DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecology of Campylobacter Colonization in Poultry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecology of Campylobacter Colonization in Poultry ECOLOGY OF CAMPYLOBACTER COLONIZATION IN POULTRY: ROLE OF MATERNAL ANTIBODIES IN PROTECTION AND SOURCES OF FLOCK INFECTION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Orhan Sahin, D.V.M., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee: Professor Qijing Zhang, Advisor Approved by Professor Teresa Y. Morishita ________________________ Professor Linda J. Saif Advisor Professor Yehia M. Saif Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni, a gram-negative organism, is a leading bacterial cause of human foodborne enterocolitis worldwide. Although poultry are considered the major reservoir for this human pathogen, the ecology of Campylobacter in chicken flocks is poorly understood, hampering the design of effective intervention strategies at the preharvest stage. In the first part of this project, the prevalence, antigenic specificity, and bactericidal activity of poultry Campylobacter maternal antibodies were investigated. High levels of specific antibodies were detected in egg yolks, sera of broiler breeders, and young broiler chicks, as maternally-derived antibodies. These antibodies were against multiple outer membrane components of Campylobacter, and active in antibody- dependent complement-mediated killing of C. jejuni. These findings indicated the widespread presence of functional Campylobacter antibodies in the poultry production system, and prompted us to conduct the second part of the project to determine the effect of Campylobacter maternal antibodies on the colonization of young chickens by C. jejuni using challenge studies. Laboratory inoculation of commercial broilers of different ages showed that the onset of colonization occurred much sooner in birds challenged at the age of 21-days (which are naturally negative for Campylobacter antibody) than it did in the birds inoculated at 3-days of age (which are naturally positive for Campylobacter maternal antibody). Also, challenge experiments using laboratory-raised specific ii pathogen-free (SPF) chickens demonstrated that significant decreases in the percentage of colonized chickens were observed during the first week post inoculation in 3-day old SPF chicks with Campylobacter maternal antibody as compared with 3-day old chicks without Campylobacter-specific maternal antibody. These results indicated that Campylobacter maternal antibodies play a partial role in protecting young chickens against colonization by C. jejuni. In the last part of this study, we investigated the ability of Campylobacter to penetrate eggshells, its survival within eggs, and its prevalence in eggs from various sources to determine if vertical (egg-borne) transmission of Campylobacter occurred. Using a temperature differential method, it was shown that Campylobacter was either unable to penetrate the eggshell or did not survive up to 48 h inside the incubating eggs. C. jejuni survived for up to 14 days in eggs stored at 18°C following injection into the egg yolk; however, viability of the bacterium was dramatically reduced when injected into the albumen or the air sac. Although Campylobacter was detected in freshly-laid eggs obtained from an SPF flock colonized by C. jejuni, storage of eggs for 7 days at 18°C resulted in lack of detection of the organism. No Campylobacter was detected from 500 eggs laid by Campylobacter-colonized commercial breeders, and 1,000 eggs obtained from a commercial hatchery, suggesting that vertical transmission of Campylobacter through the egg is rare, and is unlikely to result in chicks infected with Campylobacter. iii Dedicated to my beloved family iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Qijing Zhang, with sincere appreciation for his intellectual support, encouragement, enthusiasm, and great patience during the course of my degree program. His guidance and help made this