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Verfassungsmehrheit Des ANC Herausgefordert LÄNDERBERICHT Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. AUSLANDSBÜRO SÜDAFRIKA DR. WERNER BÖHLER 4. November 2008 Verfassungsmehrheit des ANC www.kas.de herausgefordert www.kas.de/suedafrika November-Convention verändert Parteienlandschaft Nicht erst seit dem erzwungenen Rücktritt bildet hat. Wesentlich verantwortlich dafür von Thabo Mbeki vom Amt des Staatspräsi- sind die Ein-Parteiendominanz des ANC und denten gärt es innerhalb des African Natio- das Wahlrecht mit geschlossenen Parteilis- nal Congress (ANC). Aber seit diesem Er- ten, was in der Konsequenz das Imperative eignis spitzt sich die Lagerbildung innerhalb Mandat bedeutet und nicht nur die schwa- der Regierungspartei weiter zu. In den zu- che Stellung der Abgeordneten begründet, rückliegenden Jahren hatte sich das Land sondern die Legislativorgane insgesamt zu am Kap in einem schleichenden Prozess in Debattierforen ohne Einfluss degradiert. einen ANC dominierten Staat verwandelt. Diese Charakteristika gehören zum Konzept Mit einer soliden Zweidrittelmehrheit auf der National Democratic Revolution, die nationaler Ebene und den Regierungen in weiterhin Maxime und Leitidee des ANC ist allen 9 Provinzen sowie den meisten urba- (s. u.a. Brief Thabo Mbeki an Jacob Zuma v. nen Zentren kontrolliert der ANC praktisch Oktober 2008). die Politik des Landes annähernd absolut. Die Machtfülle ist jedoch weitergehend und National Convention schließt über die Monopolstellung der Pa- rastatels (Telekommunikation, Transport- In dieser Situation riefen einige abtrünnige systeme, Elektrizitäts- und Wasserversor- ANC-Führungskader zu einer National Con- gung, Postverkehr, usw.) nachhaltigen Ein- vention auf und luden am vergangenen Wo- fluss auf die Wirtschaft ein. Auch die großen chenende, vom 31. Oktober bis 2. Novem- Organisationen der sog. Vibrant Civil Socie- ber, in das Kongresszentrum des im Norden ty sind tendenziell unter das Dach der Big von Johannesburg gelegenen Stadtteils Church, als die sich der ANC als Massenbe- Sandton ein. Die drei wichtigsten Initiatoren wegung weiterhin versteht, geschlüpft. waren der ehemalige Verteidigungsminister Auch andere Organisationen der Gesell- und Chairperson des ANC, Mosioua Lekota, schaft wie der Südafrikanische Studenten- der zurückgetretene Premier von Gauteng, verband (SASCO), die Vereinigung der Mbhazima Shilowa, sowie der frühere Präsi- Kommunen (SALGA) oder der Dachverband dent des Gewerkschaftsverbandes COSATU, der Zivilgesellschaftsorganisationen (SAN- Willie Madisha. Während Madisha bereits CO) sind praktisch zu Vorfeldorganisationen nach dem Parteitag in Polokwane abgesetzt des ANC geworden. Hinzu kommt, dass sich und aus der Organisation ausgeschlossen eine demokratische Kultur als Vorausset- wurde, stellten Lekota und Shilowa mit dem zung dafür, dass wichtige Ämter der Oppo- Rücktritt von Präsident Thabo Mbeki ihre sition oder unabhängigen Persönlichkeiten politischen Ämter und später auch das Par- überlassen werden –wie bspw. der Vorsitz teiamt zur Verfügung. Hinzu kamen die bei- des Haushaltsausschusses im Parlament den in Polokwane gewählten Mitglieder des oder die Leitung der unabhängigen Verfas- achtzigköpfigen Natioinal Executive Com- sungsinstitutionen- bislang nicht herausge- mittee (NEC), Lyndall Shope-Mafole und 2 Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. Charlotte Lobe, die ebenfalls ihre Funktio- Der Aufruf des amtierenden Staatspräsiden- nen im ANC niederlegten. ten, Kgalema Motlanthe, an die Mitglieder AUSLANDSBÜRO SÜDAFRIKA des ANC, demokratische Regeln zu akzep- DR. WERNER BÖHLER Der Aufruf zur South African National Con- tieren, zeigte insofern Wirkung. vention (SANC) erschien am Freitag in 4. November 2008 ganzseitigen Anzeigen (u.a. Soweten v. In seiner Eröffnungsrede setzte Mbhazima 31.10.2008). Darin bekannten die Initiato- Shilowa den Ton für die gesamte Veranstal- www.kas.de ren freimütig, dass sie sich zu lange über tung. Er rief die Verfassunggebende Ver- www.kas.de/suedafrika den Weg des ANC nach Polokwane geirrt sammlung der Jahre 1992-1996 in Erinne- und aus Parteiräson geschwiegen hätten. rung und stellte die Frage: Wer hätte in die- sen Jahren gedacht, dass nur 15 Jahre spä- Als Gefahr für die Demokratie Südafrikas ter eine erneute National Convention not- werden vor allem die neue Gewalt in der wendig sein werde? Damit hob er den An- Sprache von führenden ANC-Mitgliedern, die spruch der Veranstaltung auf ein Weg mar- Bedrohung der Unabhängigkeit der Justiz kierendes Niveau an. Entsprechend waren und elementarer Verfassungsrechte, die die Themen gewählt, die Shilowa als inhalt- Auflösung der Sondereinheit gegen organi- liche Schwerpunkte der Versammlung auf- siertes Verbrechen und öffentliche Korrupti- listete: on (Scorpions) und das Wiedererstarken des Demon of Tribalism