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May 2011 South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board Geomorphological Assessment and Analysis of the Neales Catchment Gresley A

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Government of South Australia South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board May 2011 South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board Geomorphological assessment and analysis of the Neales Catchment Gresley A. Wakelin-King DISCLAIMER The South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board, and its employees do not warrant or make any representation regarding the use, or results of use of the information contained herein as to its correctness, accuracy, reliability, currency or otherwise. The South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board and its employees expressly disclaim all liability or responsibility to any person using the information or advice. © South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board 2011 This publication can be cited as: Wakelin-King, G.A., 2011. Geomorphological assessment and analysis of the Neales Catchment: A report to the South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board. Wakelin Associates, Melbourne. 128pp., 2 maps. Wakelin Associates Pty Ltd www.wakelinassociates.com.au PO Box 271, Clifton Hill, Vic. Australia 3068 Telephone (03) 9482 4584 This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Commonwealth), no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission obtained from the South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be directed to the General Manager, South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board Railway Station Building, PO Box 2227, Port Augusta, SA, 5700 Table of Contents Executive Summary and Recommendations ………………………..……………… 1 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….… 4 1.1. Aims, Outcomes, Report Structure 4 1.2. Post-European Landscape Change 5 1.3. The Neales River Catchment 6 1.4. Acknowledgements 9 2. Landscape Processes of the Neales Catchment ……..……………….…..… 10 2.1. Geology Influences Landscape 10 2.2. The Neales and Peake Rivers 13 2.2.1. Landforms and Processes 13 2.2.2. Waterhole Formation and Evolution 18 2.2.3. Rills, Gullies, Badlands, and Arroyos 22 3. Key Areas ……..…………………..…………………..………………………… 24 3.1. Algebuckina Waterhole, Alge Pinch, West Alge 24 3.2. Hookey’s Waterhole and the Oodnadatta South Reach 27 3.3. Angle Pole Waterhole and Oodnadatta North 28 3.4. Knickpoint Reach: Stewarts and Cramp’s Camp Waterholes 29 3.5. Peake/Neales confluence: Tardetakarinna ex-Waterhole 30 3.6. Peake/Neales confluence: Arroyos 32 4. Management Implications………………………………..………………..…… 33 4.1. Opportunities 33 4.2. Threats 33 4.3. Recommendations 36 5. Index …………………………………………………………………….……. 38 A1. Technical Appendix 1: Glossary of Fluvial Landforms ………………….... 42 A1.1. Valley-Scale Features 42 A1.2. Types of Channels 44 A1.3. Landforms of the Channel and Channel-Margin 48 A1.4. Floodplains 53 A2. Technical Appendix 2: Detailed Geology & Geomorphology …………… 59 A2.1. Geology 59 i A2.1.1. Rock Units And Surface Lithologies 59 A2.1.2. Tectonic History Creates the River Network 63 Stacks of Flats 66 Stream Capture 70 A2.1.3. Downvalley Slopes, Valley Width 70 A2.1.4. Lake Eyre Hydrology: Ice Ages (Quaternary) to Now 72 Tertiary to Quaternary 72 Megafloods Since the Last Glacial Maximum: 73 A2.2. Geomorphology: Modern Landscape Processes 74 A2.2.1. Marks of Megafloods 74 A2.2.2. Hillslope Erosion and Sediment Transport 75 A2.2.3. Hummock Fields: Land Degradation or Natural Feature? 75 A2.2.4. Channel and Waterhole Distribution: Related to Scouring 78 A2.2.5. Waterhole and Channel Formation: Megafloods and Macroturbulence 81 A2.2.6. Waterhole and Channel Maintenance: Banks, Deep Beds, and Large Floods 83 A2.2.7. Waterhole and Channel Adjustment: Banks, Variable Flows and Gullying 85 A2.2.8. Ecological Riches: Floodplain and Channel Processes During Normal Flows 86 A2.2.9. Ecological Poverty: Badlands and Arroyos at the Neales-Peake -Wood Duck Confluence 88 A2.2.10. A Different Kind of River: the Lower Neales 98 A2.2.11. Rivers that Change: Variable Flow and Landform Tipping Points 98 A2.3. Landforms and Ecology 105 A2.3.1. Tourism and Local Recreation 105 A2.3.2. Cattle 108 A2.3.3. Rabbits 110 A2.3.4. Landforms as Habitat 110 Aquatic Biota 110 Land Plants and Animals 112 A2.3.5. Further Investigation and Essential Monitoring 112 A2.4. Key Points from Technical Appendix 2 113 ii Long Weathering and Barren Rocks Tectonism, Erosion, and Sediment Supply Tectonism and Development of the Drainage Network Sources of Flow Variability Flow Variability: All Types of Flow are Important Neales Catchment Landscape Processes Management Implications Essential Monitoring and Further Earth-Science Research A3. Technical Appendix 3 Methods, Imagery, Climate……………………….. 119 A3.1. Imagery 119 Availability and Cost 119 Assessment of Noise in the SRTM Data 123 A3.2. Climatic Variability Leads to Flow Variability 123 A4. Technical Appendix 4: Bibliography ……………………………………… 125 Tables 1. Downvalley slopes and valley widths of the Neales River. 