Campylobacter Information and Guidance
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Treating Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports December 17, 2004 / Vol. 53 / No. RR-15 Treating Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/ Infectious Diseases Society of America INSIDE: Continuing Education Examination department of health and human services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR CONTENTS The MMWR series of publications is published by the Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Introduction......................................................................... 1 Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of How To Use the Information in This Report .......................... 2 Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Incidence and Management of OIs .................................................... 2 SUGGESTED CITATION Initiation of ART in the Setting of an Acute OI Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treating (Treatment-Naïve Patients) ................................................. 3 Management of Acute OIs in the Setting of ART .................. 4 opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and When To Initiate ART in the Setting of an OI ........................ 4 adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Special Considerations During Pregnancy ........................... 4 Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/ Disease Specific Recommendations .................................... -
Food Safety Labelling of Chicken to Prevent Campylobacteriosis: Consumer Expectations and Current Practices Philip D
Allan et al. BMC Public Health (2018) 18:414 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5322-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Food safety labelling of chicken to prevent campylobacteriosis: consumer expectations and current practices Philip D. Allan†, Chloe Palmer†, Fiona Chan, Rebecca Lyons, Olivia Nicholson, Mitchell Rose, Simon Hales and Michael G. Baker* Abstract Background: Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and contaminated chicken is a significant vehicle for spread of the disease. This study aimed to assess consumers’ knowledge of safe chicken handling practices and whether their expectations for food safety labelling of chicken are met, as a strategy to prevent campylobacteriosis. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 401 shoppers at supermarkets and butcheries in Wellington, New Zealand, and a systematic assessment of content and display features of chicken labels. Results: While 89% of participants bought, prepared or cooked chicken, only 15% knew that most (60–90%) fresh chicken in New Zealand is contaminated by Campylobacter. Safety and correct preparation information on chicken labels, was rated ‘very necessary’ or ‘essential’ by the majority of respondents. Supermarket chicken labels scored poorly for the quality of their food safety information with an average of 1.7/5 (95% CI, 1.4–2.1) for content and 1.8/ 5 (95% CI, 1.6–2.0) for display. Conclusions: Most consumers are unaware of the level of Campylobacter contamination on fresh chicken and there is a significant but unmet consumer demand for information on safe chicken preparation on labels. Labels on fresh chicken products are a potentially valuable but underused tool for campylobacteriosis prevention in New Zealand. -
Campylobacteriosis: a Global Threat
ISSN: 2574-1241 Volume 5- Issue 4: 2018 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.11.002165 Muhammad Hanif Mughal. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res Review Article Open Access Campylobacteriosis: A Global Threat Muhammad Hanif Mughal* Homeopathic Clinic, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Pakistan Received: : November 30, 2018; Published: : December 10, 2018 *Corresponding author: Muhammad Hanif Mughal, Homeopathic Clinic, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract Campylobacter species account for most cases of human gastrointestinal infections worldwide. In humans, Campylobacter bacteria cause illness called campylobacteriosis. It is a common problem in the developing and industrialized world in human population. Campylobacter species extensive research in many developed countries yielded over 7500 peer reviewed articles. In humans, most frequently isolated species had been Campylobacter jejuni, followed by Campylobactercoli Campylobacterlari, and lastly Campylobacter fetus. C. jejuni colonizes important food animals besides chicken, which also includes cattle. The spread of the disease is allied to a wide range of livestock which include sheep, pigs, birds and turkeys. The organism (5-18.6 has% of been all Campylobacter responsible for cases) diarrhoea, in an estimated 400 - 500 million people globally each year. The most important Campylobacter species associated with human infections are C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari and C. upsaliensis. Campylobacter colonize the lower intestinal tract, including the jejunum, ileum, and colon. The main sources of these microorganisms have been traced in unpasteurized milk, contaminated drinking water, raw or uncooked meat; especially poultry meat and contact with animals. Keywords: Campylobacteriosis; Gasteritis; Campylobacter jejuni; Developing countries; Emerging infections; Climate change Introduction of which C. jejuni and 12 species of C. coli have been associated with Campylobacter cause an illness known as campylobacteriosis is a common infectious problem of the developing and industrialized world. -
