An Overview of Mosquito Vectors of Zika Virus
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Executive Orders and Emergency Declarations for the West Nile Virus: Applying Lessons from Past Outbreaks to Zika
Executive Orders and Emergency Declarations for the West Nile Virus: Applying Lessons from Past Outbreaks to Zika Government leaders are often given the authority to issue executive orders (EOs), proclamations, or emergency declarations to address public health threats, such as that posed by the Zika virus.1 Local, state, and federal executive branch leaders have used these powers to address public health threats posed by other mosquito-borne diseases.2 While existing laws and regulations may allow localities, states, and the federal government to take action to combat mosquito-borne threats absent an EO or emergency declaration, examining such executive actions provides a snapshot of how some jurisdictions have responded to past outbreaks. As of February 21, 2016, only one territory and two states (Puerto Rico, Florida, and Hawaii) have issued emergency declarations that contemplate the threats posed by the Zika virus.3, 4 Historically, however, many US jurisdictions have taken such actions to address other mosquito-borne illnesses, such as West Nile virus. The following provides a brief analysis of select uses of local, state, and federal executive powers to combat West Nile virus. Examining the use of executive powers to address West 1 L Rutkow et al. The Public Health Workforce and Willingness to Respond to Emergencies: A 50-State Analysis of Potentially Influential Laws, 42 J. LAW MED. & ETHICS 64, 64 (2014) (“In the United States, at the federal, state, and local levels, laws provide an infrastructure for public health emergency preparedness and response efforts. Law is perhaps most visible during an emergency when the president or a state’s governor issues a disaster declaration establishing the temporal and geographic parameters for the response and making financial and other resources available.”). -
Asian Zika Virus Isolate Significantly Changes the Transcriptional Profile
viruses Article Asian Zika Virus Isolate Significantly Changes the Transcriptional Profile and Alternative RNA Splicing Events in a Neuroblastoma Cell Line Gaston Bonenfant 1,2, Ryan Meng 2, Carl Shotwell 2,3 , Pheonah Badu 1,2, Anne F. Payne 4, Alexander T. Ciota 4,5, Morgan A. Sammons 1, J. Andrew Berglund 1,2 and Cara T. Pager 1,2,* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA; [email protected] (G.B.); [email protected] (P.B.); [email protected] (M.A.S.); [email protected] (J.A.B.) 2 The RNA Institute, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA; [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (C.S.) 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA 4 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA; [email protected] (A.F.P.); [email protected] (A.T.C.) 5 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany-SUNY, School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-518-591-8841 Received: 9 April 2020; Accepted: 27 April 2020; Published: 5 May 2020 Abstract: The alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs expands a single genetic blueprint to encode multiple, functionally diverse protein isoforms. Viruses have previously been shown to interact with, depend on, and alter host splicing machinery. The consequences, however, incited by viral infection on the global alternative slicing (AS) landscape are under-appreciated. Here, we investigated the transcriptional and alternative splicing profile of neuronal cells infected with a contemporary Puerto Rican Zika virus (ZIKVPR) isolate, an isolate of the prototypical Ugandan ZIKV (ZIKVMR), and dengue virus 2 (DENV2). -
Why Aedes Aegypti?
