3D Printing Initiative

 Mission:  Introduce 3D printing to the community via hands-on training at the library  Travel to offer training at clubs, schools, town organizations, etc.  Entirely grant funded by the Norwin S. and Elizabeth N. Bean Foundation  Two Cube2 printers donated by 3DSystems  One printer donated by Folger Technologies  Completely volunteer operated  No tax impact

Why 3D Printing at the Library?

 Digital literacy  Promotes STE(A)M (Science Technology Engineering (Art) and Math) education  Entices people into the library who might not normally frequent it  250 libraries in the US offer 3D printers  Out of 119,729 libraries of all kinds in the US  Source: OITP Perspectives, a publication by the American Library Association (ALA) – 1/2015

How 3D Printing Works

 For printing an object you need a digital 3D-model.  Download it from internet  Draw it using computer-assisted design or CAD software  Scan an object

.STL File

 Developed in 1987 for 3D Systems the STL format was designed as a standard format to allow data movement between CAD programs and stereolithography machines. 'STL' stands for Surface Tesselation Language (or, depending on who you talk to, perhaps 'STereoLithography file' or 'Standard Transform Language file').

 A tessellation is a gap-less, repeating pattern of non-overlapping figures across a surface. Any shape can be used; STL format uses triangles. This triangular mesh is most often derived from the surface - and only the surface - of a 3D CAD designed object.

 The number of triangles is primarily a function of the size of the surface and the resolution of the tessellation. The higher the resolution, the greater the number of triangles and the closer the approximation to a true curved surface.

Triangular mesh for a 10cm Triangular mesh for a 10cm sphere with 10 micron sphere with 1mm precision precision 3D Model Marketplaces

 These sites offer a mix of free and for fee designs

 Some are not only for 3D printing  Thingiverse http://www.thingiverse.com/  Cubify http://cubify.com/en/store/kids  Autodesk 123D http://www.123dapp.com/Gallery/content/all  CG Trader http://www.cgtrader.com/ Cubify (3D Systems) Thingiverse (Makerbot/Stratasys) Free Modeling Software

 2D  Inkscape http://www.inkscape.org/  3D  Autodesk 123D http://www.123dapp.com/  Meshmixer http://www.meshmixer.com/  Sketchup http://www.sketchup.com/  OpenSCAD http://www.openscad.org/  Organic Shapes  3DTin http://www.3dtin.com/  Sculptris http://pixologic.com/sculptris/  KnotPlot http://www.knotplot.com Scanners – coming soon Extrusion / FDM / FFF

 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)  Uses thermoplastics  Term trademarked by Stratasys  Commercial grade is quite different than consumer grade  Fused Filament Fabrication Also called Freeform Fabrication (FFF)

Materials our printers can use

 PLA (Polylactic Acid)

 Made from corn starch or sugar cane, biodegradable.

 Melts at a lower temperature between 190 and 210 degrees Celsius

 Less odor

Materials our printers can use

 ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)

 Relatively strong

 Melts consistently at around 225 degrees Celsius

 Suitable for functional parts or objects that are exposed to high temperatures like sunlight or hot water.

 Acetone (nail polish remover) can be used to smoothen

 ABS has to be printed on a heated build plate

 Has higher tendency to warp

Materials Available

 Plastics (ABS, PLA, nylon, polyamide)  Metals (steel, nickel-chromium, titanium, brass, bronze, gold, silver)  Ceramics and sand  Food (sugar, chocolate)  Paper  Bio materials 3D Printing Services

 Staples http://www.staples.com/sbd/cre/products/3d- printing/  Londonderry and Stratham  Sculpteo http://www.sculpteo.com/en/  i.Materialise http://i.materialise.com  Shapeways http://www.shapeways.com/  Kraftwürx http://www.kraftwurx.com/ 3D PRINTING APPLICATIONS Medical Bioprinting

 3D printing has been used to print organs from a patient’s own cells.  Ear and nose structures  Skin  Heart valve  Industry experts suggest that within a decade we will be able to print solid organs such as liver, heart, and kidney.  Organovo announced that they have made 3D printed human liver tissue available for commercial use

Medical Models

 Ultra-realistic lung  Wet, soft, and complete with tumors and blood vessels — is one of a range of organs being produced by a Japanese firm that will allow surgeons to hone their skills without hurting anyone.  “With the wet model, doctors can experience the softness of organs and see them bleed”.  Separating conjoined twins  Translate the infants’ CT scans into a color-coded, 3D model Prosthetics for Man

 Robohands – inexpensive (around $150) and easily replaced as the child grows.

