DOCSLIB.ORG

Smith Notetaking (Module 4).Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Smith Notetaking (Module 4).Pdf Global Wind Patterns and Ocean Currents The ocean and atmosphere act as one interdependent system. What happens in one causes changes in the other. Characteristics of Water •Polarity, dipole •Hydrogen bonds 1 Heat Capacity of Water Phases of Water and Energy Transfer 2 • The Earth climate system maintains a balance between solar energy absorbed and IR (blackbody) energy radiated to space. Ie., the heat budget for the planet is balanced. GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY BUDGET reflected solar Incoming solar radiation Outgoing radiation 342 W m2 longwave 107 W m2 radiation 235 W m2 40 Reflected by clouds, 30 aerosol & atmosphere 165 77 emitted by atmosphere Absorbed by atmosphere 67 24 78 350 back radiation 324 Reflected by 198 40 surface 30 168 24 78 390 324 Absorbed by Evapo- Surface radiation surface Absorbed by surface thermals transpiration Large-scale wind patterns 3 Uneven heating results in large-scale atmospheric circulation Convection Current Theoretical Wind Patterns 4 Coriolis Effect Clockwise Flow Counterclockwise Flow Revision 90 Ferrel Cell 60 Polar Cell 30 0 Heat Transport 30 Net Radiation 60 90 Idealized model of atmospheric circulation. N.B. actual circulations are not continuous in space or time. SOEE3410 : Coupled Ocean & Atmosphere Climate Dynamics 5 Small-scale winds Cold air is dry, dense and creates zones of high pressure. Warm air is moist, less dense and creates zone of low pressure. Which direction will two air masses flow if they meet? 6 Sea or Lake Breeze Land Breeze Mountain Breeze 7 8 Surface Currents North Pacific Gyre North Atlantic Gyre Indian Ocean Gyre South Atlantic Gyre Antarctic Circumpolar Current South Pacific Gyre Western Boundary Currents Fastest and deepest currents are found along the western boundaries of ocean basins. They move warm water poleward. The Gulf of Mexico is the largest boundary current. It can move >160 km/day and its flow is 300 times the Amazon River! 9 Eastern Boundary Currents Eastern boundary currents are on the eastern edge of ocean basins; they are slow and diffuse. They move cold water toward the equator. Surface Currents Affect Local Weather and Climate “The coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco.” Mark Twain Why is Washington D.C., located at about the same latitude as San Francisco, hot in the summer? Horizontal Structure of Water Low in Nutrients Mixed Layer Thermocline/ Pycnocline Deep Ocean High in Nutrients 10 Equatorial and Coastal Upwelling Thermohaline Circulation • Driven by differences in density rather than by wind energy • Therme (heat) + halos (salt) • Deep water currents transport about 90% of the Earth’s ocean water • Entire ocean is involved Based on temperature and salinity (density) water masses have unique characteristics 11 Different Water Masses Don’t Like to Mix! Antarctic Bottom Water • The most distinctive of the deep water masses. • Salinity = 34.65 ppt • Temperature = -0.5 C • Density = 1.0279 g/cm3 • Slowly sinks to bottom and spreads into all ocean basins. Takes a 1000 years to return to surface!! 12 • For every liter of water that sinks, a liter of water must rise to the surface (another equilibrium). • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9zjmC8InKA Where is an example where water rises to the surface? What are two reasons that upwelling is important? Take-home Message Pole 90 60 30 If the equator receives excess solar energy and 0Equator the poles receive deficit solar energy, why doesn’t Heat Transport the equator boil and the 30 Net Radiation poles freeze solid year- 60 round? 90 Pole 13 Ocean currents and global winds carry heat away from tropics (incoming energy > outgoing energy) to the polar regions (outgoing energy > incoming energy). The atmosphere transfers about 2/3 of the total heat and the ocean transfers about 1/3 of the heat. What would happen if the patterns of wind and currents change? 14.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sassen-2015-Expulsion-Brutality-And
