The Apple Industry in China
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However they are pollen and graft America as the double-flowered also known as “sandkings.” Some have compatible with plums and not cherries ornamental form of P. glandulosa called suggested Nanking cherry may be closer in and have been misclassified as cherries. flowering almond. These shrubs grow as affinity to the wild shrubby almonds. It is The Apple Industry in China China has A few cultivars of the pure species have multiple stems, and are easy to usually propagated by seed, sometimes approximately 10 been named, but there are many hybrid propagate using rooted cuttings or root fruiting in the second year from seed and so cultivars available. These are some of the sprouts. As a result they are frequent has been spread widely particularly in Stephen A. Hoying1, David A. Rosenberger2, million apple growers only plums that are hardy enough for the relics around old homestead sites. The northern regions. Prunus tomentosa has been with 5 million acres. northern US and Canada. Sand cherry flowers are borne singly or in pairs, and hybridized with P. besseyi, P. cerasifera and P. and George Lamont3 was used extensively by Hansen in come in pink or white, single or double. japonica. In 2004 China became 1 South Dakota to develop cold-hardy Fruit are red to dark red, about 1 cm Cornell Cooperative Extension, Newark, NY the number one fresh plums, with more than a million diameter on a 1 cm stem, edible raw but Desert Species 2Department of Plant Pathology, NYSAES, Cornell University, Highland, NY seedlings grown (Hansen, 1937). ‘Sapa’, often cooked due to their acidity. P. 3New York State Horticultural Society, Geneva, NY apple exporter in the his most important release, was a hybrid japonica accessions from China are quite Six Prunus species native to desert world and its exports of sand cherry Sultan (Japanese plum) prolific and have crossed readily with regions from Texas to California have and has been used as a parent of many plum to produce a range of fruitful pubescent fruit and unclear taxonomic could double in the other hybrids and for rootstock hybrids. This species appears to have affinities. Most are not well-adapted to development. Sand-cherry hybrids with some resistance to plum curculio, but eastern conditions. The most utilized may next few years. Even plums are often called “cherry plums”, whether or not this is true resistance that be Prunus texana, which is endemic to the uring July of 2005, the three of us production on the world apple market. though much of this a term also used to refer to P. cerasifera. can be transferred and utilized remains Rio Grande Plains and Edwards Plateau of traveled to the major apple Even though we weren’t able to fully In California, ‘Hiawatha’ (a seedling of to be seen (Yonce et al., 1995). It also has Texas, preferring poor or disturbed soil. It Dgrowing regions in Shandong grasp the complexity of Chinese society fruit is second class ‘Sapa’) is looking promising as a semi- been crossed with plum in Japan, as well is a bushy shrub with grayish, very irregular and Shaanxi Province in China as part and apple production, we certainly dwarfing rootstock for peaches. as used as a dwarfing rootstock (actually quality and is destined branches. Young branches are covered with of the International Fruit Tree uncovered many interesting facts about interstem) for peach. In China there is at short, stiff hairs. Peach bush has white or Association summer tour. Apple the Chinese apple industry along the for Mongolia and Prunus besseyi may have been more least one breeding program for P. humilis, rarely pink blossoms that develop into small production in Shandong and Shaanxi way. widely hybridized than any other Prunus, with large-fruit selections up to 3 cm. account for approximately 50% of the Russia, China also has pubescent fruit with fair fruit quality. As a partly due to its wide compatibility. All the Meador from New Hampshire also has country’s production (Table 1). The trip seedling it can be highly precocious, fruiting Background high quality apples breeding work appears to have been done released ‘Jan’, ‘Joy’ and ‘Joel’, hybrids of was organized by Dr. Bruce Barritt, in Florida in 12 months from seed. It China’s land mass is approximately with western forms of P. besseyi, as they P. japonica and P. jacquemontii, a similar Washington State University and Dr. going to the EU and hybridizes readily with other plums, and 3.7 million square miles, about the same had better fruit quality and larger fruit, species from the Himalayas. These Yuan Yongbing, Director of Graduate natural hybrids have been reported and as the United States (Figure 2), and other quality driven plus that region of the country was too