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 98(6), 2018, pp. 1563–1565 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0866 Copyright © 2018 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Perspective Piece Mosquito-Borne Human Viral Diseases: Why Aedes aegypti? Jeffrey R. Powell* Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Abstract. Although numerous viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes, four have caused the most human suffering over the centuries and continuing today. These are the viruses causing yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika fevers. Africa is clearly the ancestral home of yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika viruses and likely the dengue virus. Several species of mosquitoes, primarily in the genus Aedes, have been transmitting these viruses and their direct ancestors among African primates for millennia allowing for coadaptation among viruses, mosquitoes, and primates. One African primate (humans) and one African Aedes mosquito (Aedes aegypti) have escaped Africa and spread around the world. Thus it is not surprising that this native African mosquito is the most efficient vector of these native African viruses to this native African primate. This makes it likely that when the next disease-causing virus comes out of Africa, Ae. aegypti will be the major vector to humans. Mosquito-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been afflicting The timeline for the spread of Ae. aegypti is reasonably clear humans for millennia and continue to cause immeasurable and is consistent with epidemiologic records. Beginning in the suffering. While not the only mosquito-borne viruses, the fol- sixteenth century, European ships to the New World stopped lowing four have been the most widespread and notorious in in West Africa to pick up native Africans for the slave trade8 terms of severity of diseases and number of humans affected: and very likely picked up Ae. -
Data-Driven Identification of Potential Zika Virus Vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad a Dallas1,3, Barbara a Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8
RESEARCH ARTICLE Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad A Dallas1,3, Barbara A Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8 1Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 2Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 3Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, United States; 4Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, United States; 5Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 6Center for Tropical Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 7Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 8River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States Abstract Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern. Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete, especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced. To identify unknown vectors of Zika, we developed a data-driven model linking vector species and the Zika virus via vector-virus trait combinations that confer a propensity toward associations in an ecological network connecting flaviviruses and their mosquito vectors. Our model predicts that thirty-five species may be able to transmit the virus, seven of which are found in the continental United States, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens. We suggest that empirical studies prioritize these species to confirm predictions of vector competence, enabling the correct identification of populations at risk for transmission within the United States. *For correspondence: mvevans@ DOI: 10.7554/eLife.22053.001 uga.edu Competing interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist. -
Expert Meeting on Chikungunya Modelling
MEETING REPORT Expert meeting on chikungunya modelling Stockholm, April 2008 www.ecdc.europa.eu ECDC MEETING REPORT Expert meeting on chikungunya modelling Stockholm, April 2008 Stockholm, March 2009 © European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2009 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, subject to the following reservations: Figures 9 and 10 reproduced with the kind permission of the Journal of Medical Entomology, Entomological Society of America, 10001 Derekwood Lane, Suite 100, Lanham, MD 20706-4876, USA. MEETING REPORT Expert meeting on chikungunya modelling Table of contents Content...........................................................................................................................................................iii Summary: Research needs and data access ...................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Background..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Meeting objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Presentations ................................................................................................................................................. -
Comparative Genome Evolution Working Group
