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Tesis Doctoral TESIS DOCTORAL EL FACTOR SOBERANÍA EN EL ANÁLISIS GEOPOLÍTICO DE PEQUEÑOS ESPACIOS INSULARES Mario José Gallego Cosme Licenciado en geografía Licenciado en antropología social y cultural UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO GENERAL GUTIÉRREZ MELLADO Director: Dr. Guillem Colom Piella Tutor: Dr. Florentino Portero Rodríguez 2015 TESIS DOCTORAL EL FACTOR SOBERANÍA EN EL ANÁLISIS GEOPOLÍTICO DE PEQUEÑOS ESPACIOS INSULARES Mario José Gallego Cosme Licenciado en geografía Licenciado en antropología social y cultural UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO GENERAL GUTIÉRREZ MELLADO Director: Dr. Guillem Colom Piella Tutor: Dr. Florentino Portero Rodríguez 2015 1 2 Departamento/Facultad: Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado. Título de la tesis doctoral: El factor soberanía en el análisis geopolítico de pequeños espacios insulares. Nombre del autor: Mario José Gallego Cosme. Titulación académica previa: Licenciado en geografía y en antropología social y cultural. Director de la tesis: Dr. Guillem Colom. Tutor de la tesis: Dr. Florentino Portero Rodríguez. Año: 2015 3 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS A los más cercanos, por su paciencia. Sin su compresión no me hubiera sido posible finalizar este proyecto personal. A mi director, el Dr. Guillem Colom Piella, por su enorme compromiso y dedicación, y por haber estado siempre disponible a mis inquietudes a pesar de la distancia y las diferencias horarias. Gracias también por los consejos y comentarios, pues fueron siempre oportunos y a buen seguro podré seguir poniéndolos en práctica en el futuro. A la Dra. Sonia Alda Mejías, por sus valiosas enseñanzas durante la primera etapa del doctorado. 5 6 ÍNDICE Página CAPÍTULO 1: INTRODUCCIÓN 17 1.1.- Hacia una geopolítica de las islas pequeñas 17 1.2.- Islas pequeñas y geopolítica: Un encuentro multidisciplinar 22 1.3.- Conceptos fundamentales de la investigación y delimitación del ámbito de estudio 23 1.3.1.- Delimitación del ámbito de estudio 26 1.4.- Estado de la cuestión y principales fuentes de investigación utilizadas 26 1.4.1.- Los espacios insulares de pequeño tamaño desde el punto de vista de las Relaciones Internacionales y la geopolítica 27 1.4.2.- La soberanía y su gradualidad 33 1.5.- Hipótesis de trabajo 40 1.6.- Método de trabajo y estructura de la investigación 42 CAPÍTULO 2: ORGANIZACIÓN POLÍTICO-ADMINISTRATIVA TERRITORIAL DE LOS DIECIOCHO ESTADOS DEL MUNDO CON DEPENDENCIAS INSULARES DE PEQUEÑO TAMAÑO NO ADYACENTES A SUS COSTAS 47 2.1.- Introducción 47 2.2.- Los 18 Estados con dependencias insulares no adyacentes a sus costas 52 2.2.1.- La Unión Europea 52 2.2.2- Reino Unido 55 2.2.3.- Francia 59 2.2.4.- Dinamarca 61 2.2.5.- España 62 2.2.6.- Portugal 63 2.2.7.- Países Bajos 64 2.2.8.- Noruega 66 2.2.9.- Brasil 67 2.2.10.- Chile 67 7 2.2.11.- Ecuador 68 2.2.12.- Estados Unidos 68 2.2.13.- Guinea Ecuatorial 73 2.2.14.- Sudáfrica 73 2.2.15.- La India 74 2.2.16.- Japón 75 2.2.17.- Australia 76 2.2.18.- Nueva Zelanda 78 2.2.19.- Kiribati 80 2.3.- Conclusiones del capítulo 81 CAPÍTULO 3: GEOPOLÍTICA DEL OCÉANO ATLÁNTICO DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE SUS ESPACIOS INSULARES 89 3.1.- Introducción 89 3.2.- El Atlántico Sur 90 3.2.1.- Los espacios marítimos del Atlántico Sur y sus territorios insulares 91 3.2.2.- El Atlántico Sur, Brasil y África 92 3.2.3.