DOCSLIB.ORG

Marine Litter in the Eastern Africa Region Marine Litter in the Eastern Africa Region Africa Eastern the in Litter Marine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Marine Litter in the Eastern Africa Region Marine Litter in the Eastern Africa Region Africa Eastern the in Litter Marine www.unep.org United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya Tel: +254-(0)20-762 1234 Fax: +254-(0)20-762 3927 Email: [email protected] web: www.unep.org Marine litter in the Eastern Africa Region Marine litter in the Eastern Africa Region Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment in the Eastern African Region (Nairobi Convention) Division of Environmental Policy Implementation United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: [+ 254] 20 762 2025 Fax: [+ 254] 20 762 3203 Email: [email protected] ISBN: 78-92-807-3043-2 Website: www.unep.org/NairobiConvention/ Job Number DEP/1194/NA UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME Marine Litter in the Eastern Africa Region: An Overview Assessment UNEP Marine Litter in the Eastern Africa Region: An Overview Assessment Acknowledgements: The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) gratefully acknowledges the financial contribution of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Government of Norway, which enabled the Nairobi Convention Secretariat/Regional Seas Programme to undertake this research and publish this report, under the programme UNEP-GEF WIO-LaB project entitled “Addressing Land- based Activities in the WIO Region.” UNEP thanks the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) Executive Secretary, Dr. Julius Francis, for coordinating the research, and Ms Sue Lane for compiling and writing the report. The contributions of national experts, S. Ahamada, J. Ochiewo, H. Rasolofojaona, J. Seewoobaduth, M. Pereira, C. Gonzalves, P. Ryan, and L. Lukambuzi, on which this report is based, are acknowledged. © United Nations Environment Programme 2008 Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of the materials in this document do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The document contains the views expressed by the author(s) acting in their individual capacity and may not necessarily reflect the views of UNEP. The Nairobi Convention Secretariat/Regional Seas Programme does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of their use. Copyright notice: This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational and non-profit This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational and non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided that acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this material, or part thereof, as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purposes whatsoever without the prior permission in writing of UNEP. For Additional information please contact Nairobi Convention Secretariat Western Indian Ocean Marine UNEP Regional Seas Programme Science Association (WIOMSA) P. O. Box 47074 Gigiri P. O. Box 3298 Nairobi, Kenya Zanzibar, Tanzania Tel: + 254 (020) 7621250 Tel: + 255 24 223 4597 Fax: + 254 (020) 7623203/4618/4300 Fax: + 255 24 223 3852 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] www.wiolab.org www.wiomsa.org Technical editors: Johnson U. Kitheka and Peter Scheren, UNEP-GEF WIO-LaB Project Manuscript and production editor, design and layout: Daisy Ouya, ELS Cover design: Nikki Meith and Angelina Musera, UNEP-GEF WIO-LaB Project This document may be cited as: UNEP and WIOMSA, 2008. Marine Litter in the Eastern Africa Region: An Overview Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme. 60 pp. Contents Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................1 Background to the Study ..................................................................................................1 Background to the UNEP Marine Litter Programme ...................................................5 Introduction Towards a Western Indian Ocean Regional Activity ....................................................7 Chapter 1: Environmental Setting: Regional Litter Sources and Sinks 1.1 Land-Based Sources of Marine Litter .................................................................9 1.2 Marine-Based Sources of Litter .........................................................................10 1.3 Dispersion of Marine Litter ...............................................................................10 Chapter 2: Status of Marine Litter in the WIO Region 2.1 Information Sources about Marine Litter ........................................................15 2.2 Characteristics of Marine Litter in the WIO Region .....................................15 2.3 Country Maps Showing Marine Litter Hot Spots ..........................................25 