Potential Association Between the Recent Increase in Campylobacteriosis Incidence in the Netherlands and Proton-Pump Inhibitor Use – an Ecological Study
Research articles Potential association between the recent increase in campylobacteriosis incidence in the Netherlands and proton-pump inhibitor use – an ecological study M Bouwknegt ([email protected])1, W van Pelt1, M E Kubbinga1, M Weda1, A H Havelaar1,2 1. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands 2. Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands Citation style for this article: Bouwknegt M, van Pelt W, Kubbinga ME, Weda M, Havelaar AH. Potential association between the recent increase in campylobacteriosis incidence in the Netherlands and proton-pump inhibitor use – an ecological study. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(32):pii=20873. Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20873 Article submitted on 01 October 2013 / published on 14 August 2014 The Netherlands saw an unexplained increase in therefore hypothesised to facilitate gastrointestinal campylobacteriosis incidence between 2003 and 2011, infections and has been reported repeatedly in case– following a period of continuous decrease. We con- control studies as a risk factor for Campylobacter and ducted an ecological study and found a statistical asso- Salmonella infections with odds ratios between 3.5 and ciation between campylobacteriosis incidence and the 12, suggesting a substantially increased risk [4]. The annual number of prescriptions for proton pump inhib- estimated attributable fraction for PPI use in campy- itors (PPIs), controlling for the patient’s age, fresh and lobacteriosis cases was estimated at 8% in a Dutch frozen chicken purchases (with or without correction case–control study [5]. for campylobacter prevalence in fresh poultry meat). The effect of PPIs was larger in the young than in the Several European countries such as the Netherlands, elderly. -
A Campylobacter Integrative and Conjugative Element with a CRISPR-Cas9
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.01.446523; this version posted June 1, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. van Vliet et al. CRISPR-Cas on Campylobacter mobile elements A Campylobacter integrative and conjugative element with a CRISPR-Cas9 system targeting competing plasmids: a history of plasmid warfare? Arnoud H.M. van Vliet 1,*, Oliver Charity 2, Mark Reuter 2 1. School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom. 2. Quadram Institute Bioscience, Microbes in the Food Chain programme, Norwich, United Kingdom. * Corresponding author. Mailing address: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7AL, United Kingdom. Phone +44-1483-684406, E-mail: [email protected] Running title: CRISPR-Cas on Campylobacter mobile elements Keywords: Campylobacter, mobile genetic elements, plasmids, CRISPR-Cas 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.01.446523; this version posted June 1, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. van Vliet et al. CRISPR-Cas on Campylobacter mobile elements 1 ABSTRACT 2 Microbial genomes are highly adaptable, with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as 3 integrative conjugative elements (ICE) mediating the dissemination of new genetic information 4 throughout bacterial populations. -
Campylobacteriosis
Zoonotic Disease Prevention Series for Retailers Campylobacteriosis www.pijac.org Disease Vectors Campylobacteriosis is a bacterial disease typically causing gastroenteritis in humans. Several species of Campylobacter may cause ill- ness in livestock (calves, sheep, pigs) and companion animals (dogs, cats, ferrets, parrots). Among pets, dogs are more likely to be infected than cats; symptoms present primarily in animals less than 6 months old. Most cases of human campylobacteriosis result from exposure to contaminated food (particularly poultry), raw milk or water, but the bacteria may be transmitted via the feces of companion animals, typically puppies or kittens recently introduced to a household. The principal infectious agent in human cases, C. jejuni, is common in commercially raised chickens and turkeys that seldom show signs of illness. Dogs and cats may be infected through undercooked meat in their diets or through exposure to feces in crowded conditions. Campylobacter prevalence is higher in shelters than in household pets. Campylobacter infection should be considered in recently acquired puppies with diarrhea. Symptoms , Diagnosis and Treatment Symptoms of Campylobacter infection in humans typically oc- Antibiotic resistance has been documented among cur 2-5 days after exposure and include diarrhea (sometimes various Campylobacter species and subspecies. There- bloody), cramping, abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomit- fore treatment should be under the direction of a ing. In the vast majority of cases, the illness resolves itself veterinarian. Typically, antibiotic therapy is reserved without treatment, generally within a week, and antibiotics are for young animals or pets with severe symptoms, but seldom recommended. Symptoms may be treated by in- treatment of symptomatic pets may be appropriate in creased fluid and electrolyte intake to counter the effects of households to reduce the risk of human infection. -
