Antibiotic Commonsense
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Treating Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports December 17, 2004 / Vol. 53 / No. RR-15 Treating Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/ Infectious Diseases Society of America INSIDE: Continuing Education Examination department of health and human services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR CONTENTS The MMWR series of publications is published by the Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Introduction......................................................................... 1 Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of How To Use the Information in This Report .......................... 2 Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Incidence and Management of OIs .................................................... 2 SUGGESTED CITATION Initiation of ART in the Setting of an Acute OI Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treating (Treatment-Naïve Patients) ................................................. 3 Management of Acute OIs in the Setting of ART .................. 4 opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and When To Initiate ART in the Setting of an OI ........................ 4 adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Special Considerations During Pregnancy ........................... 4 Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/ Disease Specific Recommendations .................................... -
Food Safety Labelling of Chicken to Prevent Campylobacteriosis: Consumer Expectations and Current Practices Philip D
Allan et al. BMC Public Health (2018) 18:414 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5322-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Food safety labelling of chicken to prevent campylobacteriosis: consumer expectations and current practices Philip D. Allan†, Chloe Palmer†, Fiona Chan, Rebecca Lyons, Olivia Nicholson, Mitchell Rose, Simon Hales and Michael G. Baker* Abstract Background: Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and contaminated chicken is a significant vehicle for spread of the disease. This study aimed to assess consumers’ knowledge of safe chicken handling practices and whether their expectations for food safety labelling of chicken are met, as a strategy to prevent campylobacteriosis. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 401 shoppers at supermarkets and butcheries in Wellington, New Zealand, and a systematic assessment of content and display features of chicken labels. Results: While 89% of participants bought, prepared or cooked chicken, only 15% knew that most (60–90%) fresh chicken in New Zealand is contaminated by Campylobacter. Safety and correct preparation information on chicken labels, was rated ‘very necessary’ or ‘essential’ by the majority of respondents. Supermarket chicken labels scored poorly for the quality of their food safety information with an average of 1.7/5 (95% CI, 1.4–2.1) for content and 1.8/ 5 (95% CI, 1.6–2.0) for display. Conclusions: Most consumers are unaware of the level of Campylobacter contamination on fresh chicken and there is a significant but unmet consumer demand for information on safe chicken preparation on labels. Labels on fresh chicken products are a potentially valuable but underused tool for campylobacteriosis prevention in New Zealand. -
Campylobacteriosis: a Global Threat
ISSN: 2574-1241 Volume 5- Issue 4: 2018 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.11.002165 Muhammad Hanif Mughal. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res Review Article Open Access Campylobacteriosis: A Global Threat Muhammad Hanif Mughal* Homeopathic Clinic, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Pakistan Received: : November 30, 2018; Published: : December 10, 2018 *Corresponding author: Muhammad Hanif Mughal, Homeopathic Clinic, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract Campylobacter species account for most cases of human gastrointestinal infections worldwide. In humans, Campylobacter bacteria cause illness called campylobacteriosis. It is a common problem in the developing and industrialized world in human population. Campylobacter species extensive research in many developed countries yielded over 7500 peer reviewed articles. In humans, most frequently isolated species had been Campylobacter jejuni, followed by Campylobactercoli Campylobacterlari, and lastly Campylobacter fetus. C. jejuni colonizes important food animals besides chicken, which also includes cattle. The spread of the disease is allied to a wide range of livestock which include sheep, pigs, birds and turkeys. The organism (5-18.6 has% of been all Campylobacter responsible for cases) diarrhoea, in an estimated 400 - 500 million people globally each year. The most important Campylobacter species associated with human infections are C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari and C. upsaliensis. Campylobacter colonize the lower intestinal tract, including the jejunum, ileum, and colon. The main sources of these microorganisms have been traced in unpasteurized milk, contaminated drinking water, raw or uncooked meat; especially poultry meat and contact with animals. Keywords: Campylobacteriosis; Gasteritis; Campylobacter jejuni; Developing countries; Emerging infections; Climate change Introduction of which C. jejuni and 12 species of C. coli have been associated with Campylobacter cause an illness known as campylobacteriosis is a common infectious problem of the developing and industrialized world. -