- Los Estados externos a la región en el Atlántico Sur 95 3.3.- El Atlántico Norte 100 3.3.1.- Los espacios marítimos del Atlántico Norte y sus territorios insulares 103 3.3.2.- El Atlántico Norte, Estados Unidos, el Reino Unido y Europa 105 3.4.- El Atlántico en torno al ecuador: apuntes sobre el Golfo de Guinea y sus islas 112 3.5.- Conclusiones del capítulo: el Atlántico desde la perspectiva del índice de soberanía de sus pequeños espacios insulares 116 CAPÍTULO 4: GEOPOLÍTICA DEL MAR CARIBE DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE SUS ESPACIOS INSULARES 121 4.1.- Introducción 121 4.2.- El Caribe y sus territorios insulares 124 4.2.1.- Los territorios norteamericanos del Caribe 128 4.2.2.- Los territorios británicos del Caribe 130 4.2.3.- Los territorios holandeses del Caribe 131 8 4.2.4.- Los territorios franceses del Caribe 133 4.3.- Los espacios marítimos del Caribe 133 4.4.- Petróleo y otros recursos naturales 136 4.5.- Recursos derivados del sector servicios y el comercio 140 4.6.- Problemas y amenazas en la región 143 4.7.- Conclusiones del capítulo: el Caribe desde la perspectiva del índice de soberanía de sus pequeños espacios insulares 148 CAPÍTULO 5: GEOPOLÍTICA DEL OCÉANO ÍNDICO DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE SUS ESPACIOS INSULARES 151 5.1.- Introducción 151 5.2.- Los espacios insulares del Océano Índico 152 5.3.- India y China en el Océano Índico 156 5.4.- Estados regionales y extrarregionales del Índico 161 5.4.1.- Indonesia 161 5.4.2.- Estados Unidos en el Índico 162 5.4.3.- Francia en el Índico 167 5.4.4.- Australia en el Índico 169 5.5.- Los pequeños Estados Insulares del Índico y sus problemáticas fronterizas 170 5.6.- Conclusiones del capítulo: el Índico desde la perspectiva del índice de soberanía de sus pequeños espacios insulares 174 CAPÍTULO 6: GEOPOLÍTICA DEL OCÉANO PACÍFICO DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE SUS ESPACIOS INSULARES 179 6.1.- Introducción 179 6.2.- Los espacios insulares del Océano Pacífico 181 6.3.- Las áreas centrales del Pacífico 185 6.3.1.- El sur del ecuador: Australia y Nueva Zelanda, los gigantes de Oceanía 186 6.3.2.- El sur del ecuador: las dependencias del Pacífico de los Estados externos a la región 188 6.4.- Los problemas de los Estados insulares de pequeño tamaño del Pacífico: los casos de Fiyi, Tuvalu, Kiribati y Nauru 192 9 6.4.1.- Fiyi 194 6.4.2.- Estados que desaparecen bajo las aguas: Tuvalu y Kiribati 195 6.4.3.- Nauru 202 6.5.- La presencia de Estados Unidos en el Pacífico central 203 6.6.- Las periferias del Pacífico 206 6.6.1.- La periferia asiática del Pacífico: China y la proyección de Estados Unidos 206 6.6.2.- Comentarios acerca de los espacios insulares de la periferia americana del Pacífico 209 6.7.- Conclusiones del capítulo: el Pacífico desde la perspectiva del índice de soberanía de sus pequeños espacios insulares 210 CAPÍTULO 7: CONCLUSIONES 215 CAPÍTULO 8: BIBLIOGRAFÍA 235 ANEXO I: METODOLOGÍA DE CÁLCULO DEL ÍNDICE DE SOBERANÍA PARA PEQUEÑAS FORMACIONES INSULARES CON UTILIDAD EN EL ANÁLISIS GEOPOLÍTICO REGIONAL Y MUNDIAL DE ESPACIOS OCEÁNICOS 279 A 1.- Cálculo de la soberanía legal-internacional 279 A 2.- Cálculo de la soberanía interna o doméstica 280 A 3.- Cálculo de la soberanía westfaliana 286 A 4.