dissertation possible, and will be cherished and remembered during my life. I also thank my previous sponsor, Ministry of Education of Republic of Turkey. Special thanks also go to my other committee members Dr. Yehia M. Saif, Dr. Linda J. Saif, and Dr. Teresa Y. Morishita for their efforts and valuable advice. I am grateful to Jerrel C. Meitzler for his technical support and his help in the animal studies. I thank Shouxiong Huang, Naidan Luo, and Sonia Pereira for their help in animal studies. I also wish to thank Dr. Linda O. Michel, Dr. Jun Lin, and Dr. Masato Akiba for their support and help. I thank Bob Dearth and Greg Myers for their support in the animal studies. Lastly, I would like express my deepest love and appreciation to my father, sister, and brother in heaven for their lifetime unconditional love and support. I miss you all! v VITA May 1, 1972 …………………… Born-Gaziantep, Turkey 1988-1993……………………… D.V.M. Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey 1996-1997……………………… M.S. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 1998-present…………………… Graduate Research Associate, Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, OH, USA ACADEMIC HONORS AND AWARDS · Scholarship from the Ministry of Education, Turkey (1995 to 2001). · Second best poster Award in OARDC Annual Conference, Ohio, U.S.A. 2000 · Best Poster Award in Comparative Gastroenterology, the 82th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, St. Louis, U.S.A. 2001 vi · Membership of Delta Chapter of the Phi Zeta Honor Society, U.S.A. 2000 to present · Membership of the American Society for Microbiology, U.S.A. 2000 to 2003 · Membership of Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases (CRWAD), U.S.A. 2001 to present PUBLICATIONS Research Publications 1. Sahin O, Zhang Q, Meitzler JC, Harr BS, Morishita TY, Mohan R. 2001. Prevalence, antigenic specificity, and bactericidal activity of poultry anti-Campylobacter maternal antibodies. Appl. Environ Microbiol.67:3951-7. 2. Naidan Luo, Orhan Sahin, Jun Lin, Linda Michel, and Qijing Zhang. 2003. In vivo selection of Campylobacter isolates with high levels of fluoroquinolone resistance associated with gyrA mutations and the function of the CmeABC efflux pump. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemothrapy.47:390-394. 3. Orhan Sahin, Teresa Y. Morishita, and Qijing Zhang. 2003.Campylobacter colonization in poultry: sources of infection and modes of transmission. Animal Health Research Reviews.3:95-105. 4. Orhan Sahin, Qijing Zhang, and Teresa Y. Morishita. 2002. Detection of Campylobacter. Book chapter. In press. 5. Orhan Sahin, Naidan Luo, Shouxiong Huang, and Qijing Zhang. 2003. Effect of Campylobacter-specific maternal antibodies on the colonization of young chickens by Campylobacter jejuni. Submitted to App. Environ Microbiol. 7. Orhan Sahin, Peter Kobalka, and Qijing Zhang. 2003. Detection and Survival of Campylobacter in chicken eggs. Submitted to J. Appl. Microbiol. 6. Jun Lin, Orhan Sahin, Linda O. Michel, and Qijing Zhang. 2003. Critical role of multidrug efflux pump CmeABC in bile resistance and in vivo colonization of Campylobacter jejuni. Submitted to Infect. Immun. vii Published Abstracts 1. O. Sahin, J.C. Meitzler, Q. Zhang, R. Mohan, B. Harr, and T.Y. Morishita. Prevalence of antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni in chicken flocks. Poster, 45P. In Proceedingsof the 80th Annunal Meeting of the CRWAD. 1999. Chicago, IL. 2. O. Sahin, J.C. Meitzler, Q. Zhang, , B. Harr, and T.Y. Morishita, R. Mohan. Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni-specific antibodies in chicken flocks. Poster, 29. In OARDC Annual Conference. 2000. Wooster, OH. (Award winning). 3. O. Sahin, J.C. Meitzler, Q. Zhang, B. Harr, and T.Y. Morishita, R. Mohan. Prevalence of maternal antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni in poultry. Oral presentation (p. 37). In Proceedings of the 51st North Central Avian Disease Conference and Symposium on Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases. 2000. Columbus, OH. 4. O. Sahin, , Q. Zhang, and J.C. Meitzler. Effects of Anti-Campylobacter Maternal Antibody on the Colonization of Campylobacter jejuni in Poultry. Poster, Z-21. In Abstracts of American Society for Microbiology (ASM), 101st General Meeting. 