Chapter 3: Priorities for Action in Marine Litter Management 3.1 Priorities for Action .............................................................................................33 3.2 Socio-economic Indicators of Capacity ............................................................33 3.3 Adequacy of Solid Waste Management Systems ...........................................38 Chapter 4: Recommendations 4.1 Data on Quantities, Types and Characteristics of Litter ................................41 4.2 Social, Economic and Environmental Impacts ...............................................42 4.3 Adequacy of Institutional Arrangements, Policies and Laws ......................43 4.4 Marine Litter Projects, Programmes and Initiatives ......................................44 4.5 Regional Partnerships and Strategies ..............................................................45 4.6 Summary of Required Actions .........................................................................47 4.7 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................47 References .....................................................................................................................49 Appendices Appendix 1: Countries Reports: Recommendations for Action .........................51 Appendix 2: Contributors to the Report .................................................................58 iii Executive Summary Background to the study arine litter is becoming a significant contributor to marine pollution in the Western Indian Ocean. The litter comes in myriad forms, and from a diversity ofM sources. It includes waste from legal and illegal dumpsites located on the coast or on river banks; rivers and floodwaters; industrial outfalls; discharge from storm water drains; untreated municipal sewage, and littering of beaches and coastal picnic sites/eating areas. Waste dumped from shipping and port activities, and waste that is transported from distant marine locations through ocean currents, is also a contributor to the region’s marine litter load. Synthetic/plastic litter and similar persistent solid waste particularly damage the environment, degrading its ecological, economic, cultural, recreational and aesthetic value. In recognition of the problems caused by marine litter, a United Nations General Assembly resolution in November 2005 called for national, regional and global actions to address the issue. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), through the Global Programme for Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA) and the Regional Seas Programme, is active in raising awareness about the marine litter problem. One of UNEP’s activities has been to commission this report— a preliminary assessment of the marine litter problem in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region. The study was undertaken under the auspices of UNEP-GEF WIO-LaB Project entitled ‘Addressing land-based activities in the WIO region’ and coordinated by the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA). The study aimed to collate the existing information about marine litter in the WIO Region, use it to determine whether or not there is need for concern, and recommend a way forward with regard to its management in the WIO Region. This report synthesizes information and data presented in national reports of 8 countries that are signatories to the Nairobi Convention for the protection, management and development of the coastal and marine environment in the Eastern African region, supplemented by secondary information from published and unpublished sources. The 8 WIO countries that participated in this study are Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa and Tanzania. Somalia, which at the time of the study did not have a recognized government, and the French Réunion, which is not eligible for Global Environmental Facility (GEF) funding, are not covered in this study. A draft version of this regional report was deliberated at the 3rd Joint Regional Meeting of the Regional Task Forces on Municipal Wastewater Management (MWWM) and the Physical Alteration and Destruction of Habitats (PADH) held in Tulear, Madagascar, 3-5 May 2007. The report’s content will feed into the process of formulation of the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis and Strategic Action Programme (TDA/SAP) being undertaken under the auspices of the UNEP-GEF WIO-LaB Project. The national reports that
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sassen-2015-Expulsion-Brutality-And