- Operaciones finales para el cálculo del índice 289 10 LISTA DE SIGLAS A2/AD: Anti Access/Area Denial [Anti Acceso/Denegación de Área]. AOSIS: Alliance of Small Island States [Alianza de Estados Insulares Pequeños]. APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation [Cooperación Económica de Asia-Pacífico]. ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nations [Asociación de Naciones del Sudeste Asiático]. AusAID: Australian Agency for International Development [Agencia Australiana para el Desarrollo Internacional]. BES: Bonaire, San Eustaquio, Saba. BORCO: Bahamas Oil Refining Company [Refinería de Petróleo de Bahamas]. BRICS: Brasil, Rusia, India, China, Sudáfrica. CARICOM: Caribbean Community [Comunidad del Caribe]. CIFP: Country Indicators for Foreign Policy [Indicadores de País para Política Exterior]. CNUCYD: Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo. COM: Collectivité d'Outre Mer [Colectividad de Ultramar]. COMNAP: Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs [Consejo de Gestores de Programas Nacionales Antárticos]. CONVEMAR: Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar. CRVMA: Convención sobre la Consevación de los Recursos Vivos Marinos Antárticos. DOM: Departament d'Outre Mer [Departamento de Ultramar]. EFTA: European Free Trade Association [Asociación de Libre Comercio Europea]. EU: European Union. Ver: UE. FAO: Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura]. I+D: Investigación y Desarrollo. IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Panel Intergubernamental del Cambio Climático]. JDZ: Joint Development Zone [Zona de Desarrollo Conjunto]. MIRAB: Migration, Remittances, Aid, Bureaucracy [Migraciones, Remensas, Ayuda, Burocracia]. MOI: Minor Outlying Islands [Islas Ultramarinas Menores]. NUTS: Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics [Nomenclatura de Unidades Territoriales para Estadísticas]. 11 OECS: Organization of Eastern Caribbean States [Organización de Estados del Caribe Oriental]. OHI: Organización Hidrográfica Internacional. ONG: Organización No Gubernamental. ONU: Organización de las Naciones Unidas. OTAN: Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte. PEFA: Public Expenditure Financial Accountability [Gasto Público y Rendición de Cuentas]. PIB: Producto Interior Bruto. PNP: Partido Nuevo Progresista de Puerto Rico. PROFIT: People (immigration), Resources, Overseas management (diplomacy), Finance and Transport [Inmigración, Recursos, Diplomacia, Finanzas y Transporte]. PPD: Partido Popular Democrático de Puerto Rico. PTU: País y Territorio de Ultramar. RSS: Regional Security System [Sistema Regional de Seguridad]. ROM: Région d'Outre Mer [Colectividad de Ultramar]. RUP: Región Ultraperiférica. SACLANT: Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic. SIDA: Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida. SIDS: Small Island Developing States [Pequeños Estados Insulares en Desarrollo]. SITE: Small Islands Tourism Economies [Economías del Turismo de Islas Pequeñas]. TAAF: Tierras Australes y Antárticas Francesas. TOM: Territoire d'Outre Mer [Territorio de Ultramar]. TOURAB: Tourism, Aid, Bureaucracy [Turismo, Ayuda, Burocracia]. UE: Unión Europea. UN: United Nations. Ver: ONU. UN-OHRLLS: United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States [Oficina del Alto Representante para los Países Menos Adelantados, los Países en Desarrollo sin Litoral y los Pequeños Estados Insulares en Desarrollo]. USCENTCOM: United States Central Command. USPACOM: United States Pacific Command.
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