    EXPULSIONS EXPULSIONS Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy Saskia Sassen THE BELKNAP PRESS OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 2014 To Richard Copyright © 2014 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Sassen, Saskia. Expulsions : brutality and complexity in the global economy / Saskia Sassen. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674- 59922- 2 (alk. paper) 1. Economics— Sociological aspects. 2. Economic development— Social aspects. 3. Economic development— Moral and ethical aspects. 4. Capitalism— Social aspects. 5. Equality— Economic aspects. I. Title. HM548.S275 2014 330—dc23 2013040726 Contents Introduction: The Savage Sorting 1 1. Shrinking Economies, Growing Expulsions 12 2. The New Global Market for Land 80 3. Finance and Its Capabilities: Crisis as Systemic Logic 117 4. Dead Land, Dead Water 149 Conclusion: At the Systemic Edge 211 References 225 Notes 269 Acknowledgments 283 Index 285 Introduction The Savage Sorting We are confronting a formidable problem in our global politi cal economy: the emergence of new logics of expulsion. The past two de cades have seen a sharp growth in the number of people, enter- prises, and places expelled from the core social and economic orders of our time. This tipping into radical expulsion was enabled by ele- mentary decisions in some cases, but in others by some of our most advanced economic and technical achievements. The notion of ex- pulsions takes us beyond the more familiar idea of growing in e- qual ity as a way of capturing the pathologies of today’s global capi- talism.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Sheet
    32nd Annual Conference of the South African Society for Atmospheric Sciences 31 October-1 November Hosts: Climate System Analysis Group (University of Cape Town) Lagoon Beach Hotel in Milnerton, Cape Town. ABSTRACT BOOK Sponsor: i PREFACE The 32nd annual conference of South African Society for Atmospheric Sciences is being hosted in Cape Town, by the Climate System Analysis Group at UCT. The theme for the conference is “Innovation for Information”. It is always a challenging task to know how to translate scientific research/data into useful information. The major aim of the conference is to question, discuss and understand how we traditionally translate research into action and how we could possibly improve on that. We look forward to some interesting and exciting presentations as well as some invigorating discussion after each session. The continuing practice of asking for extended abstracts was very successful this year with over 30 abstract submitted for review and the proceedings of the conference will be published with an ISBN number. The review process was ably led by Prof Willem Landman and our thanks to him and his hard-working reviewers. The conference proceedings will be available for download from the SASAS and SASAS 2016 web-pages. There are also over 30 posters on display and we ask that you engage with them and their authors. Rather spend your tea times there, and catch up with friends and colleagues over meals! On behalf of the SASAS 2016 organising committee, we would like to thank everyone who enthusiastically contributed to the preparation and success of the 32nd Annual SASAS conference.
    [Show full text]
  • THE Environment Management पर्यावरणो रक्षति रतक्षिय賈 a Quarterly E- Magazine on Environment and Sustainabledevelopment (For Private Circulation Only)
    THE Environment Management पर्यावरणो रक्षति रतक्षिय賈 A Quarterly E- Magazine on Environment and SustainableDevelopment (for private circulation only) Vol.: IV April - June 2018 Issue: 2 Current Issue: Beat Plastic Pollution Beat Plastic Pollution If you can’t reuse it, refuse it CONTENTS From Director’s Desk Beat the plastic pollution…………2 T. K. Bandopadhyay Cement kiln co-processing facilitates sustainable management We are happy to release current issue of our institute’s newsletter on the theme, ‘Beat of MSW………………………….5 Plastic Pollution’ on World Environment Day. In last five decades plastic has made in Ulhas Parlikar road in our day to day life. From medical devices, electronic gadgets to a bag, its application is everywhere because it is cheap, light weight and can be molded in any Plastics- the modern menace to form. Since 1957, India’s plastic production capacity has increased manifold with over oceans……………………………8 30,000 plastic processing industries that contribute to 0.5% of the GDP and provide C. Maheshwar employment to about 0.4 million people. Despite of its importance, the degradation of plastic is a challenge and its careless disposal is leading to pollution in water bodies, The health risks of plastic and Safe land as well as causing deadly diseases viz. cancer due leaching of chemicals in food Plastic use practices…………… 13 products from plastic containers or allergies due to inhalation of fumes coming out Hari Prakash Srivastava from the open burning of plastic material. At this juncture it is imperative to identify sustainable practices for the management of Biodegradation of plastic……….15 plastic waste.