hybrids are providing cold-hardy tart Administration at Laiyang Agricultural grown for fruit. It is sometimes used to make China lies at approximately the same cold to grow most other Prunus. cherries on a small bush. ‘Joy’ is self- University in Qingdao, China. Eighty- jellies and preserves. Two other species have latitude as the U.S. We visited the two markets. We expect Unfortunately, these western forms have fruitful but the others require cross- one individuals from the United States, useful characters. Not surprisingly, P. most important apple-growing regions high sensitivity to blossom and twig blight pollination. Hybrids of P. japonica P. Canada, Australia, Mexico, France, Great that China will have a andersonii, native to the desert areas of in China, Shandong and Shaanxi caused by Monilinia sp., making them salicina produced in Japan are vigorous Britain, and Chile participated. (Figure Province. Shandong Province at north California, has high levels of drought huge impact on the US short-lived in humid climates. P. besseyi but unfruitful (Kataoka et al., 1988), but 1). latitude 36-37o (equivalent to that of tolerance (Rieger and Duemmel, 1992), but also is native to the shores of Lake hybrids with Japanese plum at Byron Virginia) has a temperate continental apple industry over the it does not grow well in our climate. Prunus Michigan as well as to the inland sandy have been highly productive. The group from IFTA was invited to climate characterized by moist summers minutiflora, is one of the few dioecious (male next decade. barrens of central Michigan. The species tour some of China’s apple growing and dry, cold winters. The average and female flowers on different plants) also ranges into the Northeastern United Nanking Cherry Prunus regions. While there, we observed the temperatures are 20-30oF in January and Prunus species. As its name indicates, it has States and south to Virginia. These eastern tomentosa is a common trade horticultural and pest management 75-82oF in July with a frost-free season extremely small flowers. F hybrids with forms of the species may be useful in ornamental/fruiting shrub which is 1 practices followed in China, and tried to of approximately 200 days. Average commercial plums have been fully fertile at occurs mostly during summer and fall breeding plums and rootstocks better native to North and West China from the assess the future impact of China’s apple annual precipitation is 25–35 inches and monsoons. Fruit is grown on valley adapted to the humid regions. They are Himalayas to Korea. It is extremely cold- Byron, with an intermediate, shrubby growth habit. Since this species occurs on floors and hillside terraces in the coastal much smaller-statured plants than hardy but suffers from dieback in mountains as well as on the coastal and western accessions even in good soil, warmer climates. In northern China and calcareous soils, it may be useful in breeding rootstocks tolerant to high pH, allowing inland plains. Apples are grown from sometimes growing as a ground cover Korea the fruit was the first to ripen, and sea level to 1500 feet above sea level. rather than an upright shrub, and plant so it was made into a compote to peaches and plums to be grown on such th th sites. health at Byron seems good so far. The late- celebrate the “5 day of the 5 moon”, Shaanxi Province has a continental blooming characteristic of P. besseyi is at the longest day of the year. The species monsoonal climate with an annual Plumcots least partly due to higher post-rest heat name describes the most distinctive precipitation of 20-30 inches deposited accumulation, enabling them to fruit well feature, the heavily pubescent leaves by monsoons in summer and fall. It has in lower-chilling zones than would be and young stems. Leaves are irregularly Natural plumcots have been grown a very dry winter and spring. Shaanxi is expected (Werner et al., 1988). Use of this toothed, thick and about 5-7 cm long. for generations in regions of the world colder in the winter and hotter in species to develop cold-hardy plums Flowers are white, 1.5-2 cm in diameter where both cots and myrobalan plums were summer than Shandong. January continues in the USA only at the and in 1-2 per bud. Fruit is 1 cm across, grown such as in Southwest Asia. These temperatures ranged from -12 to -38°F University of Wisconsin-River Falls in sometimes slightly hairy, and with a were common enough to merit their own and July temperatures from 78-88°F. Wisconsin. flavor that ranges from mild to tart. Fruit species name, P. dasycarpa. Several local Fruit is grown on highly erodable loess is usually bright red, but rarely dark red varieties have made it to the US, including soil plateaus located North Latitude 35- Chinese Bush Cherries A second or white.