2001. Orlando, FL. 5. O. Sahin, P. Kobalka, and Q. Zhang. Detection and Survivability of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken eggs. Poster, 47P. In Proceedings of the 82nd Annunal Meeting of the CRWAD. 2001. St. Louis, Missouri. (Award winning). 7. O. Sahin, and J. J. Kowalski. Development of a Selective Medium for Rhodococcus equi. Poster, 105P. In Proceedings of the 82nd Annunal Meeting of the CRWAD. 2001. St. Louis, Missouri. 8. O. Sahin, Q. Zhang, and T.Y. Morishita. Contributing factors for the lack of colonization of young chickens by Campylobacter jejuni. Poster, Z-13. In Abstracts of American Society for Microbiology, 102nd General Meeting. 2002. Salt Lake City, Utah. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Veterinary Preventive Medicine Studies in Food Safety, Clinical Microbiology, Molecular Epidemiology viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract …………………………………………………………………… ii Dedication ………………………………………………………………... iv Acknowledgments ………………………………………………………… v Vita ………………………………………………………………………... vi List of Tables ……………………………………………………………… xi List of Figures …………………………………………………………….. xii Chapters: 1. Literature review 1.1 The Genus Campylobacter: Taxonomy and general description ………………………………………………….. 1 1.2 Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of Campylobacter infections in humans ……………………………………….. 2 1.3 Pathogenesis of Campylobacter infections in humans …….. 4 1.4 Immunity to Campylobacter
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Studies on the Detection Methods of Campylobacter and Faecal Indicator Bacteria in Drinking Water
    Tarja Pitkänen Tarja Pitkänen Tarja Studies on the Detection Tarja Pitkänen Methods of Campylobacter RESEARCH Studies on the Detection Methods of RESEARCH Campylobacter and Faecal Indicator Bacteria and Faecal Indicator in Drinking Water Bacteria in Drinking Water Indicator Bacteria in Drinking Water Drinking in Bacteria Indicator Methods Detection the on Studies Faecal contamination of drinking water and subsequent waterborne gastrointestinal infection outbreaks are a major public health concern. In this study, faecal indicator bacteria were detected in 10% of the groundwater samples analysed. The main on-site hazards to water safety at small community water supplies included inadequate well construction and maintenance, an insufficient depth of the protective soil layer and bank filtration. As a preventive measure, the upgrading of the water treatment processes and utilization of disinfection at small Finnish groundwater supplies are recommended. More efficient and specific and less time-consuming methods for enumeration and typing of E. coli and coliform bacteria from non-disinfected water as well as for cultivation and molecular detection and typing of Campylobacter were found in the study. These improvements in methodology for the analysis of the faecal bacteria from water might promote public health protection as they Campylobacter could be anticipated to result in very important time savings and improve the tracking of faecal contamination source in waterborne outbreak investigations. and Faecal Faecal and .!7BC5<2"HIGEML! National Institute for Health and Welfare P.O. Box 30 (Mannerheimintie 166) FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland Telephone: +358 20 610 6000 39 ISBN 978-952-245-319-8 39 2010 39 www.thl.fi Tarja Pitkänen Studies on the Detection Methods of Campylobacter and Faecal Indicator Bacteria in Drinking Water ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented with the permission of the Faculty of Science and Forestry of the University of Eastern Finland for public examination in auditorium, MediTeknia Building, on October 1st, 2010 at 12 o’clock noon.
