Thesis Vol. I (David Heffernan).Pdf

UCC Library and UCC researchers have made this item openly available. Please let us know how this has helped you. Thanks! Title Tudor ‘reform’ treatises and government policy in sixteenth century Ireland Author(s) Heffernan, David Publication date 2013 Original citation Heffernan, D., 2012. Tudor ‘reform’ treatises and government policy in sixteenth century Ireland. PhD Thesis, University College Cork. Type of publication Doctoral thesis Rights © 2012, David Heffernan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Item downloaded http://hdl.handle.net/10468/1019 from Downloaded on 2021-10-10T08:11:17Z Tudor ‘Reform’ Treatises and Government Policy in Sixteenth Century Ireland David Heffernan, BA Student No.: 104483405 Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD National University of Ireland, Cork School of History Vol. 1 of 2 Supervisor: Dr. David Edwards Head of School: Prof. Geoffrey Roberts August, 2012 Contents Abbreviations v Note on Conventions vii List of Tables viii Introduction 1 1 The ‘Reform’ Treatise 13 The Old English ‘Reform’ Authors 15 The New English ‘Reform’ Authors 23 The ‘Reform’ Treatise A. Quantity 28 The ‘Reform’ Treatise B. Form 31 The ‘Reform’ Treatise C. Type 36 The ‘Reform’ Treatise D. Composition 43 The ‘Reform’ Treatise and the Tudor State 45 2 Conquest and Conciliation in Henrician Ireland, 1509-1546 54 The Campaign for the ‘Reduction’ of Leinster 55 ‘Surrender and Regrant’ 67 Regional Problems: Colonies and Presidencies? 79 3 The mid-Tudor period, 1546-1565 87 Leinster: Militarisation and Plantation 90 Sussex and Political Discourse 100 Ulster: Shane O’Neill and the Scots 108 ‘O let your matie be substancially ware of gardyner’s crafty sect, that wude sey and vnsey with one brethe’ 117 4 ‘Reform’ and the Lord Deputyships of Henry Sidney, 1565-1578 127 The growth of the ‘public sphere’ in Elizabethan Ireland 130 Presidencies and Colonies? 142 From ‘Coign and Livery’ to Composition 159 Religious Reform 170 ii 5 ‘Reform’ in the aftermath of the Second Desmond Rebellion, 1579-1594 182 The Munster Plantation 184 The Viceroyalty of John Perrot 192 Literatures of Complaint and Justification 199 6 ‘Reform’ and Ulster, 1594-1609 217 The Crown’s Ulster Question 218 Military Strategy during the Nine Years War 226 ‘Reform’ post-1603 238 Conclusion 250 Bibliography 254 iii Declaration by Candidate I, the undersigned, hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted for any other degree, either at University College Cork or at any other institution. Signature: __________________________________ iv Abbreviations Add. MSS. Additional Manuscripts (British Library) AJLH American Journal of Legal History Anal. Hib. Analecta Hibernica Archiv. Hib. Archivium Hibernicum AU W.M. Hennesy and B. McCarthy (eds.), Annals of Ulster, 4 Vols. (Dublin, 1887-1901) BL British Library Bod. Lib. Bodleian Library Brit. Ac. Proc. Proceedings of the British Academy Cal. Carew MSS. J.S. Brewer, et. al., Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts, 1515- 1624, 6 Vols. (London, 1867-1873). Cal. Ormond Deeds Edmund Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1603, 6 Vols. (Dublin, 1932-1934) CLB Chichester Letter Book CPRI James Morrin (ed.), Calendar of the Patent and Close Rolls of Chancery in Ireland, Henry VIII-Elizabeth, 3 Vols. (Dublin, 1861-1863) CSPI H.C. Hamilton, et. al. (eds.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, 1509-1670, 24 Vols. (1860-1912) DIB Dictionary of Irish Biography ed./eds. editor/editors EHR English Historical Review ELH English Literary History EL Ellesmere Manuscripts f./ff. folio/folios Fiants Kenneth Nicholls (ed.), The Irish Fiants of the Tudor Sovereigns, during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Philip and Mary and Elizabeth I, 4 Vols. (Dublin, 1994). HJ Historical Journal HM Harleian Miscellany HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission HT History Today Hunt. Lib. Huntington Library IAS Irish Archaeological Society IER Irish Ecclesiastical Review IHS Irish Historical Studies IJ Irish Jurist IMC Irish Manuscripts Commission. Ir. Econ. Soc. Hist. Irish Economic and Social History JBS The Journal of the Butler Society JCHAS Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society JCLAS Journal of the County Louth Archaeological Society Jn. Eccl. Hist. Journal of Ecclesiastical History JNMAS Journal of the North Munster Archaeological Society JRSAI Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland L.P. Letters and Papers, foreign and domestic, Henry VIII 21 Vols. (London, 1862-1932) v Lib. Muner. Rowley Lascelles (ed.), Liber Munerum Publicorum Hiberniae, 2 Vols. (London, 1852) LPL Lambeth Palace Library MS./MSS. Manuscript/Manuscripts NAS The National Archives of Scotland No. Number ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography PAIS Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society PMLA Publications of the Modern Language Association Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society PRIA Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy TNA: PRO The National Archives: Public Records Office SP State Papers SP Henry VIII State