angeführt. • Rechtsstaat, Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz Der ANC wird herausgefordert, indem die • Social Cohesion, Werte, Mora- Abtrünnigen beanspruchen, die wahren Ver- lische Grundlagen der Gesell- fechter der Ziele des 1912 gegründeten ANC schaft zu sein und auf dem Fundament der Free- • Verfassungsentwicklung, dom Charta zu stehen, das der ANC unter Demkratiekonstituierende In- der aktuellen Führung verlassen habe. stitutionen, Good Governance • Partizipative Demokratie, 6.500 Menschen waren dem Aufruf in das Mehrparteiensystem, Politische Convention Center in Sandton gefolgt. Auch Toleranz, Wahlsystem ein aus Sicherheitsgründen erforderliches, kompliziertes Registrierungsverfahren (On- Nach einer Grundsatzrede von Mosiuoa Le- line-Registrierung mit Rückbestätigung und kota sollten jedoch zuerst die Vertreter der die zusätzlich notwendige persönliche Ein- anderen Parteien Gelegenheit haben, zu den schreibung im Stadtteil Parkmore) schreckte Teilnehmern zu sprechen. Als Chairperson die Delegierten und Beobachter der Ver- der Versammlung fungierte die ehemalige sammlung, die aus allen Provinzen mit Bus- Kommunikationsdirektorin des ANC, Lyndall sen anreisten, nicht ab. Der Zugang zur Shope-Mafole, die die Teilnehmer zu Tole- Kongresshalle war streng kontrolliert. Be- ranz gegenüber politischen Parteien des reits am frühen Samstagmorgen fanden sich demokratischen Spektrums aufrief. Diese viele Delegierte vor dem Tagungsgebäude Konferenz, so Shope-Mafole, wolle sich da- ein und gingen singend und tanzend durch mit sichtbar abheben von Aussagen u.a. des die abgesperrte Strasse. Spruchbänder und ANC-Youth League Vorsitzenden, Julius Ma- Plakate machten dem Ärger über “ihren” lema, für Jacob Zuma kämpfen, sterben und früheren ANC Luft. Ein starkes Polizeiaufge- töten zu wollen. Weitere sprachliche Ent- bot war mit freiwilligem Aufsichtspersonal gleisungen folgten. Julius Malema warnte im gut koordiniert, musste jedoch bei den Hinblick auf Parteiabtrünnige “that there will friedlichen Demonstrationen, bei denen es be a civil war”. Die Vorsitzende der Womens auch zum Zertrampeln von ANC- League, Angie Motshekga, nennt jene, die Mitgliederausweisen kam, nicht eingreifen. den ANC verlassen, “dogs”. Den ehemaligen Im Unterschied zu einem Auftritt von Staatspräsidenten, Thabo Mbeki, nannte Mbhayima Shilowa eine Woche zuvor im Julius Malema kürzlich “a stinking, dying Stadtteil Orange in Soweto waren keine Ge- horse”. Und im Hinblick auf das Abstim- gendemonstranten des ANC aufmarschiert. mungsverhalten der ANC-Parlamentarier 3 Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. verlangt Malema: Jene, “who don’t vote ßerdem ein historisches Datum in Südafrika properly would be called in for disciplinary und wird heute als Day of Reconciliation – AUSLANDSBÜRO SÜDAFRIKA hearings”. als Tag der Aussöhnung – gefeiert. Kurz vor DR. WERNER BÖHLER Beginn der Nationalen Versammlung sicker- In alphabetischer Reihenfolge gaben die te der neue Name für eine mögliche “Shiko- 4. November 2008 Oppositionsparteien, darunter die African ta”-Parteigründung durch: South African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP), die De- National Congress (SANC). www.kas.de mocratic Alliance (DA), die Independent www.kas.de/suedafrika Democrats (ID), Inkatha Freedom Party Sicherlich ist damit die Absicht bei den (IFP) sowie das United Democratic Move- Abspaltern verbunden, ANC Mitgliedern an ment (UDM), Erklärungen ab. Alle Redner der Basis, vor allem in den ländlichen Regi- legten den Fokus auf die Einhaltung der onen und den ehemaligen Townships den Verfassung und die Stärkung des Rechts- Schritt “einfacher” zu machen, bei den Wah- staats, die Verwirklichung eines Mehrpartei- len im April 2009 eine andere und damit die ensystems, die Wichtigkeit nachhaltiger Re- neue Partei zu wählen. Der erhobene An- formen wie das Wahlrecht, die Bedeutung spruch, die Teilnehmer der National Con- einer Werteorientierung in Politik und Ge- vention seien die wahren Hüter der Free- sellschaft sowie die Ablehnung von Gewalt dom Charta des ANC, passt in dieses Bild. auch in der politischen Sprache. Dahinter dürfte eine wohl überlegte Strate- gie stecken, da Umfragen des Afrobarome- Vertreter der neun Provinzen schilderten die ter und des World Value Survey über die Lage an der Basis des ANC und erläuterten Jahre seit dem demokratischen Wechsel be- die Beweggründe für die Teilnahme an der legen, dass unzufriedene ANC-Anhänger National Convention. Dem folgten Stellung- zwar den Wahlen fern bleiben, nicht aber nahmen von Massenorganisationen aus den den weitergehenden Schritt tun, ihre Stim- Bereichen Arbeit/Gewerkschaften, Wirt- me einer anderen Partei zu geben. schaft, Jugend, Frauen und Zivilgesellschaft. Der ANC gibt sich den Abspaltern und deren Den Beratungen der genannten zentralen Aktivitäten gegenüber scheinbar gelassen. Fragestellungen
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