    [Show full text]
  • Broiler Chickens
    The Life of: Broiler Chickens Chickens reared for meat are called broilers or broiler chickens. They originate from the jungle fowl of the Indian Subcontinent. The broiler industry has grown due to consumer demand for affordable poultry meat. Breeding for production traits and improved nutrition have been used to increase the weight of the breast muscle. Commercial broiler chickens are bred to be very fast growing in order to gain weight quickly. In their natural environment, chickens spend much of their time foraging for food. This means that they are highly motivated to perform species specific behaviours that are typical for chickens (natural behaviours), such as foraging, pecking, scratching and feather maintenance behaviours like preening and dust-bathing. Trees are used for perching at night to avoid predators. The life of chickens destined for meat production consists of two distinct phases. They are born in a hatchery and moved to a grow-out farm at 1 day-old. They remain here until they are heavy enough to be slaughtered. This document gives an overview of a typical broiler chicken’s life. The Hatchery The parent birds (breeder birds - see section at the end) used to produce meat chickens have their eggs removed and placed in an incubator. In the incubator, the eggs are kept under optimum atmosphere conditions and highly regulated temperatures. At 21 days, the chicks are ready to hatch, using their egg tooth to break out of their shell (in a natural situation, the mother would help with this). Chicks are precocial, meaning that immediately after hatching they are relatively mature and can walk around.
    [Show full text]
  • The Home Flock
    The Home Flock The development and management of a small flock of chickens for the production of eggs and meat is a favorite activity of many rural families. This publication addresses many topics that the beginning poultry owner will eventually confront. These topics include: • Start With Healthy Chicks • Preparing the Brooder House • Brooding Chicks • Management of Broiler Chicks • Feeding Schedules • Pullet Rearing • Vaccination Program • Lighting Programs • Layer Management • Roosters • Disease and Parasite Control • Care of Eggs Start With Healthy Chicks The "Home Flock" usually consists of 20 to 40 chickens kept to supply eggs and an occasional fat hen. An average family of five persons will require about 30 hens. To produce 30 pullets, start with 100 straight-run chicks or 50 sexed pullet chicks. Pullet chicks should be purchased if only layers are desired. Chicks can be started at any time during the year. Baby chicks started in March or April are normally the easiest to raise up to laying age (6 months). The problem with starting birds then is that they begin production in late summer or early fall. Birds started in March or April generally do not lay as many total eggs as do birds started in November and begin production in April. The disadvantage of starting birds in November is that they are harder to raise through the winter months to laying age in April. Usually the most desirable birds for a small flock are dual-purpose breeds such as Rhode Island Reds, Barred Rocks or Plymouth Rocks. However, if birds are to be kept for egg production only, it is best to choose birds bred only for that purpose (White Leghorn or Leghorn crosses).
    [Show full text]
  • Campylobacteriosis: a Global Threat
    ISSN: 2574-1241 Volume 5- Issue 4: 2018 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.11.002165 Muhammad Hanif Mughal. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res Review Article Open Access Campylobacteriosis: A Global Threat Muhammad Hanif Mughal* Homeopathic Clinic, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Pakistan Received: : November 30, 2018; Published: : December 10, 2018 *Corresponding author: Muhammad Hanif Mughal, Homeopathic Clinic, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract Campylobacter species account for most cases of human gastrointestinal infections worldwide. In humans, Campylobacter bacteria cause illness called campylobacteriosis. It is a common problem in the developing and industrialized world in human population. Campylobacter species extensive research in many developed countries yielded over 7500 peer reviewed articles. In humans, most frequently isolated species had been Campylobacter jejuni, followed by Campylobactercoli Campylobacterlari, and lastly Campylobacter fetus. C. jejuni colonizes important food animals besides chicken, which also includes cattle. The spread of the disease is allied to a wide range of livestock which include sheep, pigs, birds and turkeys. The organism (5-18.6 has% of been all Campylobacter responsible for cases) diarrhoea, in an estimated 400 - 500 million people globally each year. The most important Campylobacter species associated with human infections are C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari and C. upsaliensis. Campylobacter colonize the lower intestinal tract, including the jejunum, ileum, and colon. The main sources of these microorganisms have been traced in unpasteurized milk, contaminated drinking water, raw or uncooked meat; especially poultry meat and contact with animals. Keywords: Campylobacteriosis; Gasteritis; Campylobacter jejuni; Developing countries; Emerging infections; Climate change Introduction of which C. jejuni and 12 species of C. coli have been associated with Campylobacter cause an illness known as campylobacteriosis is a common infectious problem of the developing and industrialized world.
