A Forward Look at Electronics

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Forward Look at Electronics In 1965 A forward look at electronics Now the modern counterparts of those leaders of science and industry who looked into the future in the first issue of Electronics predict what lies ahead in the next 35 years of the technology By C.H. Townes tubes and relays. But they are still very large by comparison with afew atoms, which should be all Provost of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology that is required to carry out most elementary com- and developer of the maser for microwave amplification puting processes. The proliferation and power of In the cell or in the human brain, nature has electronics is even more obvi- far outstripped our ability to pack together elements ous to us now than it was 35 which carry out coordinated and complex opera- years ago. Its rate of change tions. Our circuit elements are still enormously becomes ever more rapid, and large, clumsy, and expensive to make by compari- man's ability to solve technolo- son with the complex molecular organization and gical problems ever more im- control practiced everywhere by living organisms. pressive. Even the vision of the Clearly we can make remarkable progress in seven seers of 1930 failed to organizing information and controls with presently encompass such things as atomic energy, the tran- foreseeable techniques. This should help us under- sistor, or maser amplification. stand and better adapt the complex situations of It's true that electronics has continued to grow nature and of man. But the key to building flexible enormously. But the vacuum tube has, at least from information and control systems on the scale of a a relative point of view, recently been on the way few molecules per element is something which still out—replaced by a tiny speck of solid material. eludes us, and which could radically change our It's true we have controlled oscillators down close electronics of the future. to the infrared (and far beyond), but by atomic action rather than the vacuum tube. It's true we have transoceanic television, but By Eiichi Goto through the development of powerful rockets and solar cells. Associate professor of physics, the University of Tokyo, and developer of the parametron Are all these things now electronics? Yes, in a sense, because the vigorous and penetrating field In computer development in the of electronics has adopted and adapted them. Elec- past the emphasis has been tronics, and all that it embraces, will surely continue primarily on the search for new to be in the forefront of the fascinating exploration devices and new principles. Now of the universe and of man himself which lies we have the basis for exploring ahead; it will continue to eliminate drudgery, solve the technology of computer living and health problems, and provide toys and manufacture so that we can re- entertainment. duce its cost drastically. This Where are the areas of possible great develop- is likely to lead to a vast ex- ments, at the moment seemingly unattainable, but pansion of applications. yet worth man's vigorous efforts and not contrary Because of improved production techniques, the to our most sure understanding of the universe? price of a computer can be reduced by a factor of Of those which have some relation to present elec- 10 every decade. This would mean that acomputer tronics, enormously cheaper power is one. We have priced at $1 million today would cost only $10,000 not come close to turning the mass of matter by 1985, only $1,000 by 1995. around us efficiently into heat or electrical power. As we accomplish aprice drop of this magnitude, Another is our mastery of the small, or of the the computer will realize many of those ideas which complex. Computing components have steadily and were once regarded as pipe dreams. amazingly decreased in size since early vacuum For instance, inexpensive and portable automatic 106 Electronics IApril 19, 1965 .
Recommended publications
  • Download PDF File
    Copyright©2017 Tokyo Electron Limited, All Right Reserved. Core Semiconductor Technologies Applied technologies 1876 Telephone invented by Graham Bell 1876 1897 Cathode ray tube invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun 1897 1900 Telegraph, telephone, 1900 Two-electrode vacuum tube invented by John Fleming wireless communication Three-electrode vacuum tube invented by Lee De Forest Wireless communication Vacuum tube Television receiver with a cathode ray tube devised technology technology by Russian scientist Boris Rosing 1910 1910 Semiconductor prehistory: Radio broadcasting 1920 Development of electronic circuit 1920 and control technology First radio station starts broadcasting TV broadcasting Radio broadcasting starts in the UK World’s first successful reception of images using a cathode ray tube Radio broadcasting starts in Japan Successful TV transmission experiment between New York and Washington DC Experimental TV broadcasting starts 1930 1930 Demand for durable solid state devices Computer Worlds’ first regular TV broadcasting starts Atanasoff‒Berry computer (ABC) invented in the UK (BBC) Bell Labs Model 1 relay computer introduced 1940 1940 Photovoltaic effect in silicon discovered by Russell Ohl (at Bell Labs) Codebreaking computer Colossus introduced P- and n-type conduction discovered by Jack Scaff Technique to manufacture p- and n-type semiconductors by World’s first general-purpose computer ENIAC completed doping impurities discovered by Henry Theuerer and Jack Scaff Point-contact transistor discovered by Walter Brattain and John Bardeen
    [Show full text]
  • History of Computing in Japan Photo at the Front Cover Hatsubi-Sanpou (発微算法) Book of Calculation Method by Seki Takakazu in 1674
    Comments by Akihiko Yamada History of Computing in Japan Photo at the front cover Hatsubi-sanpou (発微算法) Book of calculation method by Seki Takakazu in 1674. © The Academy of Japan Thanks are due to the Academy of Japan and the Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ) Computer Museum for providing the photos of early computers used in this publication as illustrations. Comments by Akihiko Yamada History of Computing in Japan Edited by Radomir S. Stanković 2020 Preface Prof. Akihiko Yamada helped me in the work towards the Reprints from Early Days of Information Sciences – On the Contributions of Akira Nakashima to Switching Theory, in all possible ways, to find the related publications, understand the subject and comprehend the circumstance under which the work have been done, until providing the necessary copyright permissions for reprinting. While working together, Prof. Yamada has sent me many comments and explanations about different topics. These comments were very useful and his explanations quite interesting for me. Therefore, I thought they can be interesting also for others, in particular for readers of this volume of Reprints. Thus, I decided to offer them to public notice in the form of this booklet. 7.5.2008 Design and Test in Japan, Guest Editor Akihiko Yamada, IEEE Design & Test , October 1985, 15-16. 1 2 9.5.2008 I got the information about the residence where Akira Nakashima lived in from the daughter of late Yasujiro Shimazu. Yesterday I visited there but I couldn't get any information about his family. Shimazu had been the boss of Nakashima when he worked with NEC.