Papers during the reign of Henry VIII, 11 Vols. (London, 1830-1852) Stud. Hib. Studia Hibernica TAPS Transactions of the American Philosophical Society TCD Trinity College Dublin UJA Ulster Journal of Archaeology Vol. Volume WLB Walsingham Letter Book vi Note on Conventions The year is taken as beginning on 1st January, as opposed to 25th March, as was the convention in early modern Ireland owing to the retention of the Julian Calendar. When referring to the nobility I have generally utilised personal names when discussing events prior to an individual’s elevation to the peerage, etc. and used their title thereafter. Thus, for example, William Cecil is referred to as such prior to 1571, and to as Burghley thereafter. In some instances, given the scope of the study, multiple individuals bore the same title. Efforts have been made in such cases to differentiate between these individuals by using first names, etc.. As such, for instance, Walter and Robert Devereux are distinguished by their differing first names and as first and second earls of Essex, respectively. Generally recognisable modern spellings have been used for personal names and place names. Thus, for example, Carrickfergus is given as such, despite being just as often referred to as Knockfergus in the sixteenth century. In other instances, often for more obscure family names or place names, the contemporary usage has been applied. As such Tyrrye has been retained as such given that the modern spelling, Terry, appears not to have been in widespread use in the sixteenth century. When quoting the original spelling has been, for the most part, retained, while all figures are given in Arabic numerals, even when appearing as Roman in the original documents. When citing items from amongst the State Papers the title given in the original Calendars has been utilised. When referring to the foliation of the State Papers I have followed the bold printed letters generally located on the top right hand corner of the leaves. The folio numbering for the Cotton MSS. utilised here is that found in the top corner of the leaves with a line through it. Throughout the community of the Pale and the urban districts have been referred to as the Old English, while the magnates of English descent have generally been termed Anglo-Irish, a distinction owing to the general belief amongst political analysts in Dublin and its environs that figures such as the Geraldine earls had degenerated in contrast to their own cultural rigidity. References to documents which are transcribed in the Appendix within the footnotes of the text are supplemented by reference to the numbering of the document in the Appendix following the citation in square brackets, e.g. John Alen, ‘Lord Chancellor Alen to Mr Comptroller William Paget’, 1548, TNA:PRO, SP 61/1/129 [App. no. 4]. vii List of Tables 1.1 Number of extant treatises for select years, 1515-1609 2.1 Number of extant treatises by year, 1532-1543 3.1 Number of extant treatises for select years, 1547-1568 4.1 Number of extant treatises by decade, 1510-1579 5.1 Number of extant treatises for select years, 1576-1587 6.1 Number of extant treatises for select years, 1570-1600 viii Introduction During the sixteenth century hundreds of treatises were written on the political, social, economic and religious state of Ireland. Composed by a broad array of New English, Old English and Gaelic Irish writers, these tracts attempted to analyse the Irish polity and put forward ideas on how the crown might shape that polity into the future. Central to these studies was an intrinsic belief that Ireland was a deeply troubled place, though not all were agreed on what the cause of that turmoil was. Some, for instance, suggested that it was the survival of bastard feudalism, or ‘coign and livery’ as contemporaries termed the system of private military exactions, which was at the heart of Ireland’s supposed anarchy. Others believed that the greatest obstacle facing the Tudor state in Ireland was variously the independence of the powerful lords of Ulster; the Scots incursions in the northeast of the country; the allure of Irish social and cultural mores which could lead even civil Englishmen to degenerate into barbarism; or the self-interest and naked corruption of crown servants in Ireland, which were responsible for the instability and disorder of the country. The solutions put forward were equally varied. These included regional conquest to reduce adversarial lordships; plantation, or targeted colonisation; the appointment of provincial presidents; and attempts to inculcate the peoples of Ireland to the virtues of English social, economic and cultural practices through a programme of social engineering and the establishment of regional garrisons. Later, these alleged solutions created further problems, notably in relation to the issue of financing the army and regulating the conduct of its constituent parts, to which the writers of political discourses responded by putting forward a variety of schemes to introduce an improved crown taxation system in Ireland or to cut back on expenditure by reducing the size of the garrison.

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