    [Show full text]
  • A Campylobacter Integrative and Conjugative Element with a CRISPR-Cas9
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.01.446523; this version posted June 1, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. van Vliet et al. CRISPR-Cas on Campylobacter mobile elements A Campylobacter integrative and conjugative element with a CRISPR-Cas9 system targeting competing plasmids: a history of plasmid warfare? Arnoud H.M. van Vliet 1,*, Oliver Charity 2, Mark Reuter 2 1. School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom. 2. Quadram Institute Bioscience, Microbes in the Food Chain programme, Norwich, United Kingdom. * Corresponding author. Mailing address: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7AL, United Kingdom. Phone +44-1483-684406, E-mail: [email protected] Running title: CRISPR-Cas on Campylobacter mobile elements Keywords: Campylobacter, mobile genetic elements, plasmids, CRISPR-Cas 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.01.446523; this version posted June 1, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. van Vliet et al. CRISPR-Cas on Campylobacter mobile elements 1 ABSTRACT 2 Microbial genomes are highly adaptable, with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as 3 integrative conjugative elements (ICE) mediating the dissemination of new genetic information 4 throughout bacterial populations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Degree of Debeaking and Cage Population Size on Selected Production Characteristics Of
    110 626 THE EFFECT OF DEGREE OF DEBEAKING AND CAGE POPULATION SIZE ON SELECTED PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CAGED LAYERS Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Robert Carey Hargreaves 'I 965 THESIS LIBRARY Michigan State University ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF DEGREE 0F DEBEAKING.AND CAGE POPULATION SIZE ON SELECTED PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CAGED LAYERS by Robert Carey Hargreaves Debeaking is commercially used as one method of preventing canni- balism in young growing chickens, laying hens, turkeys, and game birds. In recent years, the relative severity of debeaking has increased. The primary purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects that severe degrees of debeaking might have on production characteristics of caged laying chickens. Single Comb'White Leghorn pullets were debeaked at 18 weeks of age and placed in l-bird and 3-bird cages. Other birds from the same stock were debeaked at 24 and 25 weeks of age and placed in 2-bird cages and 21-bird cages. Three degrees of debeaking were used -- 1/2, 3/& and all of the distance between the tip of the beak and the nostrils. Ap- proximately the same amount of both upper and lower mandibles was re- moved. Non-debeaked birds served as the controls. The birds with all of the beak removed are referred to as "entirely debeaked”. Compared with birds in any of the other three treatments, entirely debeaked birds gave poorer results. They took longer coming into egg production, laid fewer eggs, ate less feed and made smaller body weight gains. All of these differences were highly significant.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ethics of Human-Chicken Relationships in Video Games: the Origins of the Digital Chicken B
    The ethics of human-chicken relationships in video games: the origins of the digital chicken B. Tyr Fothergill Catherine Flick School of Archaeology and Ancient De Montfort University History The Gateway University of Leicester, Leicester Leicester, United Kingdom LE1 7RH, United Kingdom LE1 9BH, United Kingdom +44 0116 223 1014 +44 116 207 8487 [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT depicted being. In this paper, we explore the many and varied In this paper, we look at the historical place that chickens have roles and uses of the chicken in video games and contextualize held in media depictions and as entertainment, analyse several these with archaeological and historical data. types of representations of chickens in video games, and draw out 2. THE DOMESTICATION AND SPREAD reflections on society in the light of these representations. We also look at real-life, modern historical, and archaeological evidence of OF Gallus gallus, THE CHICKEN chicken treatment and the evolution of social attitudes with regard Humans have conceptually and physically shaped and re-shaped to animal rights, and deconstruct the depiction of chickens in the other animal species with which we have interacted; few video games in this light. examples of this are more striking than the chicken. Domestication is often conceived of as an activity undertaken by Categories and Subject Descriptors humans which converts a wild plant or animal into something K.4.0 General else, a living thing entirely under the control of or dependent upon humans to survive. The complexities of such a transformation are General Terms immense, and are more accurately framed as “an ongoing co- Human Factors, Theory evolutionary process rather than an event or invention” [15].