    EXPULSIONS EXPULSIONS Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy Saskia Sassen THE BELKNAP PRESS OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 2014 To Richard Copyright © 2014 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Sassen, Saskia. Expulsions : brutality and complexity in the global economy / Saskia Sassen. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674- 59922- 2 (alk. paper) 1. Economics— Sociological aspects. 2. Economic development— Social aspects. 3. Economic development— Moral and ethical aspects. 4. Capitalism— Social aspects. 5. Equality— Economic aspects. I. Title. HM548.S275 2014 330—dc23 2013040726 Contents Introduction: The Savage Sorting 1 1. Shrinking Economies, Growing Expulsions 12 2. The New Global Market for Land 80 3. Finance and Its Capabilities: Crisis as Systemic Logic 117 4. Dead Land, Dead Water 149 Conclusion: At the Systemic Edge 211 References 225 Notes 269 Acknowledgments 283 Index 285 Introduction The Savage Sorting We are confronting a formidable problem in our global politi cal economy: the emergence of new logics of expulsion. The past two de cades have seen a sharp growth in the number of people, enter- prises, and places expelled from the core social and economic orders of our time. This tipping into radical expulsion was enabled by ele- mentary decisions in some cases, but in others by some of our most advanced economic and technical achievements. The notion of ex- pulsions takes us beyond the more familiar idea of growing in e- qual ity as a way of capturing the pathologies of today’s global capi- talism.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Sheet
    32nd Annual Conference of the South African Society for Atmospheric Sciences 31 October-1 November Hosts: Climate System Analysis Group (University of Cape Town) Lagoon Beach Hotel in Milnerton, Cape Town. ABSTRACT BOOK Sponsor: i PREFACE The 32nd annual conference of South African Society for Atmospheric Sciences is being hosted in Cape Town, by the Climate System Analysis Group at UCT. The theme for the conference is “Innovation for Information”. It is always a challenging task to know how to translate scientific research/data into useful information. The major aim of the conference is to question, discuss and understand how we traditionally translate research into action and how we could possibly improve on that. We look forward to some interesting and exciting presentations as well as some invigorating discussion after each session. The continuing practice of asking for extended abstracts was very successful this year with over 30 abstract submitted for review and the proceedings of the conference will be published with an ISBN number. The review process was ably led by Prof Willem Landman and our thanks to him and his hard-working reviewers. The conference proceedings will be available for download from the SASAS and SASAS 2016 web-pages. There are also over 30 posters on display and we ask that you engage with them and their authors. Rather spend your tea times there, and catch up with friends and colleagues over meals! On behalf of the SASAS 2016 organising committee, we would like to thank everyone who enthusiastically contributed to the preparation and success of the 32nd Annual SASAS conference.
    [Show full text]
  • THE Environment Management पर्यावरणो रक्षति रतक्षिय賈 a Quarterly E- Magazine on Environment and Sustainabledevelopment (For Private Circulation Only)
    THE Environment Management पर्यावरणो रक्षति रतक्षिय賈 A Quarterly E- Magazine on Environment and SustainableDevelopment (for private circulation only) Vol.: IV April - June 2018 Issue: 2 Current Issue: Beat Plastic Pollution Beat Plastic Pollution If you can’t reuse it, refuse it CONTENTS From Director’s Desk Beat the plastic pollution…………2 T. K. Bandopadhyay Cement kiln co-processing facilitates sustainable management We are happy to release current issue of our institute’s newsletter on the theme, ‘Beat of MSW………………………….5 Plastic Pollution’ on World Environment Day. In last five decades plastic has made in Ulhas Parlikar road in our day to day life. From medical devices, electronic gadgets to a bag, its application is everywhere because it is cheap, light weight and can be molded in any Plastics- the modern menace to form. Since 1957, India’s plastic production capacity has increased manifold with over oceans……………………………8 30,000 plastic processing industries that contribute to 0.5% of the GDP and provide C. Maheshwar employment to about 0.4 million people. Despite of its importance, the degradation of plastic is a challenge and its careless disposal is leading to pollution in water bodies, The health risks of plastic and Safe land as well as causing deadly diseases viz. cancer due leaching of chemicals in food Plastic use practices…………… 13 products from plastic containers or allergies due to inhalation of fumes coming out Hari Prakash Srivastava from the open burning of plastic material. At this juncture it is imperative to identify sustainable practices for the management of Biodegradation of plastic……….15 plastic waste.