Comparative Genome Evolution Working Group COMPARATIVE GENOME EVOLUTION MODIFIED PROPOSAL Introduction Analysis of comparative genomic sequence information from a well-chosen set of organisms is, at present, one of the most effective approaches available to advance biomedical research. The following document describes rationales and plans for selecting targets for genome sequencing that will provide insight into a number of major biological questions that broadly underlie major areas of research funded by the National Institutes of Health, including studies of gene regulation, understanding animal development, and understanding gene and protein function. Genomic sequence data is a fundamental information resource that is required to address important questions about biology: What is the genomic basis for the advent of major morphogenetic or physiological innovations during evolution? How have genomes changed with the addition of new features observed in the eukaryotic lineage, for example the development of an adaptive immune system, an organized nervous system, bilateral symmetry, or multicellularity? What are the genomic correlates or bases for major evolutionary phenomena such as evolutionary rates; speciation; genome reorganization, and origins of variation? Another vital use to which genomic sequence data are applied is the development of more robust information about important non-human model systems used in biomedical research, i.e. how can we identify conserved functional regions in the existing genome sequences of important non- mammalian model systems, so that we can better understand fundamental aspects of, for example, gene regulation, replication, or interactions between genes? NHGRI established a working group to provide the Institute with well-considered scientific thought about the genomic sequences that would most effectively address these questions. -
A Total of 68 Cases Were Notified in Africa and South America in 1976
Wkfy Epidem. Kec. - Relevéepidem. Iwbd.: 1977, 52, 309-316 No. 39 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTÉ GENEVA GENÈYE WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE Epidemiological Surveillance o f Communicable Diseases Service de la Surveillance épidémiologique des Maladies transmissibles Telegraphic Address: EPIDNATIONS GENEVA Telex 27S21 Adresse télégraphique: EPIDNATIONS GENÈVE Télex 27821 Automatic Telex Reply Service Service automatique de réponse Telex 28150 Geneva with ZCZC and ENGL for a reply in P-nglkb Télex 28150 Genève suivi de ZCZC et FRAN pour une réponse en français 30 SEPTEMBER 1977 52nd YEAR — 52e ANNÉE 30 SEPTEMBRE 1977 YELLOW FEVER IN 1976 LA FIÈVRE JAUNE EN 1976 A total of 68 cases were notified in Africa and South America in Un nombre total de 68 cas a été notifié en Afrique et en Amérique 1976, 35 of which were fatal, as compared with 301 cases, including du Sud en 1976, dont 35 furent mortels, comparé à 301 cas, dont 135 135 deaths, in 1975 (Table 1, Fig. 1). décès, en 1975 (Tableau 1, Fig. 1). Fig. 1 Jungle Yellow Fever in South America and Yellow Fever in Africa, 1976 Fièvre jaune de brousse en Amérique du Sud et fièvre jaune en Afrique, 1976 Epidemiological notes contained in this number; Informations épidémiologiques contenues dans ce numéro: Cholera, Community Water Fluoridation, Influenza, Rabies Choléra, fièvre jaune, fluoration de l’eau des réseaux publics, Surveillance, Smallpox, Yellow Fever. grippe, surveillance de la rage, variole. List of Newly Infected Areas, p. 315. Liste des zones nouvellement infectées, p. 315. Wkl? Eptdetn, Ree. • No. 39 - 30 Sept. -
Division of Disease Control Pump Handle
"I had an interview with the Board of Guardians of St. James's parish, on the evening of Thursday, 7th September, and represented the above circumstances to them. In consequence of what I said, the handle of the pump was removed on the following day." John Snow, 1855 April 2016 Topics Rabies Update – Laura Cronquist Disease Control Is Amassing a Small Army of Students – Tracy Miller Zika Virus Update – Laura Cronquist New Disease Control Employee! Rabies Update As of May 16, 2016, nine animals have tested positive for rabies in North Dakota, including five skunks, three cows, and one cat. Six animals tested positive for rabies in 2015, but over the previous five years, an average of 31 animals per year tested positive for rabies. North Dakota Department of Health (NDDoH) surveillance data from the past 20 years shows that skunks make up the majority of animal rabies cases in the state. While all species of mammals are susceptible to rabies virus infection, over 90% of all animal rabies cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) occur in wild animals. Skunks, bats, raccoons, and foxes are the animals that most often get rabies in the United States. Skunks and raccoons are particularly important as reservoirs for the rabies virus, which is the rationale behind a state law prohibiting North Dakotans from keeping a skunk or raccoon in captivity. One of the best ways to protect yourself and others from rabies is by making sure that your pets are vaccinated. Contact your veterinarian to find out whether your pets are up-to-date on their rabies vaccinations. -
Dengue Fever, Chikungunya and the Zika Virus