    [Show full text]
  • UPC Fall-Winter 2009 Poultry Press
    Fall-Winter 2009 Volume 19, Number 3 PoultryPromoting the compassionate and respectful Press treatment of domestic fowl Chosen one of the BEST Nonprofit Publications by UTNE magazine UPC# 11656 United Poultry Concerns P.O. Box 150 Machipongo, VA 23405-0150 (757) 678-7875 FAX: (757) 678-5070 Visit Our Web Site: www.upc-online.org Photo © Davida G. Breier & www.NoVoiceUnheard.org UPC sanctuary turkey, Amelia, sits quietly in her favorite nesting place. UNITED PO U LTRY CON C ERNS WWW .upc -ONLINE .ORG Volume 19, Number 3 Ritual Sacrif ice: “The reduction of living beings to objects upon whom atrocities can be heaped.” -Maxwell Schnurer, “At the Gates of Hell,” Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? By Karen Davis, PhD, President of United A bum conceit, but how much different is it from Poultry Concerns advertisements claiming that chickens want to be selected as the tastiest sandwich or that pigs are dying he idea that some groups were put on the to become an Oscar Mayer wiener? Animals who are earth to suffer and die sacrificially for a otherwise maledicted as “dirty” and “stupid” acquire Tsuperior group goes far back in time. The their value in being slaughtered for the “higher” species. idea is deeply embedded in human cultures, including They are decontaminated by being cooked and elevated the culture of the West, which is rooted in ancient by being absorbed into the body of a human being. Greek and Hebrew modes of thought, and incorporated Surely they must relish their privilege. in Christianity, where these roots combine. Animal sacrifice is not just an anachronism in these “.
    [Show full text]
  • Broiler Booklet
    BROILER FARMING DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES & VETERINARY SERVICES GOVERNMENT OF SIKKIM CONTENTS Sl. No. TOPIC Page No. 1. Introduction 1 2. Commercial broiler breeds 1 3. Dual Purpose breed 2 4. Housing and Management of commercial broilers 2 5. Housing system 3 6. Poultry feed 4 7. Feeding schedule 5 8. Effective micro-organism (E.M.) Liquid 9. Application in broiler production 6 10. Prevention and control of disease 7-9 11. Vaccination schedule in broilers 9 12. Bio-security measures in a broiler farm 10 13. Marketing of broilers 10 14. Scheme for establishment of 250 Vencobb broiler unit 11-12 15. Scheme for establishment of 500 Vencobb broiler unit 13-14 16. Scheme for establishment of1,000 Vencobb broiler unit 15-16 17. Comparative income statement between a government servant and a poultry farmer 17 COMMERCIAL BROILER FARMING A broiler is a tender meated young chicken of either sex that grows from a hatch weight of 38-40 gms to a weight over around 1 Kg 700 gm in about 6 weeks time only. Broilers today has emerged as the fastest growing segment for poultry industry with the increased acceptance of chicken meat in city, town and villages, the demand for broiler is growing in a fast pace. During the last few decades, poultry farming has taken a quantum leap from a backyard venture into a fastest growing sector. In order to get maximum benefit from this industry, a proper knowledge on its technicality viz: breed, housing, feeding, management etc is essential. Breeds of broilers reared for meat production are: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Global View of Campylobacteriosis
    FOOD SAFETY THE GLOBAL VIEW OF CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS REPORT OF AN EXPERT CONSULTATION UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 9-11 JULY 2012 THE GLOBAL VIEW OF CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS IN COLLABORATION WITH Food and Agriculture of the United Nations THE GLOBAL VIEW OF CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS REPORT OF EXPERT CONSULTATION UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 9-11 JULY 2012 IN COLLABORATION WITH Food and Agriculture of the United Nations The global view of campylobacteriosis: report of an expert consultation, Utrecht, Netherlands, 9-11 July 2012. 1. Campylobacter. 2. Campylobacter infections – epidemiology. 3. Campylobacter infections – prevention and control. 4. Cost of illness I.World Health Organization. II.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. III.World Organisation for Animal Health. ISBN 978 92 4 156460 1 _____________________________________________________ (NLM classification: WF 220) © World Health Organization 2013 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications –whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution– should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index. html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Home Production of Broiler Chickens