    [Show full text]
  • Contrasting Distributions of Dissolved Cobalt and Iron in the Atlantic Ocean During an Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT-19) Rachel U
    A tale of two gyres: Contrasting distributions of dissolved cobalt and iron in the Atlantic Ocean during an Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT-19) Rachel U. Shelley, Neil J. Wyatt, Glenn A. Tarran, Andrew P. Rees, Paul J. Worsfold, Maeve C. Lohan To cite this version: Rachel U. Shelley, Neil J. Wyatt, Glenn A. Tarran, Andrew P. Rees, Paul J. Worsfold, et al.. A tale of two gyres: Contrasting distributions of dissolved cobalt and iron in the Atlantic Ocean during an Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT-19). Progress in Oceanography, Elsevier, 2017, 158, pp.52-64. 10.1016/j.pocean.2016.10.013. hal-01483143 HAL Id: hal-01483143 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01483143 Submitted on 19 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 A tale of two gyres: Contrasting distributions of dissolved cobalt and iron in the 2 Atlantic Ocean during an Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT-19) 3 R.U. Shelley, N.J. Wyatt, G.A. Tarran, A.P. Rees, P.J. Worsfold, M.C. Lohan 4 5 ABSTRACT 6 Cobalt (Co) and iron (Fe) are essential for phytoplankton nutrition, and as such 7 constitute a vital link in the marine biological carbon pump.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 Ocean Currents 5 Gyres Curriculum
    Lesson Six: Surface Ocean Currents Which factors in the earth system create gyres? Why does pollution collect in the gyres? Objective: Develop a model that shows how patterns in atmospheric and ocean currents create gyres, and explain why plastic pollution collects in them. Introduction: Gyres are circular, wind-driven ocean currents. Look at this map of the five main subtropical gyres, where the colors illustrate enormous areas of floating waste. These are places in the ocean that accumulate floating debris—in particular, plastic pollution. How do you think ocean gyres form? What patterns do you notice in terms of where the gyres are located in the ocean? The Earth is a system: a group of parts (or components) that all work together. The components of a system have different structures and functions, but if you take a component away, the system is affected. The system of the Earth is made up of four main subsystems: hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air), geosphere (land), and biosphere (organisms). The ocean is part of our planet’s hydrosphere, but it is also its own system. Which components of the Earth system do you think create gyres, and why would pollution collect in them? Activity 1 Gyre Model: How do you think patterns in ocean currents create gyres and cause pollution to collect in the gyres? Use labels and arrows to answer this question. Keep your diagram very basic; we will explore this question more in depth as we go through each part of the lesson and you will be able to revise it. www.5gyres.org 2 Activity 2 How Do Gyres Form? A gyre is a circulating system of ocean boundary currents powered by the uneven heating of air masses and the shape of the Earth’s coastlines.
    [Show full text]
  • Governing a Continent of Trash: the Global Politics of Oceanic Pollution
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Honors Scholar Theses Honors Scholar Program Spring 5-1-2020 Governing a Continent of Trash: The Global Politics of Oceanic Pollution Anne Longo [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses Part of the Environmental Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Longo, Anne, "Governing a Continent of Trash: The Global Politics of Oceanic Pollution" (2020). Honors Scholar Theses. 704. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses/704 Anne Cathrine Longo Honors Thesis in Political Science Dr. Mark A. Boyer Dr. Matthew M. Singer May 1, 2020 Governing a Continent of Trash: The Global Politics of Oceanic Pollution Convenience is King and Plastic is the King of Convenience: So, Who is the King of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch? Abstract There is a new continent growing in the North Pacific Ocean known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The Patch is composed of a vast array of marine pollution, discarded single-use items, and mostly microplastics. This thesis explores how and why governments and other entities do or do not deal with the growing problem of ocean pollution. Sovereignty roadblocks and balance of power prove to be obstacles for such efforts. This thesis then attempts to create the ideal model of governance for ocean plastics using the policy-making process. The policy analysis reviews bilateral, multilateral, and non-governmental solutions for the removal of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and subsequent maintenance efforts. Following the analysis of these three policies, this thesis concludes that a combination of factors from each solution is likely the best course of action.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 4: OCEANS (Outline)