    [Show full text]
  • The IAS Computer Family Scrapbook
    The IAS Computer Family Scrapbook 18 handbuilt AVIDAC computers and BESK 29 production line CYCLONE models from DASK EDB USA, FACOM 201 Sweden, IBM 701 Israel, ILLIAC Australia, JOHNNIAC Japan, MANIAC Denmark MISTIC MUSASINO ORACLE & some cousins ORDVAC ARRA II SARA FERTA SILLIAC GEORGE SMIL MERLIN TRASK R1 WEIZAC by John Deane AUSTRALIAN COMPUTER MUSEUM SOCIETY The IAS Computer Family Scrapbook by John Deane Front cover: John von Neumann and the IAS Computer (Photo by Alan Richards, courtesy of the Archives of the Institute for Advanced Study), Rand's JOHNNIAC (Rand Corp photo), University of Sydney's SILLIAC (photo courtesy of the University of Sydney Science Foundation for Physics). Back cover: Lawrence Von Tersch surrounded by parts of Michigan State University's MISTIC (photo courtesy of Michigan State University). The “IAS Family” is more formally known as Princeton Class machines (the Institute for Advanced Study is at Princeton, NJ, USA), and they were referred to as JONIACs by Klara von Neumann in her forward to her husband's book The Computer and the Brain. Photograph copyright generally belongs to the institution that built the machine. Text © 2003 John Deane [email protected] Published by the Australian Computer Museum Society Inc PO Box 847, Pennant Hills NSW 2120, Australia Acknowledgments My thanks to Simon Lavington & J.A.N. Lee for your encouragement. A great many people responded to my questions about their machines while I was working on a history of SILLIAC. I have been sent manuals, newsletters, web references, photos,
    [Show full text]
  • The Japanese Computer Industry: Its Roots and Development
    The Japanese Computer Industry: Its Roots and Development Kobayashi, K. IIASA Collaborative Paper January 1980 Kobayashi, K. (1980) The Japanese Computer Industry: Its Roots and Development. IIASA Collaborative Paper. Copyright © January 1980 by the author(s). http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/1508/ All rights reserved. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage. All copies must bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. For other purposes, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, permission must be sought by contacting [email protected] NOT FOR QUOTATION WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE AUTHOR "THE JAPANESE COMPUTER INDUSTRY: ITS ROOTS AND DEVELO~PENT'~ KO j i Kobayashi January 1980 CP-80-2 Presented at the Guest Seminar at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, September 27, 1979, CoZZaborative Papers report work which has not been performed solely at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and which has received only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organi- zations supporting the work. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria Dr. ~ojiKobayashi is Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of the Nippon Electric Co. Ltd., 33-1, Shiba 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. FOREWORD Dr. Koji Kobayashi, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of the Nippon Electric Co.
    [Show full text]
  • The Japanese Computer Industry: Its Roots and Develo~Pent'~
    NOT FOR QUOTATION WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE AUTHOR "THE JAPANESE COMPUTER INDUSTRY: ITS ROOTS AND DEVELO~PENT'~ KO j i Kobayashi January 1980 CP-80-2 Presented at the Guest Seminar at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, September 27, 1979, CoZZaborative Papers report work which has not been performed solely at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and which has received only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organi- zations supporting the work. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria Dr. ~ojiKobayashi is Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of the Nippon Electric Co. Ltd., 33-1, Shiba 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. FOREWORD Dr. Koji Kobayashi, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of the Nippon Electric Co. Ltd., visited IIASA on September 27tht 1979 at the invitation of Dr. Jermen Gvishiani, Chairman of IIASAts Council. In the course of his visit he presented the following paper at a seminar attended by members of IIASAts staff as well as some interested visitors from Vienna. Dr. Kobayashi has kindly agreed that his paper should be published as an IIASA Collaborative Paper. The relevance of this paper to IIASAKs research interests hardly needs emphasis. The tracing of the development of computers in Japan within the context of the communications industry is of relevance to the work we are undertaking improved scientific communication through computerized networks, tele- conferencing, etc. As an intimidating example of a successful innovation process it is of direct value to the Management and Technology task concerned with Innovation.
    [Show full text]