Potential Association Between the Recent Increase in Campylobacteriosis Incidence in the Netherlands and Proton-Pump Inhibitor Use – an Ecological Study
Research articles Potential association between the recent increase in campylobacteriosis incidence in the Netherlands and proton-pump inhibitor use – an ecological study M Bouwknegt ([email protected])1, W van Pelt1, M E Kubbinga1, M Weda1, A H Havelaar1,2 1. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands 2. Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands Citation style for this article: Bouwknegt M, van Pelt W, Kubbinga ME, Weda M, Havelaar AH. Potential association between the recent increase in campylobacteriosis incidence in the Netherlands and proton-pump inhibitor use – an ecological study. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(32):pii=20873. Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20873 Article submitted on 01 October 2013 / published on 14 August 2014 The Netherlands saw an unexplained increase in therefore hypothesised to facilitate gastrointestinal campylobacteriosis incidence between 2003 and 2011, infections and has been reported repeatedly in case– following a period of continuous decrease. We con- control studies as a risk factor for Campylobacter and ducted an ecological study and found a statistical asso- Salmonella infections with odds ratios between 3.5 and ciation between campylobacteriosis incidence and the 12, suggesting a substantially increased risk [4]. The annual number of prescriptions for proton pump inhib- estimated attributable fraction for PPI use in campy- itors (PPIs), controlling for the patient’s age, fresh and lobacteriosis cases was estimated at 8% in a Dutch frozen chicken purchases (with or without correction case–control study [5]. for campylobacter prevalence in fresh poultry meat). The effect of PPIs was larger in the young than in the Several European countries such as the Netherlands, elderly. -
Campylobacteriosis
Zoonotic Disease Prevention Series for Retailers Campylobacteriosis www.pijac.org Disease Vectors Campylobacteriosis is a bacterial disease typically causing gastroenteritis in humans. Several species of Campylobacter may cause ill- ness in livestock (calves, sheep, pigs) and companion animals (dogs, cats, ferrets, parrots). Among pets, dogs are more likely to be infected than cats; symptoms present primarily in animals less than 6 months old. Most cases of human campylobacteriosis result from exposure to contaminated food (particularly poultry), raw milk or water, but the bacteria may be transmitted via the feces of companion animals, typically puppies or kittens recently introduced to a household. The principal infectious agent in human cases, C. jejuni, is common in commercially raised chickens and turkeys that seldom show signs of illness. Dogs and cats may be infected through undercooked meat in their diets or through exposure to feces in crowded conditions. Campylobacter prevalence is higher in shelters than in household pets. Campylobacter infection should be considered in recently acquired puppies with diarrhea. Symptoms , Diagnosis and Treatment Symptoms of Campylobacter infection in humans typically oc- Antibiotic resistance has been documented among cur 2-5 days after exposure and include diarrhea (sometimes various Campylobacter species and subspecies. There- bloody), cramping, abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomit- fore treatment should be under the direction of a ing. In the vast majority of cases, the illness resolves itself veterinarian. Typically, antibiotic therapy is reserved without treatment, generally within a week, and antibiotics are for young animals or pets with severe symptoms, but seldom recommended. Symptoms may be treated by in- treatment of symptomatic pets may be appropriate in creased fluid and electrolyte intake to counter the effects of households to reduce the risk of human infection. -
Traveler's Diarrhea
Traveler’s Diarrhea JOHNNIE YATES, M.D., CIWEC Clinic Travel Medicine Center, Kathmandu, Nepal Acute diarrhea affects millions of persons who travel to developing countries each year. Food and water contaminated with fecal matter are the main sources of infection. Bacteria such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enteroaggregative E. coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella are common causes of traveler’s diarrhea. Parasites and viruses are less common etiologies. Travel destination is the most significant risk factor for traveler’s diarrhea. The efficacy of pretravel counseling and dietary precautions in reducing the incidence of diarrhea is unproven. Empiric treatment of traveler’s diarrhea with antibiotics and loperamide is effective and often limits symptoms to one day. Rifaximin, a recently approved antibiotic, can be used for the treatment of traveler’s diarrhea in regions where noninvasive E. coli is the predominant pathogen. In areas where invasive organisms such as Campylobacter and Shigella are common, fluoroquinolones remain the drug of choice. Azithromycin is recommended in areas with qui- nolone-resistant Campylobacter and for the treatment of children and pregnant women. (Am Fam Physician 2005;71:2095-100, 2107-8. Copyright© 2005 American Academy of Family Physicians.) ILLUSTRATION BY SCOTT BODELL ▲ Patient Information: cute diarrhea is the most com- mised and those with lowered gastric acidity A handout on traveler’s mon illness among travelers. Up (e.g., patients taking histamine H block- diarrhea, written by the 2 author of this article, is to 55 percent of persons who ers or proton pump inhibitors) are more provided on page 2107. travel from developed countries susceptible to traveler’s diarrhea. -
