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i Chemical migration and food contact materials ii Related titles: Pesticide, veterinary and other residues in food (ISBN-13: 978-1-85573-734-1; ISBN-10: 1-85573-734-5) This wide-ranging text sums up the wealth of recent research on assessing the risks of pesticides, veterinary and other residues in food, and effective means for detecting and controlling them. Food chemical safety Volume 1: contaminants (ISBN-13: 978-1-85573-462-3; ISBN-10: 1-85573-462-1) Chemical contaminants in food, from pesticides and veterinary drug residues to contamination from food packaging, are a major concern for the food industry. Written by authors from around the world, this authoritative collection describes the main chemical contaminants, their health implications, how they contaminate food products, methods for their detection and how such contaminants can be controlled. Novel food packaging techniques (ISBN-13: 978-1-85573-675-7; ISBN-10: 1-85573-675-6) With its distinguished international team of contributors, Novel food packaging techniques summarises the key developments in the field. The first part of the book discusses general issues such as packaging design, consumer attitudes to novel packaging and the legislative context. Part II looks at new techniques such as the use of oxygen and other scavengers, freshness indicators and antimicrobial packaging. The final part of the book discusses packaging materials and considers how packaging can be used with other preservation techniques to improve the quality of particular foods. 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Project managed by Macfarlane Production Services, Dunstable, Bedfordshire, England (e-mail: [email protected]) Typeset by Replika Press Pvt Ltd, India Printed by T J International Limited, Padstow, Cornwall, England v Contents Contributor contact details .................................................................. xiii 1Chemical migration into food: an overview ............................ 1 L. Castle, Defra Central Science Laboratory, UK 1.1 Introduction........................................................................ 1 1.2 Chemical migration and the main factors that control it 3 1.3 The range and sources of chemicals in food packaging that pose a potential risk ................................................... 7 1.4 Health issues ...................................................................... 8 1.5 Key scientific advances – achieved and needed .............. 9 1.6 Future trends ...................................................................... 12 1.7 Sources of further information and advice....................... 12 Part I Regulation and quality control of chemical migration into food ............................................................................................... 15 2Regulation of food contact materials in the USA ................... 17 M. L. Twaroski, L. I. Batarseh and A. B. Bailey, United States Food and Drug Administration, USA 2.1 Introduction........................................................................ 17 2.2 Regulatory authority .......................................................... 17 2.3 Regulatory considerations ................................................. 22 2.4 Food contact notifications ................................................. 24 2.5 Pivotal and emerging issues in FDA’s approach to safety assessment.......................................................................... 38 2.6 Conclusions........................................................................ 41 2.7 Acknowledgements ........................................................... 42 2.8 References.......................................................................... 42 3Regulation of food contact materials in the EU ..................... 43 A. Schäfer, European Commission, Belgium 3.1 Introduction........................................................................ 43 3.2 Community legislation ...................................................... 44 vi Contents 3.3 Framework regulation ....................................................... 44 3.4 Plastics ............................................................................... 47 3.5 Other materials .................................................................. 49 3.6 Control of food contact materials in the EU.................... 53 3.7 Specific national legislation .............................................. 55 3.8 Strengths and drawbacks of EU legislation ..................... 56 3.9 Future trends ...................................................................... 60 3.10 References.......................................................................... 62 4Traceability and food contact materials .................................. 64 D. Dainelli, Sealed Air Corporation, Italy and The European Plastics Converters Association (EuPC), Belgium 4.1 Introduction........................................................................ 64 4.2 Regulation of traceability of food contact materials ....... 65 4.3 Industrial guidelines for traceability of materials and articles for food contact .................................................... 68 4.4 Ensuring the traceability of food contact materials ......... 72 4.5 Case study: traceability of plastic materials for food contact ................................................................................ 77 4.6 Conclusions........................................................................ 82 4.7 References.......................................................................... 83 Part II Assessing the risks and improving the safety of food contact materials ................................................................................. 85 5 Compliance testing of chemical migration from food contact materials ....................................................................................... 87 R. Veraart and L. Coulier, TNO Quality of Life, The Netherlands 5.1 Introduction........................................................................ 87 5.2 Administrative compliance evaluation ............................. 88 5.3 Conventional experimental compliance testing ............... 92 5.4 Non-target migration testing ............................................. 106 5.5 Future trends and requirements for screening and analysis of migrants..........................................................