    LectureLecture 44 :: OCEANSOCEANS (Outline)(Outline) Basic Structures and Dynamics Ekman transport Geostrophic currents Surface Ocean Circulation Subtropicl gyre Boundary current Deep Ocean Circulation Thermohaline conveyor belt ESS200A Prof. Jin -Yi Yu BasicBasic OceanOcean StructuresStructures Warm up by sunlight! Upper Ocean (~100 m) Shallow, warm upper layer where light is abundant and where most marine life can be found. Deep Ocean Cold, dark, deep ocean where plenty supplies of nutrients and carbon exist. ESS200A No sunlight! Prof. Jin -Yi Yu BasicBasic OceanOcean CurrentCurrent SystemsSystems Upper Ocean surface circulation Deep Ocean deep ocean circulation ESS200A (from “Is The Temperature Rising?”) Prof. Jin -Yi Yu TheThe StateState ofof OceansOceans Temperature warm on the upper ocean, cold in the deeper ocean. Salinity variations determined by evaporation, precipitation, sea-ice formation and melt, and river runoff. Density small in the upper ocean, large in the deeper ocean. ESS200A Prof. Jin -Yi Yu PotentialPotential TemperatureTemperature Potential temperature is very close to temperature in the ocean. The average temperature of the world ocean is about 3.6°C. ESS200A (from Global Physical Climatology ) Prof. Jin -Yi Yu SalinitySalinity E < P Sea-ice formation and melting E > P Salinity is the mass of dissolved salts in a kilogram of seawater. Unit: ‰ (part per thousand; per mil). The average salinity of the world ocean is 34.7‰. Four major factors that affect salinity: evaporation, precipitation, inflow of river water, and sea-ice formation and melting. (from Global Physical Climatology ) ESS200A Prof. Jin -Yi Yu Low density due to absorption of solar energy near the surface. DensityDensity Seawater is almost incompressible, so the density of seawater is always very close to 1000 kg/m 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying Thermohaline Circulations: Seawater Isotopic Compositions And
    Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-58 Manuscript under review for journal Ocean Sci. Discussion started: 28 July 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Quantifying thermohaline circulations: seawater isotopic compositions 2 and salinity as proxies of the ratio between advection time and 3 evaporation time 4 5 6 Hadar Berman, Nathan Paldor* and Boaz Lazar 7 8 The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences 9 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 *Corresponding author, Email address: [email protected] 0 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-58 Manuscript under review for journal Ocean Sci. Discussion started: 28 July 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC BY 4.0 License. 23 Abstract 24 Uncertainties in quantitative estimates of the thermohaline circulation in any particular basin 25 are large, partly due to large uncertainties in quantifying excess evaporation over precipitation q x 26 and surface velocities. A single nondimensional parameter, is proposed to h u 27 characterize the “strength” of the thermohaline circulation by combining the physical 28 parameters of surface velocity (u), evaporation rate (q), mixed layer depth (h) and trajectory 29 length (x). Values of can be estimated directly from cross-sections of salinity or seawater 30 isotopic composition (18O and D). Estimates of in the Red Sea and the South-West Indian 31 Ocean are 0.1 and 0.02, respectively, which implies that the thermohaline contribution to the 32 circulation in the former is higher than in the latter.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Circulation & Upwelling
    OCE-3014L Lab 6 NAME________________________________________________ Surface Circulation & Upwelling A closer look at the Gulf Stream Current & the California Current Part A. Global Surface Currents Surface currents are in direct response to 1) wind, 2) Earth’s rotation (the Coriolis Effect), and 3) land masses or continents which affect the location, speed, and direction of the currents. Ocean currents follow a regular circular pattern in their respective ocean basins, called gyres. Gyres form north and south of the equator in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Warm currents within gyres carry water from the equator toward the poles. Cold currents transport cooler water from the subarctic regions toward the equator. If you do not have a color printer, color code the currents in the above figure: red for warm currents; blue for cool currents. 1. The North Atlantic Gyre circulates CW (clockwise) or CCW (counter-clockwise)? 2. The North Pacific Gyre circulates CW or CCW ? 3. The South Atlantic Gyre circulates CW or CCW? 4. The South Pacific Gyre circulates CW or CCW? 5. On which sides of the ocean basins are the warm currents? East or West ? 6. On which sides of the ocean basins are the cold currents? East or West ? • Note the warm surface current in the Indian Ocean that crosses the equator to join the Indian Ocean’s southern gyre, owing to the presence of the Asian land mass south of 0 degree latitude and atmosphere pressure extremes dominating wind patterns over Asia. 1 OCE-3014L Lab 6 7. Indicate warm or cool beside the major ocean currents listed below.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean-Gyre-4.Pdf