#57 Focus Dengue Fever, Chikungunya and the Zika Virus Arboviruses are a group of virus that can be southern regions of mainland France and transmitted between animals and humans, on the island of Réunion, Aedes albopictus and they are common to humans and many provides the sole vector for transmission. vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, Transmission amphibians). There are over 500 species of Dengue Fever, Chikungunya and the Zika arbovirus, sub-divided into approximately virus are all transmitted in the same way. 10 different families, including Togaviridae, Human to human transmission takes place Flaviviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, International and Bunyaviridae. These viruses have RNA by mosquito vector in urban areas during with a very heterogeneous structure and are epidemics: the mosquito picks up the virus transmitted via bites from hematophagous when it bites a carrier, and then transmits it arthropods such as mosquitoes, sandflies, to a healthy person with another bite. The ticks and mites (arbovirus is short for mosquito bites people outside their homes arthropod-borne virus). throughout the day, with peak activity at dawn and dusk. The mosquitoes live in Chikungunya urban areas and lay their eggs in pools of stagnant water (250 eggs every 2 days), This disease was first described in Tanzania where they develop into larvae. The eggs in 1952. It is caused by an arbovirus of the are resistant to the cold in winter and hatch genus Alphavirus from the Togaviridae family. when weather conditions improve. It was then also described in Africa, Southeast Aedes albopictus is spreading globally; it Asia, the Indian subcontinent and the Indian has adapted to both tropical and temperate Ocean. -
Chemical Biology of Natural Indolocarbazole Products: 30 Years Since the Discovery of Staurosporine
The Journal of Antibiotics (2009) 62, 17–26 & 2009 Japan Antibiotics Research Association All rights reserved 0021-8820/09 $32.00 www.nature.com/ja REVIEW ARTICLE Chemical biology of natural indolocarbazole products: 30 years since the discovery of staurosporine Hirofumi Nakano and Satoshi O¯ mura Staurosporine was discovered at the Kitasato Institute in 1977 while screening for microbial alkaloids using chemical detection methods. It was during the same era that protein kinase C was discovered and oncogene v-src was shown to have protein kinase activity. Staurosporine was first isolated from a culture of Actinomyces that originated in a soil sample collected in Mizusawa City, Japan. Thereafter, indolocarbazole compounds have been isolated from a variety of organisms. The biosynthesis of staurosporine and related indolocarbazoles was finally elucidated during the past decade through genetic and biochemical studies. Subsequently, several novel indolocarbazoles have been produced using combinatorial biosynthesis. In 1986, 9 years since its discovery, staurosporine and related indolocarbazoles were shown to be nanomolar inhibitors of protein kinases. They can thus be viewed as forerunners of today’s crop of novel anticancer drugs. The finding led many pharmaceutical companies to search for selective protein kinase inhibitors by screening natural products and through chemical synthesis. In the 1990s, imatinib, a Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was synthesized and, following human clinical trials for chronic myelogenous leukemia, it was approved for use in the USA in 2001. In 1992, mammalian topoisomerases were shown to be targets for indolocarbazoles. This opened up new possibilities in that indolocarbazole compounds could selectively interact with ATP- binding sites of not only protein kinases but also other proteins that had slight differences in ATP-binding sites. -
The Lepidoptera Rapa Island
J. F. GATES CLA, The Lepidoptera Rapa Island SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1971 NUMBER 56 .-24 f O si % r 17401 •% -390O i 112100) 0 is -•^ i BLAKE*w 1PLATEALP I5 i I >k =(M&2l2Jo SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 56 j. F. Gates Clarke The Lepidoptera of Rapa Island SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON 1971 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Insti- tution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge not strictly professional." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. -
Guide to Biotechnology 2008
guide to biotechnology 2008 research & development health bioethics innovate industrial & environmental food & agriculture biodefense Biotechnology Industry Organization 1201 Maryland Avenue, SW imagine Suite 900 Washington, DC 20024 intellectual property 202.962.9200 (phone) 202.488.6301 (fax) bio.org inform bio.org The Guide to Biotechnology is compiled by the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) Editors Roxanna Guilford-Blake Debbie Strickland Contributors BIO Staff table of Contents Biotechnology: A Collection of Technologies 1 Regenerative Medicine ................................................. 36 What Is Biotechnology? .................................................. 1 Vaccines ....................................................................... 37 Cells and Biological Molecules ........................................ 1 Plant-Made Pharmaceuticals ........................................ 37 Therapeutic Development Overview .............................. 38 Biotechnology Industry Facts 2 Market Capitalization, 1994–2006 .................................. 3 Agricultural Production Applications 41 U.S. Biotech Industry Statistics: 1995–2006 ................... 3 Crop Biotechnology ...................................................... 41 U.S. Public Companies by Region, 2006 ........................ 4 Forest Biotechnology .................................................... 44 Total Financing, 1998–2007 (in billions of U.S. dollars) .... 4 Animal Biotechnology ................................................... 45 Biotech