Amoebic Dysentery
University of Nebraska Medical Center DigitalCommons@UNMC MD Theses Special Collections 5-1-1934 Amoebic dysentery H. C. Dix University of Nebraska Medical Center This manuscript is historical in nature and may not reflect current medical research and practice. Search PubMed for current research. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses Part of the Medical Education Commons Recommended Citation Dix, H. C., "Amoebic dysentery" (1934). MD Theses. 320. https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses/320 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections at DigitalCommons@UNMC. It has been accepted for inclusion in MD Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNMC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A MOE B leD Y SEN T E R Y By H. c. Dix University of Nebraska College of Medicine Omaha, N~braska April 1934 Preface This paper is presented to the University of Nebraska College of MediCine to fulfill the senior requirements. The subject of amoebic dysentery wa,s chosen due to the interest aroused from the previous epidemic, which started in Chicago la,st summer (1933). This disea,se has previously been considered as a tropical disease, B.nd was rarely seen and recognized in the temperate zone. Except in indl vidu8,ls who had been in the tropics previously. In reviewing the literature, I find that amoebio dysentery may be seen in any part of the world, and from surveys made, the incidence is five in every hun- dred which harbor the Entamoeba histolytlca, it being the only pathogeniC amoeba of the human gastro-intes tinal tract. -
Ulcerative Post-Dysenteric Colitis
Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.7.5.438 on 1 October 1966. Downloaded from Gut, 1966, 7, 438 Ulcerative post-dysenteric colitis S. J. POWELL AND A. J. WILMOT From the Amoebiasis Research Unit' and the Department ofMedicine, University ofNatal, Durban, South Africa EDITORIAL COMMENT Better treatment is resulting in more severe cases of amoebic colitis surviving and these patients may have severe residual damage to the bowel resulting in ulcerative post-dysenteric colitis. This is considered to be a distinct entity. The term 'post-dysenteric colonic irritability' was thousand patients who attend this hospital annually introduced by Sir Arthur Hurst (1943) to describe with acute amoebic dysentery complications are persistent irritability of the bowel following an acute common and we have had the opportunity to study attack of bacillary or amoebic dysentery. The early them (Wilmot, 1962). It is from this material that we symptoms were attributed to a non-specific chronic have based the following report of ulcerative post- colitis occurring after the specific infection had died dysenteric colitis in 33 African patients observed in out, but in the later stages were thought to be due to recent years. 'functional irritability' of the colon. Stewart (1950) found that post-dysenteric colitis was more common- CLINICAL FINDINGS ly a sequel to acute amoebic dysentery and was able All patients presented initially with severe amoebic to recognize two forms in his patients: 1 Those with dysentery, sigmoidoscopic examination showing a mild symptoms and no colonic ulceration, which he congested, oedematous mucosa with extensive rectal named 'functional post-dysenteric colitis', and (2) ulcers the surfaces of which were covered by sloughs http://gut.bmj.com/ Those with colonic ulceration and more severe and exudate. -
Z:\My Documents\WPDOCS\IACUC
ZOONOTIC DISEASES OF LABORATORY, AGRICULTURAL, AND WILDLIFE ANIMALS July, 2007 Michael S. Rand, DVM, DACLAM University Animal Care University of Arizona PO Box 245092 Tucson, AZ 85724-5092 (520) 626-6705 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.ahsc.arizona.edu/uac Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Amebiasis ............................................................................................................................................... 5 B Virus .................................................................................................................................................... 6 Balantidiasis ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Brucellosis ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Campylobacteriosis ................................................................................................................................ 7 Capnocytophagosis ............................................................................................................................ 8 Cat Scratch Disease ............................................................................................................................... 9 Chlamydiosis ..................................................................................................................................... -
Remarks on Pelvic Peritonitis and Pelvic Cellulitis, with Illustrative Cases
