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Abiotic Factors, Not Herbivorous Pressure, Are Primarily Responsible Abiotic factors, not herbivorous pressure, are primarily responsible for the performance of an invasive aquatic plant Marcio Jose Silveira, Simon Chollet, Gabrielle Thiébaut, Sidinei Magela Thomaz To cite this version: Marcio Jose Silveira, Simon Chollet, Gabrielle Thiébaut, Sidinei Magela Thomaz. Abiotic fac- tors, not herbivorous pressure, are primarily responsible for the performance of an invasive aquatic plant. Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology, EDP sciences, 2018, 54, pp.12. 10.1051/limn/2018002. hal-01769649 HAL Id: hal-01769649 https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01769649 Submitted on 12 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ann. Limnol. - Int. J. Lim. 2018, 54, 12 Available online at: © EDP Sciences, 2018 www.limnology-journal.org https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/2018002 RESEARCH ARTICLE Abiotic factors, not herbivorous pressure, are primarily responsible for the performance of an invasive aquatic plant Márcio José Silveira1,2,*, Simon Chollet2, Gabrielle Thiébaut2 and Sidinei Magela Thomaz1 1 Universidade Estadualde Maringá À UEM Research Group Ichthyology Aquaculture À Nupelia, Av Colombo 5790 Cep 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil 2Laboratoire Ecosystemes, Biodiversite,́ Evolution (ECOBIO), UMR 6553 CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France Received: 8 August 2017; Accepted: 17 January 2018 Abstract – Morphological performance of invasive plants can be determined by abiotic factors (e.g. water temperature) and biotic factors (e.g. herbivory). This study investigates the performance of an exotic plant in its native and introduced environments. The questions of study are: Is the performance of Egeria densa in both its native and introduced areas associated with abiotic and/or biotic factors? Is the performance of this plant better in the native or in the introduced area? In order to answer these questions, E. densa individuals collected in France (introduced range) were compared with individuals collected in Brazil (native range). The results demonstrate that E. densa populations sampled in its native areas included a higher percentage of plants grazed than in the introduced range populations, but they also exhibited a superior performance in terms of length and dry mass. In both regions, the performance of the plants was associated mainly with abiotic factors. Whereas the higher temperature in its native area may have promoted greater growth in terms of length and dry mass, a lower temperature and high levels of ammonium in French waters might have reduced the development of this plant in its introduced range. The lower performance of E. densa in France should not be associated with abiotic factors alone, since other factors can also be involved, as limited resources or low clonal adaptation. Thus, future studies concerning E. densa performance in France should consider these factors in order to assist in understanding the nature of the plant’s invasiveness in this region. Keywords: Egeria densa / Brazil / France / growth / herbivory 1 Introduction their introduced ranges than in their region of origin (Xiong et al.,2008), because there are fewer herbivores in their Non-native invasive plants are significantly problematic in introduced range (Wolfe, 2002; Mitchell and Power, 2003). many freshwater systems worldwide (Dugdale et al., 2012; During their adaptation to a new habitat, non-native plants Riis et al., 2012). These plants have a severe impact on the evolve sophisticated mechanisms to establish a balance between biodiversity, and the ecological functions of aquatic ecosys- growth and defense (Walling, 2009). For example, plants might tems (Clayton and Edwards, 2006), and will probably invade reduce in response to the effects of herbivores if their relative new areas owing to global changes (Carey et al., 2016; growth rate is high enough to sustain the grazing losses in an MacIsaac et al., 2016). Thus, these organisms are appropriate annual yield (Grime et al.,1996). Small, thin, nutrient-rich for testing ecological theories related to species invasion; for leaves with a high water content, are features typical of many example, the ‘Enemy Release Hypothesis’ (ERH) (Keane and submerged aquatic plants, which are readily grazed (Sheldon, Crawley, 2002). 