    Home Production of Broiler Chickens Raising chickens at home for broiler meat has become increasingly popular. It is a means of producing high qualify, nutritious chicken meat. Home-raised chickens are often times older when butchered than those available at the supermarkets. Because they are older, the chickens are usually larger and the flavor is considered by many to be better. But remember, broiler chickens normally can not be produced at home as economically as they can be purchased at the supermarket. Before starting broiler production, several items should be checked: 1. Do zoning laws permit raising poultry at your residence? 2. Is the necessary housing and equipment available? 3. Are the facilities strategically located to prevent noise, odor, and fly nuisance for you and your neighbors? 4. Is there someone available daily and willing to care for the chickens? 5. Is a family member able to butcher the chickens or is there a processing facility near by? 6. Is there ample freezer space available for storage? 7. Are there neighbors interested in buying your “home grown” chickens? To begin the enterprise, you will need: 1. Housing – clean, dry, draft-free space (approximately 1.5 square feet per broiler). 2. Equipment – a heat source, a brooder guard, waterers, feeders, a fan and litter (bedding). BEFORE THE CHICKS ARRIVE Remove all dirt and old litter from the house. Sweep the floor, walls, and ceiling. Wash the house out thoroughly using a pressure nozzle, a lot of water and “elbow grease.” Repair the windows, doors, screens and ventilators to prevent drafts and keep out predators.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Campylobacter As a Major Foodborne Pathogen
    REVIEW CAMPYLOBACTER AS A MAJOR FOODBORNE PATHOGEN: A REVIEW OF ITS CHARACTERISTICS, PATHOGENESIS, ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND CONTROL Ahmed M. Ammar1, El-Sayed Y. El-Naenaeey1, Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid1, Attia A. El-Gedawy2 and Rania M. S. El- Malt*3 Address: Rania Mohamed Saied El-Malt 1 Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, 19th Saleh Abo Rahil Street, El-Nahal, 44519, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt 2 Animal health Research Institute, Department of Bacteriology, Tuberculosis unit, Nadi El-Seid Street,12618 Dokki, Giza, Egypt 3 Animal health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology, El-Mohafza Street, 44516, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt, +201061463064 *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Campylobacter, mainly Campylobacter jejuni is viewed as one of the most well-known reasons of foodborne bacterial diarrheal sickness in people around the globe. The genus Campylobacter contains 39 species (spp.) and 16 sub spp. Campylobacter is microaerophilic, Gram negative, spiral- shaped rod with characteristic cork screw motility. It is colonizing the digestive system of numerous wild and household animals and birds, particularly chickens. Intestinal colonization brings about transporter/carrier healthy animals. Consequently, the utilization of contaminated meat, especially chicken meat is the primary source of campylobacteriosis in humans and chickens are responsible for an expected 80% of human campylobacter infection. Interestingly, in contrast with the most recent published reviews that cover specific aspects of campylobacter/campylobacteriosis, this review targets the taxonomy, biological characteristics, identification and habitat of Campylobacter spp. Moreover, it discusses the pathogenesis, resistance to antimicrobial agents and public health significance of Campylobacter spp. Finally, it focuses on the phytochemicals as intervention strategies used to reduce Campylobacter spp.in poultry production.
    [Show full text]