Z:\My Documents\WPDOCS\IACUC
ZOONOTIC DISEASES OF LABORATORY, AGRICULTURAL, AND WILDLIFE ANIMALS July, 2007 Michael S. Rand, DVM, DACLAM University Animal Care University of Arizona PO Box 245092 Tucson, AZ 85724-5092 (520) 626-6705 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.ahsc.arizona.edu/uac Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Amebiasis ............................................................................................................................................... 5 B Virus .................................................................................................................................................... 6 Balantidiasis ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Brucellosis ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Campylobacteriosis ................................................................................................................................ 7 Capnocytophagosis ............................................................................................................................ 8 Cat Scratch Disease ............................................................................................................................... 9 Chlamydiosis ..................................................................................................................................... -
Campylobacteriosis Fact Sheet
Campylobacteriosis Fact Sheet What is campylobacteriosis? Campylobacteriosis is an infection caused by bacteria called Campylobacter. It affects the intestinal tract (gut) and causes diarrhea. Who gets campylobacteriosis? Anyone can get campylobacteriosis, although babies, children, and people with weakened immune systems are more likely to have serious illness. Campylobacter is one of the most common causes of diarrheal illness in the United States. How are Campylobacter bacteria spread? The bacteria are commonly found in the gut of animals and birds, which carry the bacteria without becoming ill. The bacteria can infect people who drink unpasteurized (raw) milk or contaminated water, or eat undercooked meats and organs, especially chicken. Just one drop of raw chicken juice can contain enough bacteria to cause illness. Other food items can be contaminated, for example, from contact with improperly cleaned cutting boards. Handling infected animals, without carefully washing hands afterwards, can also lead to illness. What are the symptoms of campylobacteriosis? Campylobacteriosis can cause mild to severe diarrhea, often with traces of blood in the stool. Most people also have a fever and stomach cramping, and some might have nausea and vomiting. The illness usually lasts about one week. Some people infected with Campylobacter do not have any symptoms. In people with weakened immune systems, the bacteria can spread occasionally to the bloodstream and cause a life-threatening infection. In rare cases, Campylobacter infection results in long-term effects, such as arthritis or a condition called Guillain-Barre’ syndrome, which affects the nerves of the body and begins several weeks after the diarrheal illness. How soon after exposure do symptoms appear? The symptoms generally appear two to five days after the exposure. -
The Global View of Campylobacteriosis
FOOD SAFETY THE GLOBAL VIEW OF CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS REPORT OF AN EXPERT CONSULTATION UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 9-11 JULY 2012 THE GLOBAL VIEW OF CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS IN COLLABORATION WITH Food and Agriculture of the United Nations THE GLOBAL VIEW OF CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS REPORT OF EXPERT CONSULTATION UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 9-11 JULY 2012 IN COLLABORATION WITH Food and Agriculture of the United Nations The global view of campylobacteriosis: report of an expert consultation, Utrecht, Netherlands, 9-11 July 2012. 1. Campylobacter. 2. Campylobacter infections – epidemiology. 3. Campylobacter infections – prevention and control. 4. Cost of illness I.World Health Organization. II.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. III.World Organisation for Animal Health. ISBN 978 92 4 156460 1 _____________________________________________________ (NLM classification: WF 220) © World Health Organization 2013 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications –whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution– should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index. html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Review Campylobacter As a Major Foodborne Pathogen