 New Jaw

 Bionic Ear Prosthetics for Beast Jewelry and Fashion Toys and Trinkets 3D Portrait

 3D Bean (Malden, MA) uses high-definition 3D scanning to photograph people from multiple perspectives and turn their image into a sandstone replica of themselves.

 $319 for one 4-inch-tall figurine made of sandstone Food for Fun

 Printed food for fun: new shapes, new textures Food for Feeding

 Food printing – nutrients can be tailored for an individual’s needs

 Food printers in space

Architecture & Construction

 3D Printed House

 3D Printed Moon Base Aerospace

 Space-qualified satellite components that are lighter and stiffer  Rolls-Royce to fly largest 3D printed part ever flown  “It is ideal for prototyping. Shortening the manufacturing time by almost a third .”

With 3D printing, Airbus Defense was able to transform a Rolls-Royce 3D printed a titanium structure that bracket made up of four main parts and 44 rivets into a measures 1.5m in diameter and 0.5m-thick. The front single, laser-melted piece that is 40% stiffer and 35% lighter bearing housing contains 48 aerofoils and was than its predecessor. manufactured using Arcam’s electron beam melting technology. Electronics

 Designing and 3D printing electronics with optimal shape and styling properties will be common.

 3D printing is ideal for the complex geometric features needed in small, compact electronic circuit boards that use multiple materials ranging from low conductivity plastics to high conductivity metal materials.

 Volxel8 can print both plastic and conductive material, allowing circuitry and the physical structure of an object to be printed simultaneously. 3D PRINTING IN MANUFACTURING Rapid Prototyping

 Rapid prototyping systems emerged in 1987 with the introduction of stereolithography technology, a process that solidifies layers of ultraviolet light- sensitive liquid polymer using laser technology.

 In subsequent years, other rapid prototyping technologies were introduced, such as: FDM, Selective Laser Sintering and Laminated Object Manufacturing. Additive & Subtractive Manufacturing

 Additive Manufacturing  A method that builds up parts, additively, layer by layer  Simplifies the manufacture of very complex products  Fundamentally different from any other existing traditional manufacturing techniques.  A tool-less process that reduces costs and lead times  Subtractive Manufacturing  Subtracting material from a larger block — whether to achieve the end product itself or to produce a tool for casting or molding processes.  The subtractive manufacturing processes, such as machining, can result in up to 90% of the original block of material being wasted. Advantages of 3D Printing

 3D printing enables designers to experiment with new solutions for products

 Able to build shapes that you can’t cast or forge

 Companies can print parts, and can print their own tools

 Lends itself well to small companies

 3D printing is believed by many to have very great potential to inject growth into innovation and bring back local manufacturing.

Sweet Spot

 3D printing is beneficial in a situation when a limited number of complex parts are needed.  Creating a mold for manufacturing these parts would not be economical – the mold will be used only for a few parts. 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES Stereolithography (SLA)

 First 3D printing process

Digital Light Processing DLP Selective Laser Sintering SLS Direct Metal Laser Sintering DMLS

 Materials: stainless steel, cobalt chrome, iconel*, titanium  Inconel is a family of austenite nickel-chromium-based superalloys. The name is a trademark of Special Metals Corporation.  Inconel alloys are oxidation and corrosion resistant materials well suited for service in extreme environments subjected to pressure and heat.

3D-printed engine nozzle. Lattice structure reduces This hollow ball its mass and production has a complex cost while also improving external its thermal performance, geometry, maki due to a greatly ng it incredibly increased surface area . light while remaining stiff. Ink Jet Binder Jetting Others

 InkJet Material Jetting

 Selective Deposition Lamination (SDL)

 Electron Beam Melting (EBM)

 Direct Metal Printing (DMP)

 Blown metal powder

 Sand binding

 Binder jetted into metal powder (by ExOne)

 Smooth Curvature Printing (by Solidscape)

 Selective Deposition Lamination (by Mcor Technologies)

 Hybrid CNC

History of 3D Printing Variables to look at when choosing a 3D Printer

 Build size

 Build speed

 Build resolution

 Materials

 Price How to choose the right material MARKET LANDSCAPE Players – by price and type Market Ecosystem Impact on Commercial Transportation