1987; Fraser and Grime, 1999). This demonstrates that despite A fundamental mechanism determining the success of the high growth rate of some plants, they are readily consumed invasive plants in novel environments is the interaction between by herbivores due to their nutritional qualities. plants and herbivores. The herbivory in freshwater and marine The ERH suggests that non-native species often thrive, ecosystems remove 40%–48% of plant biomass, on average, because in their new ranges they lack the coevolved enemies which is typically 5–10 times greater than that reported for that limit their population growth (Keane and Crawley, 2002; terrestrial ecosystems (Bakker et al.,2016). Some studies have Mitchell and Power, 2003). However, several examples exist in demonstrated that non-native plant species are less grazed in which plants and their enemies have both been introduced into the same region. For example, the insect Megastigmus atedius Walker was introduced concurrently with its host plant, Picea *Corresponding author: [email protected] sp., in western France (da Ros et al.,1993). In such cases, the M.J. Silveira et al.: Ann. Limnol. - Int. J. Lim. 2018, 54, 12 species may be similarly impacted by herbivores in the freshwater are Potamopyrgus antipodarum Smith (alien), introduced, and the native ranges. Some experimental studies Pysella acuta Draparnaud (alien), Ephemerella ignita Poda have compared the damage due to herbivory on plant species in (native), Oecismus monedula Hagen (native), Nemotaulius their introduced range (Agrawal and Kotanen, 2005; Chun et al., punctatolineatus Retzius (native), Halesus radiates Curtis 2010), but not in both the introduced and the native regions. (native), and Mystacides azurea L. (native) (Piscart, personal Although the presence of herbivores may induce morpho- communication). The natural enemies of E. densa in its logical modifications, such as an increase in leaf thickness, the introduced range remain unknown, although the species may architecture of macrophytes also depends on abiotic factors. be consumed by the generalist herbivore, Lymnea stagnalis L. Bornette and Puijalon (2011) demonstrated that abiotic factors (native), as evidenced in an experimental garden in Brittany in aquatic habitats can affect (1) plant performance, such as (Thiebaut, unpublished data). In both countries, the plants were recruitment, growth, reproduction, and dispersal; and (2) the sampled in the littoral zone of the aquatic environment using a dynamics of plant communities. Temperature and nutrients are rake with a 4-metre long pipe; the sites were characterized by important abiotic factors influencing the growth of macro- high under-water light levels. The exploration extended to four phytes and their productivity (Santamaria and Van Vierssen, metres in depth, to the level colonized by the submersed 1997; Netten et al., 2010). For example, the seasonal growth aquatic plants. At each site, 20 individual mature plants were patterns of Elodea canadensis Michaux, and the growth and collected from the specimens forming a canopy on the water rates of photosynthesis of Ranunculus aquatilis L. are strongly surface (native range 19 sites = 380 individuals, and introduced influenced by temperature (Madsen and Brix, 1997). range 12 sites = 240 individuals). The plants were packaged in In this study, the morphological performance of Egeria plastic bags, and taken to the laboratory to measure their densa Planch (Hydrocharitaceae) (E. densa) was explored morphological traits. in situ, in relation to the chemical composition of the water, and In order to characterize the environmental conditions in to the pressure by herbivores in its native range of Brazil, and which the E. densa was growing, the water characteristics of its introduced range of France. E. densa is a perennial each site were assessed by measuring the water temperature dioecious aquatic plant, native to South America's Neotropical and conductivity in the field. In addition, nitrate, ammonium, range (Yarrow et al., 2009). This species has become invasive and phosphate samples were taken to the laboratory within 48 h in several countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, Asia, and following collection, where the levels of these nutrients in the Europe (Gassmann et al., 2006; Yarrow et al., 2009). It was water were measured. introduced in France in 1920 as an experimental botanical The performance of each population was tested using a material (St John, 1961), and was consequently released into ‘traits approach’ (Thiébaut and Di Nino, 2009). In the the wild, where it has subsequently become naturalized, and its laboratory, the plants were washed to remove invertebrates, distribution has spread (Feuillade, 1961). Moreover, it is algae,
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