REVIEW CAMPYLOBACTER AS A MAJOR FOODBORNE PATHOGEN: A REVIEW OF ITS CHARACTERISTICS, PATHOGENESIS, ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND CONTROL Ahmed M. Ammar1, El-Sayed Y. El-Naenaeey1, Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid1, Attia A. El-Gedawy2 and Rania M. S. El- Malt*3 Address: Rania Mohamed Saied El-Malt 1 Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, 19th Saleh Abo Rahil Street, El-Nahal, 44519, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt 2 Animal health Research Institute, Department of Bacteriology, Tuberculosis unit, Nadi El-Seid Street,12618 Dokki, Giza, Egypt 3 Animal health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology, El-Mohafza Street, 44516, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt, +201061463064 *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Campylobacter, mainly Campylobacter jejuni is viewed as one of the most well-known reasons of foodborne bacterial diarrheal sickness in people around the globe. The genus Campylobacter contains 39 species (spp.) and 16 sub spp. Campylobacter is microaerophilic, Gram negative, spiral- shaped rod with characteristic cork screw motility. It is colonizing the digestive system of numerous wild and household animals and birds, particularly chickens. Intestinal colonization brings about transporter/carrier healthy animals. Consequently, the utilization of contaminated meat, especially chicken meat is the primary source of campylobacteriosis in humans and chickens are responsible for an expected 80% of human campylobacter infection. Interestingly, in contrast with the most recent published reviews that cover specific aspects of campylobacter/campylobacteriosis, this review targets the taxonomy, biological characteristics, identification and habitat of Campylobacter spp. Moreover, it discusses the pathogenesis, resistance to antimicrobial agents and public health significance of Campylobacter spp. Finally, it focuses on the phytochemicals as intervention strategies used to reduce Campylobacter spp.in poultry production. -
Campylobacter Infection Frequently Asked Questions
CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTION FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS What is campylobacteriosis? Campylobacteriosis is an infection caused by a bacteria that affects the intestinal tract. You can get it by eating food or drinking water that is contaminated with the campylobacter bacteria. Anyone can get a campylobacter infection and you can get it more than once. Campylobacter is one of the most common bacterial causes of diarrheal illness in San Francisco. Practically all cases occur as single cases, not as part of an outbreak. What are the symptoms of campylobacteriosis? A campylobacter infection may cause mild or severe diarrhea, often with fever, stomach cramps or traces of blood in the stool. Campylobacteriosis can also cause nausea and vomiting. Some people have no symptoms at all. The illness usually lasts a week. For people who have a weakened immune system, the illness can last longer and be more serious. How is campylobacter spread? Campylobacter bacteria are usually spread by eating or drinking contaminated food or water. Eating food that has been contaminated with juices from raw chicken is the most common source of this infection. Raw chicken and meat are frequently contaminated with campylobacter. Many animals, including chickens, pigs, cows, dogs and birds may carry the germ without being sick. This infection is also common in the developing world so travelers to some foreign countries are also at risk. How soon after becoming infected do symptoms appear? Symptoms generally appear 2 to 5 days after being infected with campylobacter, but can range from 1 to 10 days after eating the contaminated food or water. For how long can a person carry the campylobacter germ? Generally infected people will continue to pass the bacteria (germ) in their stool for several days to several weeks. -
Campylobacteriosis Investigative Guidelines December 2015
PUBLIC HEALTH DIVISION Acute and Communicable Disease Prevention Campylobacteriosis Investigative Guidelines December 2015 1. DISEASE REPORTING 1.1 Purpose of Reporting and Surveillance 1. To identify whether the source of infection may be of major public health concern, for example a commercial raw milk dairy or public water supply and to stop transmission from such a source. 2. When the source of infection appears to pose a risk to only a few individuals (for example, a puppy with diarrhea or a private water supply), to inform those individuals how they can reduce their risk of exposure. 3. To identify outbreaks and other undiagnosed cases. 1.2 Laboratory and Physician Reporting Requirements Laboratories and physicians are required to report within one working day of identification/diagnosis. 1.3 Local Health Department Reporting and Follow-Up Responsibilities 1. Report all confirmed and presumptive (but not suspect) cases to the Oregon Public Health Division (PHD) (see definitions below) by the end of the calendar week. Use the standard case report form at: http://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/DISEASESCONDITIONS/COMMUNICABLED ISEASE/REPORTINGCOMMUNICABLEDISEASE/REPORTINGFORMS/Doc uments/campy.pdf 2. The CDC would like data from all confirmed and presumptive Campylobacter cases, but Oregon local health departments (LHDs) may opt to have the state investigate on their behalf, unless circumstances suggest that an outbreak may be occurring, or when the number of cases in any reporting interval exceeds the epidemic threshold. OHA’s Acute and Communicable Disease Prevention (ACDP) section can help you establish this baseline from historical data. Under those circumstances, begin follow-up investigation within one working day.