinctive clustering was compared with their reference’s species in the GenBank. We identified 7026 adult Culex mosquitoes belonging to 4 species.
    [Show full text]
  • SY10.01 Epidemiology of Arthritogenic Arboviruses Affecting
    6/24/2019 National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases The Story of Mosquito‐Borne Viruses that Cause Joint Pain Epidemiology of Arthritogenic Arboviruses among Travelers Affecting Travelers Susan Hills MBBS, MTH Medical Epidemiologist Division of Vector‐Borne Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 16th Conference of the International Society of Travel Medicine June 8, 2019 12 What: Alphaviruses Symptoms of alphaviral diseases Sindbis virus 34 Why is clinician awareness of these diseases important? Potential for rapid spread . Disease burden – Common: Chikungunya –Less common: Ross River, Mayaro, O’nyong‐nyong, Sindbis . Geographically widely distributed Robinson MC. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1955 56 1 6/24/2019 Travelers can be sentinels of infection Traveler’s role in spread of infection Lindh E. Open Forum ID 2018 Tsuboi 2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases 78 Chikungunya 910 Chikungunya Transmission cycle Sylvatic cycle . First recognized during Aedes furcifer, Aedes africanus outbreak in Tanzania in 1952–53 . ‘that which bends up’ or Chimpanzees, monkeys, Chimpanzees, ‘to become contorted’ baboons monkeys, baboons (Makonde language) Aedes furcifer, Aedes africanus Source: PAHO, 2011. Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus Introduction in the Americas Available at www..paho.org Acknowledgement for graphic: Dr Ann Powers, CDC 11 12 2 6/24/2019 Transmission cycle Mosquito vectors Sylvatic cycle Urban cycle Aedes aegypti Aedes furcifer, Aedes africanus Aedes albopictus Chimpanzees, monkeys, Chimpanzees, baboons monkeys, baboons Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus . Identified by white stripes on bodies and legs Aedes aegypti Aedes furcifer, Aedes africanus Aedes albopictus . Aggressive daytime biters with peak dawn and dusk .
    [Show full text]
  • The Zika Virus Species of Aedes Mosquito, Aedes Furcifer 109 (19.46
    Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Volume 10, Number 1, 2018 ISSN: 2277-0062 POTENTIAL ZIKA VIRUS VECTORS OF KAUGAMA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA Ahmed, U.A. Department of Biological Science, Sule Lamido University, Kafin Hausa, Jigawa State, Nigeria Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Zika virus strain responsible for the outbreak in Brazil has been detected in Africa for the first time. This information will help African countries to re-evaluate their level of risk and adopt increase their levels of preparedness. These should include the study of potential vectors responsible for the disease. Identification of potential Zika virus vectors in Kaugama revealed the presence of five species of Aedes mosquito, Aedes furcifer 109 (19.46%), A. aegypti 92 (16.43%), A. africanus 132 (23.57%), A. albopictus 112 (20.00%) and A. taylori 115 (20.54%). Aedes africanus was the most abundant species encountered. Analysis of species abundance showed no significant difference (p>0.05). The abundance of the vectors was suggested to be due to large number of breeding places in the study area and probably improper mosquito control. Detection of Zika virus from the collected vectors is of great importance, serological detection of specific antibodies against Zika virus from the inhabitants is valuable tool to prove them as vectors and it is good to eradicate the potential vectors from the area. Keywords: Kaugama, Potential, Species, Vectors, Zika virus INTRODUCTION Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys. Its name 58 Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Volume 10, Number1, 2018 comes from Zika forest of Uganda.
    [Show full text]
  • Chikungunya Virus
    CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS Prepared for the Swine Health Information Center By the Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University July 2016 SUMMARY Etiology • Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an Old World alphavirus within the family Togaviridae that mainly causes disease in humans. • There are three genotypes: West African, East Central South African (ECSA), and Asian. The ECSA genotype has caused human epidemics in Africa and the Indian Ocean Region. The Asian genotype circulates in Asia and has recently emerged in the Americas (Caribbean, Latin America, and the U.S.). Cleaning and Disinfection • The efficacy of most disinfectants against CHIKV is not known. As a lipid-enveloped virus, CHIKV is expected to be destroyed by detergents, acids, alcohols (70% ethanol), aldehydes (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde), beta-propiolactone, halogens (sodium hypochlorite and iodophors), phenols, quaternary ammonium compounds, and lipid solvents. Exposure to heat (58°C [137°F]), ultraviolent light, or radiation is also sufficient to render togaviruses inactive. Epidemiology • Humans act as hosts during CHIKV epidemics. Animal species including monkeys, rodents, and birds are also capable hosts. • Natural CHIKV infection has not been documented in pigs. There is some evidence that pigs can mount an antibody response to the virus. • In humans CHIKV causes fever, myalgia, and polyarthritis that can persist for years. A maculopapular, pruritic rash, lasting about one week, is seen in about half of human patients. Neonates infected with CHIKV can develop serious disease affecting the heart, skin, and brain. Bleeding and disseminated intravascular coagulation have also been observed in humans. Morbidity is high, but CHIKV rarely causes death.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalog of the Subgenus Melanoconion of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) for South America
    Zootaxa 4028 (1): 001–050 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4028.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:31CA1483-9A4B-4B31-AC85-DD574C7FAB25 Catalog of the subgenus Melanoconion of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) for South America CAROLINA TORRES-GUTIERREZ1,2,3 & MARIA ANICE MUREB SALLUM1 1Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 2Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, PECET, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia. Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellin, Colombia 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Species of Culex (Melanoconion) Theobald are recognized as vectors of arboviruses. The species of this subgenus pose a real taxonomic challenge. The current classification of the subgenus recognizes a total of 160 species divided in two major sections, Melanoconion and Spissipes; and several non-formal groupings within each section. We gathered bibliographic records of the subgenus in South America, with particular focus on the period of time after the publication of the Catalog by Pecor et al. (1992) until present time. This compilation included 139 species occurring in South American countries with all the relevant bibliographic sources, including the corresponding information for those medically important species. Key words: Culex, Melanoconion, Spissipes Section, Melanoconion Section, taxonomy, South America Introduction Species of Culex subgenus Melanoconion Theobald represent a diverse group widely distributed in the Americas. There are 160 species considered within the subgenus and members of this group are known to occur in the southern part of North America, including United States and Mexico, Central America, some of the Caribbean islands such as Trinidad, Tobago, Jamaica, Martinique and Puerto Rico, among others; and in most of South American countries (Pecor et al.
    [Show full text]