    This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Apple Safari 4) is out of date. Update your browser for more × security, comfort and the best experience on this site. Encyclopedic Entry ocean gyre For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/ocean-gyre/ An ocean gyre is a large system of circular ocean currents formed by global wind patterns and forces created by Earth’s rotation. The movement of the world’s major ocean gyres helps drive the “ocean conveyor belt.” The ocean conveyor belt circulates ocean water around the entire planet. Also known as thermohaline circulation, the ocean conveyor belt is essential for regulating temperature, salinity and nutrient flow throughout the ocean. How a Gyre Forms Three forces cause the circulation of a gyre: global wind patterns, Earth’s rotation, and Earth’s landmasses. Wind drags on the ocean surface, causing water to move in the direction the wind is blowing. The Earth’s rotation deflects, or changes the direction of, these wind-driven currents. This deflection is a part of the Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect shifts surface currents by angles of about 45 degrees. In the Northern Hemisphere, ocean currents are deflected to the right, in a clockwise motion. In the Southern Hemisphere, ocean currents are pushed to the left, in a counterclockwise motion. Beneath surface currents of the gyre, the Coriolis effect results in what is called an Ekman spiral. While surface currents are deflected by about 45 degrees, each deeper layer in the water column is deflected slightly less.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Dominance of N2 Fixation in the North Atlantic Ocean
    PUBLICATIONS Global Biogeochemical Cycles RESEARCH ARTICLE Tropical Dominance of N2 Fixation in the North 10.1002/2016GB005613 Atlantic Ocean Key Points: Dario Marconi1 , Daniel M. Sigman1 , Karen L. Casciotti2 , Ethan C. Campbell3 , • fi Atlantic N2 xation rates are 1 4 5 6 calculated from nitrate isotopes and M. Alexandra Weigand , Sarah E. Fawcett , Angela N. Knapp , Patrick A. Rafter , 1 7 WOCE-derived nitrate transports Bess B. Ward , and Gerald H. Haug • N2 fixation north of 11°S is 27.1 Tg N/yr; 90% of this rate occurs south of 1Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, 2Department of Environmental Earth System 24°N, responding to excess P supply Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 3School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, • N fixation in the equatorial and North 2 4Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa, 5Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Atlantic can stabilize the global ocean 6 N-to-P ratio, but this is not needed Science Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA, Department of Earth System, University of California, 7 today Irvine, CA, USA, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany Supporting Information: Abstract To investigate the controls on N2 fixation and the role of the Atlantic in the global ocean’s fixed • Supporting Information S1 nitrogen (N) budget, Atlantic N fixation is calculated by combining meridional nitrate fluxes across World • Figure S1 2 15 14 • Figure S2 Ocean Circulation Experiment sections with observed nitrate N/ N differences between northward and • Figure S3 southward transported nitrate. N2 fixation inputs of 27.1 ± 4.3 Tg N/yr and 3.0 ± 0.5 Tg N/yr are estimated • Figure S4 north of 11°S and 24°N, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Questions? Destructive Fires Fertilize Ocean? Porter Ranch Fire, Oct
    Introduction to Oceanography Lecture 17, Current Midterm 2: Nov. 20 (Monday) Review Session & Video Screenings TBA Breaking wave and sea foam, Vero Beach, FL, Robert Lawton, Creative Commons A S-A 2.5, NOAA Ocean-Atmosphere Sea Surface Temperature Model, Public Domain, http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/visualizations-oceans http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_foam.JPG Santa Ana Winds NASA image, Public Domain, http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03892 Winter: Canadian cold air Santa Ana Winds pushes down into Southwestern US High pressure pushes dry desert air ~ 30 mph downsLope, to sea Compression of sinking air causes heating Heating Lowers humidity Piotr Flatau, Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_ana_wind1.jpg Wind Speeds: up to ~ 70mph ≈115 km/hr San GabrieL/Bernardino Mtns. FunneLing effect through canyons Feeds dangerous brush fires Weaker in summer Los High Plateau Angeles Mojave Desert Adapted from N. Short Remote Sensing Tutorial/NASA, Public Domain, http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/katabati c.jpg Santa Ana Winds UCSD GOES-10/NASA, Public Domain, http://meteora.ucsd.edu/cap/images/junegloom_16jun2004.gif Santa Ana Winds: dry & warm, Encourage Questions? destructive fires FertiLize ocean? Porter Ranch Fire, Oct. 14 2008, NASA image, Public Domain, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/fires/main/usa/califires_20081014.html 1 Portrait of Ben Franklin, Currents Currents in the Ocean 1785, by Duplessis What is a current? Ocean currents transport water A current is a fLow of materiaL Wind is a current of air MASS IS TRANSPORTED Map by Ben Franklin, 1787 Ben Franklin, 1769, Map of the Gulf Stream, Public domain.
    [Show full text]