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Az Írországi Nyelvcsere Történeti Beágyazottságának

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Az Írországi Nyelvcsere Történeti Beágyazottságának Pécsi Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar Nyelvtudományi Doktori Iskola Alkalmazott Nyelvészeti Doktori Program AZ ÍRORSZÁGI NYELVCSERE TÖRTÉNETI BEÁGYAZOTTSÁGÁNAK NYELVPOLITIKAI SZEMLÉLET Ű VIZSGÁLATA Pintér Márta 2006 Pécsi Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar Nyelvtudományi Doktori Iskola Alkalmazott Nyelvészeti Doktori Program Pintér Márta AZ ÍRORSZÁGI NYELVCSERE TÖRTÉNETI BEÁGYAZOTTSÁGÁNAK NYELVPOLITIKAI SZEMLÉLET Ű VIZSGÁLATA PhD értekezés Témavezet ő: Dr. Szépe György professor emeritus Pécsi Tudományegyetem Tartalomjegyzék El őszó ........................................................................................................................................ 6 1. Bevezet ő ................................................................................................................................ 9 1.1. Nyelvi attit űdök, nyelvpolitika és nyelvmozgalom a 20. századi Írországban .................. 9 1.2. Az írországi nyelvi kérdés és a nyelvpolitika-történeti vizsgálat ..................................... 18 2. A kulturális és a nyelvi szuverenitás id őszaka az ír szigeten ......................................... 23 2.1. A „kelta h ősi kor” kulturális, nyelvi jegyei ...................................................................... 23 2.2. A vernakuláris nyelv státusza az ó-ír nyelvi id őszakban .................................................. 27 2.3. A társadalmi és a politikai folyamatok hatása az ír nyelv állapotára és presztízsére a közép-ír nyelvi id őszakban ...................................................................................................... 33 3. A kulturális és a nyelvi szuverenitás elvesztése: a natív kultúra és nyelv helyzetének alakulása az angol-normann kori Írországban ................................................................... 46 3.1. Az angol-normann hódítás ............................................................................................... 46 3.2. Politikai, társadalmi, kulturális és nyelvi mozgások az angol-normann kori Írországban .............................................................................................................................. 48 3.3. A natív hagyomány és a költ ői iskolák helyzete az angol-normann id őszakban ............. 56 3.4. A korai vagy klasszikus modern ír nyelv helyzete a natív területeken ............................ 59 3.5. A „gael újjáéledés” és az ír nyelv átmeneti meger ősödése a 14-15. század idején .......... 62 3.6. Az angol-normann lakosság kulturális és nyelvi asszimilációja a 14-15. században ....... 67 3.7. Az angol-normann kulturális-nyelvi asszimiláció megjelenítése a kés ő-középkori ír költészetben ............................................................................................................................. 72 3.8. A betelepült lakosság kulturális-nyelvi asszimilációja elleni törvénykezés ..................... 73 4. Írország elangolosításának a programja: a Tudor-hódítás kultúr- és nyelvpolitikai vetülete .................................................................................................................................... 76 4.1. Az ír nemesség behódoltatása és elangolosítása............................................................... 78 4.2. Az angol civilizáció térnyerése az Erzsébet-kori kolonizáció és telepítés következtében .......................................................................................................................... 82 4.3. Egyház- és nyelvpolitika a Tudor-kori Írországban ......................................................... 86 3 4.4. A Tudor politika és az ír nyelvi hagyomány .................................................................... 91 4.5. Az ír nyelv elterjedtsége és státusza a Tudor-kor végén .................................................. 97 5. Kontinuitás vagy diszkontinuitás: a nyelvi gyarmatosítás kezdetének és folytonosságának a kérdése az angol-normann és a Tudor-kori Írországban ............... 100 6. Az ír nyelv politikai és társadalmi környezetének az átrendez ődése a „két civilizáció” Írországában a 17-18. században ....................................................................................... 111 6.1. Az ír nyelv helyzetének és állapotának a változásai a 17-18. században ....................... 117 6.2. A protestáns közösség nyelvpolitikájának arculatai Írországban a 17. században és a 18. század els ő kétharmadában .................................................................................................... 128 6.3. Az ír katolikus egyház nyelvi és nyelvpolitikai átalakulása a 17-18. században ........... 