71 Figures Front Cover: Landscape of the Neales River: bare, rocky flat-topped hillslopes and well-vegetated inset alluvial valleys. 1 The Neales Catchment boundary, drainage network, and main roads. 2 Uplift and subsidence in the Neales Catchment. 3 Discontinuous channels in the south branch of the upper Neales River. 4 Hummocks near Algebuckina. 5 Dead trees around valley-floor incision at Ockenden Creek. 6 Floodplain and channel elements at the Neales south branch. 7 Tributary-junction floodouts in the Neales-Peake confluence. 8 Megaflood inundation in Peake Gap. 9 The remnants of an avulsed large waterhole at Peake Gap. 10 Rills and gullies at Algebuckina. 11 Arroyo incision kills floodplain vegetation. iii 12 The Algebuckina area. 13 Algebuckina Waterhole. 14 Hookeys and other waterholes south of Oodnadatta. 15 An old tree at Hookey’s. 16 Angle Pole Waterhole 17 Gullying in the floodplain and hillslopes near Stewarts Waterhole. 18 Channels extending downvalley from Tardetakarinna ex-Waterhole 19 Arroyos capture floodplain water at the Peake-Neales confluence. 20 A gully draining into a rabbit burrow at Algebuckina. Figures, Appendix 1 A1.1 Valley-scale and reach-scale landforms. A1.2 Channels in the south branch of the Neales River. A1.3 A small-channel complex near Angle Pole Waterhole. A1.4 Floodplain and channel landforms on the Neales south branch. A1.5 Channel and floodplain landforms at Hookeys Waterhole. A1.6 Riparian trees leaning over Mt Carulinia Waterhole. A1.7 Channels and waterholes have scoured, irregular bed topography. A1.8 Fluvial landforms upstream from Hookey’s Waterhole A1.9 The splay at the end of Algebuckina Waterhole. A1.10 MODIS satellite image of floodplain inundation, December 2009. A1.11 Hummocks and hummock fields. A1.12 Floodouts in the Peake-Neales junction area. Figures, Appendix 2 A2.1 Buff coloured flat top hills of Yardinna Claystone gypsum near Oodnadatta. A2.2 Stony gilgai. A2.3 Regolith and desert pavement. A2.4 Runoff characteristics of land system units. A2.5 Faulting in the Neales Catchment. A2.6 Topographic inversion of the Mirackina Conglomerate. A2.7 The Jumpup: Scarps and etch plains, relict peneplain, modern peneplain. A2.8 Stream capture has created the Oodnadatta “S”. A2.9 Peake Gap's last megaflood. A2.10 A Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the atmosphere. iv A2.11 Oblique image of Angle Pole waterhole, showing the K-H turbulence zone. A2.12 Google Earth image of Angle Pole waterhole. A2.13 A hook creating a secondary flow path near a waterhole. A2.14 Place names along the Neales-Peake confluence and the lower Neales. A2.15 Geomorphology of the Peake-Neales-Blyth-Wood Duck confluence. A2.16 Google Earth image of the Old Tarde reaches. A2.17 Google Earth image of Old Tarde's downstream splay, and Small Tarde. A2.18 Google Earth image of the Two Arroyos reach. A2.19 Erosion in the Two Arroyos reach. A2.20 A gully headcut capturing sheetflow. A2.21 Google Earth image of the 6-Mile Arroyo badlands. A2.22 Floodplain vegetation, in intact valleys and incised valleys. A2.23 MODIS image of a ~1:10 flow event in the Peake-Neales confluence. A2.24 Google Earth image of an abandoned channel. A2.25 Google Earth image of the Lenin-Bulletin Waterholes area. A2.26 Google Earth image of the Algebuckina area A2.27 Mathieson Waterhole, valley cross-section and oblique aerial view. A2.28 Google Earth image of Peake Gap. A2.29 DEM of Algebuckina Waterhole, showing risk avulsion areas. A2.30 The silty high plain at Angle Pole waterhole provides easy vehicle access. A2.31 Rills and gullies at Algebuckina. Figures, Appendix 3 A3.1 Comparison of SPOTmap and Digital Globe. A3.2 Smoothed and raw SRTM DEMs. A3.3 Comparing smoothed and raw SRTM on a gibber slope near Nilpinna. Map 1: Geology of the Neales River catchment. Map 2: Digital Elevation Model of the Neales River catchment. v Executive Summary & Recommendations Geomorphology is the geology of landscape: in the arid zone, geological processes which govern the distribution of water and sediment ultimately underpin ecology. This report presents the findings of a regional-scale investigation of the Neales River catchment geomorphology, as part of the South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board project "Understanding and managing critical refugia in the arid lands of central northern Australia" (the Critical Refugia project). Funding was granted through the Australian Government’s Caring for Our Country 2009/10 Program. This work contributes to the SAAL Regional NRM Plan Resource Condition Target (RCT) 3: “By 2020, the extent and condition of at least 50% of priority aquatic ecosystems is improved and other priority aquatic ecosystems are at least maintained in extent and condition”. The Neales and Peake Rivers have an extremely variable flow regime, being mostly dry but flowing and flooding regularly. The catchment's processes act to slow the passage of water downstream, such that floodplains are frequently inundated, making the river valleys the focus of biological activity.
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