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Hyperventilation: a Possible Explanation for Long-Lasting Exercise Intolerance in Mild COVID-19 Survivors?

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Hyperventilation: a Possible Explanation for Long-Lasting Exercise Intolerance in Mild COVID-19 Survivors? fphys-11-614590 January 18, 2021 Time: 10:37 # 1 PERSPECTIVE published: 18 January 2021 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.614590 Hyperventilation: A Possible Explanation for Long-Lasting Exercise Intolerance in Mild COVID-19 Survivors? Justina Motiejunaite1,2*, Pauline Balagny1,3, Florence Arnoult1, Laurence Mangin1,4, Catherine Bancal1, Marie-Pia d’Ortho1,2 and Justine Frija-Masson1,2 1 Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles, FHU APOLLO, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France, 2 INSERM, UMR 1141 NeuroDiderot, Université de Paris, Paris, France, 3 INSERM, UMS 011, Population-based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit, Villejuif, France, 4 UMR 7057, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Système Complexes, Paris, France Since the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, most attention has focused on containing transmission and addressing the surge of critically ill patients in acute care settings. As we enter the second phase of the pandemic, emphasis must evolve to post-acute care of COVID-19 survivors. Persisting cardiorespiratory symptoms have been reported at several months after the onset of the infection. Information Edited by: is lacking on the pathophysiology of exercise intolerance after COVID-19. Previous Adriana Castello Costa Girardi, outbreaks of coronaviruses have been associated with persistent dyspnea, muscle University of São Paulo, Brazil weakness, fatigue and reduced quality of life. The extent of Covid-19 sequelae remains Reviewed by: Marli Maria Knorst, to be evaluated, but persisting cardiorespiratory symptoms in COVID-19 survivors can Federal University of Rio Grande do be described as two distinct entities. The first type of post-Covid symptoms are directly Sul, Brazil Ren-Jay Shei, related to organ injury in the acute phase, or the complications of treatment. The Mallinckrodt (United States), second type of persisting symptoms can affect patients even with mild initial disease United States presentation without evidence of organ damage. The mechanisms are still poorly *Correspondence: qualified to date. There is a lack of correlation between initial symptom severity and Justina Motiejunaite [email protected] residual symptoms at exertion. We report exercise hyperventilation as a major limiting orcid.org/0000-0001-8385-528X factor in COVID-19 survivors. The origin of this hyperventilation may be related to an Specialty section: abnormality of ventilatory control, by either hyperactivity of activator systems (automatic This article was submitted to and cortical ventilatory control, peripheral afferents, and sensory cortex) or failure of Integrative Physiology, inhibitory systems (endorphins) in the aftermath of pulmonary infection. Hyperventilation- a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology induced hypocapnia can cause a multitude of extremely disabling symptoms such as Received: 06 October 2020 dyspnea, tachycardia, chest pain, fatigue, dizziness and syncope at exertion. Accepted: 24 December 2020 Published: 18 January 2021 Keywords: COVID-19, hyperventilation syndrome, dyspnea, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, SARS-CoV-2, exercise hyperventilation, persisting symptoms Citation: Motiejunaite J, Balagny P, Arnoult F, Mangin L, Bancal C, INTRODUCTION d’Ortho M-P and Frija-Masson J (2021) Hyperventilation: A Possible Explanation for Long-Lasting Exercise The infection with severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared a Intolerance in Mild COVID-19 pandemic on March 11, 2020. As of November 2020, the novel coronavirus, hereafter referred Survivors? Front. Physiol. 11:614590. to as COVID-19, has affected more than 60 million people worldwide (Center, 2020; Simpson doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.614590 and Robinson, 2020). For the majority (81%), infection with COVID-19 manifests as a mild Frontiers in Physiology| www.frontiersin.org 1 January 2021| Volume 11| Article 614590 fphys-11-614590 January 18, 2021 Time: 10:37 # 2 Motiejunaite et al. Hyperventilation and Exercise Intolerance in COVID-19 disease. Fever (88.7%), cough (57.6%), and dyspnea (45.6%) oxygen during hospital stay. At one-month follow-up, 74% of were the most commonly reported symptoms in a recent participants reported shortness of breath. Carfi et al.(2020) also systematic review (Rodriguez-Morales et al., 2020). However, for assessed persistent symptoms in patients discharged from the a significant minority, and particularly those older than 65 years hospital. At 2 months follow-up, half of the patients reported and with comorbidities, the infection requires management persistent fatigue, whereas dyspnea (43%) and chest pain (22%) in an intensive care unit due to acute respiratory distress were also highly prevalent. These findings are in line with the syndrome (ARDS) (Pascarella et al., 2020). Since the outbreak studies by Wong et al.