Article IV.- Remarks on Pelvic Peritonitis and Pelvic Cellulitis, with Illustrative Cases. By Lauchlan Aitken, M.D. Rather moie than a year ago there appeared from the pen of a well- known of this a gynecologist city very able monograph on the two forms of pelvic inflammation whose names head this article; and it cannot have escaped the recollection of the reader that Dr M. Dun- can, adopting the nomenclature first proposed by Yirchow, has used on his different terms title-page1 than those older appellations I still to retain. Under these propose ^ circumstances I feel at to compelled least to attempt justify my preference for the original names: and I trust to be able to show that are they preferable to, and less con- others that fusing than, any have as yet been proposed, even though we cannot consider them absolutely perfect. 1 Treatise on A Practical Perimetritis and Parametritis (Edin. 1869). 1870.] DR LAUCI1LAN AITKEN ON PELVIC FERITONITIS, ETC. 889 Passing over, then, such terms as 'periuterine cellulitis or phleg- mons periuterins as bad compounds ; others, as inflammation of the broad ligaments, as too limited in meaning ; and others, again, as engorgement periutdrin, as only indicating one of the stages of the affection,?I shall endeavour as succinctly as possible to state my reasons for preferring the older names to those proposed by Virchow. ls?. The two Greek prepositions, peri and para, are employed somewhat arbitrarily to indicate inflammatory processes which are essentially distinct. I say arbitrarily, because I am not aware that para has been generally employed in the form of a compound to ex- press inflammation of the cellular tissue elsewhere.1 By those who remember that the cellular tissue not only separates the serous membrane from the uterus at that part where the cervix and body of the organ meet, but is even abundant there,2 perimetritis might readily be taken to indicate one of the varieties, though indeed not a in for which very common one, of pelvic cellulitis?a variety, fact, the term perimetric cellulitis has been proposed. -
Campylobacteriosis Fact Sheet
Campylobacteriosis Fact Sheet What is campylobacteriosis? Campylobacteriosis is an infection caused by bacteria called Campylobacter. It affects the intestinal tract (gut) and causes diarrhea. Who gets campylobacteriosis? Anyone can get campylobacteriosis, although babies, children, and people with weakened immune systems are more likely to have serious illness. Campylobacter is one of the most common causes of diarrheal illness in the United States. How are Campylobacter bacteria spread? The bacteria are commonly found in the gut of animals and birds, which carry the bacteria without becoming ill. The bacteria can infect people who drink unpasteurized (raw) milk or contaminated water, or eat undercooked meats and organs, especially chicken. Just one drop of raw chicken juice can contain enough bacteria to cause illness. Other food items can be contaminated, for example, from contact with improperly cleaned cutting boards. Handling infected animals, without carefully washing hands afterwards, can also lead to illness. What are the symptoms of campylobacteriosis? Campylobacteriosis can cause mild to severe diarrhea, often with traces of blood in the stool. Most people also have a fever and stomach cramping, and some might have nausea and vomiting. The illness usually lasts about one week. Some people infected with Campylobacter do not have any symptoms. In people with weakened immune systems, the bacteria can spread occasionally to the bloodstream and cause a life-threatening infection. In rare cases, Campylobacter infection results in long-term effects, such as arthritis or a condition called Guillain-Barre’ syndrome, which affects the nerves of the body and begins several weeks after the diarrheal illness. How soon after exposure do symptoms appear? The symptoms generally appear two to five days after the exposure. -
Molecular Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli
iolog ter y & c P a a B r f a o s i l t o a l n o r Yameen et al., J Bacteriol Parasitol 2018, 9:3 g u y o J Bacteriology and Parasitology DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000339 ISSN: 2155-9597 Research Article Open Access Molecular Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Effect on Intestinal Nitric Oxide in Diarrheal Disease Muhammad Arfat Yameen1, Ebuka Elijah David2*, Humphrey Chukwuemeka Nzelibe3, Muhammad Nasir Shuaibu3, Rabiu Abdussalam Magaji4, Amakaeze Jude Odugu5 and Ogamdi Sunday Onwe6 1Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan 2Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria 3Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria 4Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria 5Medical Laboratory, Ahmadu Bello University, Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria 6Laboratory Service Unit, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria *Corresponding author: Ebuka Elijah David, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, Tel: +2348033188823; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: May 01, 2018; Accepted date: May 25, 2018; Published date: May 30, 2018 Copyright: ©2018 Yameen MA, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract This study was aimed to investigate the effect of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)-induced diarrhea on fecal nitric oxide (NO) and intestinal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in rats.