138 6.4. A népi magániskolák és a vidéki katolikus lakosság nyelvi attit űdrendszerének átstrukturálódása .................................................................................................................... 145 6.5. Az ír nyelv és az ír nemzeti ideál kapcsolata a 18. század végén ................................... 150 7. Kolonializmus, modernizáció, kulturális és nyelvi asszimiláció a 19. századi brit-ír unióban ................................................................................................................................. 163 7.1. Az ír nyelv 19. századi helyzete a modern statisztikai felmérések tükrében ................. 166 7.2. Éhínség, kivándorlás és az ír nyelv felgyorsult hanyatlása a 19. század második felében ................................................................................................................................... 173 7.3. Oktatás és nyelvpolitika: az angol nyelv ű „nemzeti iskolák” szerepe a 19. századi „nagy ír nyelvcseré”-ben .................................................................................................................. 181 7.4. A modern politikai és nemzeti tömegmozgalmak hatása az ír nyelv presztízsére és használatára ........................................................................................................................... 194 7.5. A Gael Liga és az ír nyelv megmentésének a kísérlete .................................................. 200 7.6. Nemzet, kultúra, nyelv és nyelvpolitikai diskurzus a 19. század végi Írországban ....... 204 8. Összefoglalás .................................................................................................................... 212 8.1. Az értekezés eredményei, következtetései ..................................................................... 212 8.2. Az eredmények rendszerezése, kitekintés ...................................................................... 221 9. Summary .......................................................................................................................... 224 9.1 The theoretical frame and relevance of the research ....................................................... 224 4 9.2 The hypotheses and structure of the research .................................................................. 225 9.3 The findings and conclusions of the research .................................................................. 228 Függelékek ............................................................................................................................ 240 Bibliográfia ........................................................................................................................... 250 5 El őszó A cím tanúsága szerint ez az értekezés négy kulcsfogalom köré szervez ődik: az írországi nyelvi kérdés; az elhúzódó nyelvcsere; a nyelvpolitikai és a történeti szemlélet; célja pedig a több mint hétszáz éven átível ő, írországi ír-angol nyelvcsere nyelvpolitikai szemlélet ű és történeti beágyazottságú értelmezése. A kiindulási pontot az a feltevés szolgáltatta, hogy a nyelvcsere nyelvpolitikai szempontú vizsgálata a folyamat olyan részleteit tárja föl, amelyek más kutatási módszerek esetében hangsúlytalanok maradnak (vö. Bartha 1999: 197). A vizsgálati módszert a nyelvpolitika fogalmának széles értelmezése határozta meg. Eszerint a nyelvpolitika két alapvet ő összetev őből áll: nyelvpolitikai koncepciókból, tervekb ől, s őt ideológiákból, valamint az ezeket alkalmazó, konkrét intézkedésekből (vö. Kiss 2002: 247). Mindkét összetev ő esetében fontos a társadalmi, közösségi tevékenység, magatartás, s őt mentalitás és attit űdök oldaláról történ ő megközelítés is. Ily módon a nyelvpolitikai vizsgálat az állami, hatalmi politikán túl kiterjed a hatalommal különböz ő viszonyrendszerben álló társadalmi csoportok vagy akár egyének szerepére, és közege lehet politikai, szociális, gazdasági, kulturális és egyházi (vö. G. Molnár 1998: 1). A nyelvpolitika interdiszciplináris lehet őségei közül ez a munka a történelmi kutatás irányába mutatókat ragadja meg. Szépe György (2001a: 12) írja: „Nyelvpolitika […] általában megtalálható bizonyos történeti (politikatörténeti, jogtörténeti, illet őleg m űvel ődéstörténeti) szinteken. A legritkább esetben található meg ennek […] kifejtése, vagyis explicit formája”. Értekezésemben kísérletet teszek arra, hogy Írország nyelvi helyzetét az i. sz. 5. századtól áttekintve, bizonyos történeti jelenségeket nyelvpolitikailag határozzak meg, vagy ezen jelenségek nyelvpolitikai jellegét bemutassam – különösen, ha összefüggésbe hozhatóak korunk nyelvpolitikai fejleményeivel. Nézetem szerint, bizonyos mai nyelvi, nyelvpolitikai helyzetek teljes megértése lehetetlen a történelmi tudatosság, a történeti beágyazottságú kutatási háttér nélkül (vö. Edwards 1985: 47, Szépe-Derényi 1998: 9). Kit űnő példa erre Nádor Orsolya (2002) Nyelvpolitika. A magyar nyelv politikai státusváltozásai
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