(2020) and Garrigues et al.(2020), of the pandemic, most attention has focused on containing both of which found nearly half of the patients complaining of transmission and managing the wave of critically ill patients breathlessness at 3 months after hospital discharge. in acute care settings. As we enter the second phase of the The persistence of cardiorespiratory symptoms in survivors of pandemic, emphasis must evolve to post-acute care of COVID- severe COVID-19 can be partly explained by the pathophysiology 19 survivors. For these patients, having defeated the virus is of organ damage during the initial phase of the disease. The just the beginning of an unknown recovery path. There are SARS-CoV-2 virus predominantly affects the respiratory system, increasing reports of persisting and recurrent symptoms at although other organ systems can be compromised as well. The several months after the onset of the infection (Carfi et al., virus uses angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors in 2020; Goërtz et al., 2020), dyspnea at exertion being one of the pneumocytes of the epithelial alveolar lining to infect the host, most common complaints. The extent and severity of the lasting thus causing lung injury (Varga et al., 2020). Diffuse alveolar sequelae remain to be evaluated, but persisting cardiorespiratory damage was showed by several post-mortem studies (Carsana symptoms in COVID-19 survivors can be described as two et al., 2020; Schaller et al., 2020), leading to hypotheses of residual distinct entities. The first type of post-Covid consequences are pulmonary function impairment at long term. These hypotheses directly related to organ damage in the acute phase, either due are supported by the available evidence on previous coronavirus to the viral infection and the ensuing inflammatory response, outbreaks. A recent meta-analysis (Ahmed et al., 2020) of studies or the complications of treatment in the intensive care setting on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV reported that approximately one (Li et al., 2006; Zhou et al., 2014; Mart and Ware, 2020). The third of hospitalized patients had persisting lung abnormalities persisting cardiorespiratory symptoms related to cardiac and after their acute illness. Prospective studies on SARS-CoV,MERS- lung injury in COVID-19 will be summarized below. The second CoV as well as short-term follow-up studies on the current type of persisting symptoms can affect patients even with mild SARS-CoV-2 epidemic are summarized in Table 1. These studies initial disease presentation without evidence of severe organ demonstrate mostly a mild pulmonary function impairment damage. Sustained fatigue and exercise intolerance are the most and the functional disability appears out of proportion to the frequent complaints in patients not requiring hospitalization degree of lung function impairment. For example, a 2005 study (Goërtz et al., 2020; Tenforde et al., 2020). In these patients, there on SARS-CoV by Hui et al.(2005) found that the exercise is a striking lack of correlation between initial symptom severity capacity 6 months after disease onset was considerably lower and residual symptoms at exertion. The mechanisms behind than that of normal controls in the same age groups. However, post-Covid exercise intolerance are most likely complex and still significant impairment of surface area gas exchange was only poorly qualified to date. In this article, we aimed to review the found in 15% of the patients. Along with Hui’ study, Ong available evidence on persisting exercise intolerance experienced et al.(2004) performed cardiopulmonary exercises testing in 46 by COVID-19 survivors. We also report exercise hyperventilation SARS-CoV patients at 3 months after hospital discharge. Half as a major limiting factor that can cause a multitude of extremely of the patients had abnormalities in the pulmonary function disabling symptoms such as dyspnea, tachycardia, chest pain, tests, but the impairment was mild in almost all cases. However, fatigue, dizziness, and syncope at exertion. To our knowledge, 41% of the patients had impairment of exercise capacity not this is the first report of a possible explanation for prolonged due to ventilatory limitation. The discordance of the results of exercise intolerance in long-lasting COVID-19. pulmonary function and exercise testing has been attributed to several factors, such as physical deconditioning, muscle weakness and poor motivation. The recent data in SARS-CoV-2 by Arnold PERSISTING CARIORESPIRATORY et al.(2020) demonstrates that even 74% of survivors complained of persistent breathlessness and excessive fatigue at 3 months after SYMPTOMS IN CORONAVIRUS hospital discharge. Yet abnormal pulmonary
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