    [Show full text]
  • Governing a Continent of Trash: the Global Politics of Oceanic Pollution
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Honors Scholar Theses Honors Scholar Program Spring 5-1-2020 Governing a Continent of Trash: The Global Politics of Oceanic Pollution Anne Longo [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses Part of the Environmental Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Longo, Anne, "Governing a Continent of Trash: The Global Politics of Oceanic Pollution" (2020). Honors Scholar Theses. 704. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses/704 Anne Cathrine Longo Honors Thesis in Political Science Dr. Mark A. Boyer Dr. Matthew M. Singer May 1, 2020 Governing a Continent of Trash: The Global Politics of Oceanic Pollution Convenience is King and Plastic is the King of Convenience: So, Who is the King of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch? Abstract There is a new continent growing in the North Pacific Ocean known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The Patch is composed of a vast array of marine pollution, discarded single-use items, and mostly microplastics. This thesis explores how and why governments and other entities do or do not deal with the growing problem of ocean pollution. Sovereignty roadblocks and balance of power prove to be obstacles for such efforts. This thesis then attempts to create the ideal model of governance for ocean plastics using the policy-making process. The policy analysis reviews bilateral, multilateral, and non-governmental solutions for the removal of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and subsequent maintenance efforts. Following the analysis of these three policies, this thesis concludes that a combination of factors from each solution is likely the best course of action.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 4: OCEANS (Outline)
    LectureLecture 44 :: OCEANSOCEANS (Outline)(Outline) Basic Structures and Dynamics Ekman transport Geostrophic currents Surface Ocean Circulation Subtropicl gyre Boundary current Deep Ocean Circulation Thermohaline conveyor belt ESS200A Prof. Jin -Yi Yu BasicBasic OceanOcean StructuresStructures Warm up by sunlight! Upper Ocean (~100 m) Shallow, warm upper layer where light is abundant and where most marine life can be found. Deep Ocean Cold, dark, deep ocean where plenty supplies of nutrients and carbon exist. ESS200A No sunlight! Prof. Jin -Yi Yu BasicBasic OceanOcean CurrentCurrent SystemsSystems Upper Ocean surface circulation Deep Ocean deep ocean circulation ESS200A (from “Is The Temperature Rising?”) Prof. Jin -Yi Yu TheThe StateState ofof OceansOceans Temperature warm on the upper ocean, cold in the deeper ocean. Salinity variations determined by evaporation, precipitation, sea-ice formation and melt, and river runoff. Density small in the upper ocean, large in the deeper ocean. ESS200A Prof. Jin -Yi Yu PotentialPotential TemperatureTemperature Potential temperature is very close to temperature in the ocean. The average temperature of the world ocean is about 3.6°C. ESS200A (from Global Physical Climatology ) Prof. Jin -Yi Yu SalinitySalinity E < P Sea-ice formation and melting E > P Salinity is the mass of dissolved salts in a kilogram of seawater. Unit: ‰ (part per thousand; per mil). The average salinity of the world ocean is 34.7‰. Four major factors that affect salinity: evaporation, precipitation, inflow of river water, and sea-ice formation and melting. (from Global Physical Climatology ) ESS200A Prof. Jin -Yi Yu Low density due to absorption of solar energy near the surface. DensityDensity Seawater is almost incompressible, so the density of seawater is always very close to 1000 kg/m 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying Thermohaline Circulations: Seawater Isotopic Compositions And
    Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-58 Manuscript under review for journal Ocean Sci. Discussion started: 28 July 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Quantifying thermohaline circulations: seawater isotopic compositions 2 and salinity as proxies of the ratio between advection time and 3 evaporation time 4 5 6 Hadar Berman, Nathan Paldor* and Boaz Lazar 7 8 The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences 9 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 *Corresponding author, Email address: [email protected] 0 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-58 Manuscript under review for journal Ocean Sci. Discussion started: 28 July 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC BY 4.0 License. 23 Abstract 24 Uncertainties in quantitative estimates of the thermohaline circulation in any particular basin 25 are large, partly due to large uncertainties in quantifying excess evaporation over precipitation q x 26 and surface velocities. A single nondimensional parameter, is proposed to h u 27 characterize the “strength” of the thermohaline circulation by combining the physical 28 parameters of surface velocity (u), evaporation rate (q), mixed layer depth (h) and trajectory 29 length (x). Values of can be estimated directly from cross-sections of salinity or seawater 30 isotopic composition (18O and D). Estimates of in the Red Sea and the South-West Indian 31 Ocean are 0.1 and 0.02, respectively, which implies that the thermohaline contribution to the 32 circulation in the former is higher than in the latter.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean-Gyre-4.Pdf
    This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Apple Safari 4) is out of date. Update your browser for more × security, comfort and the best experience on this site. Encyclopedic Entry ocean gyre For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/ocean-gyre/ An ocean gyre is a large system of circular ocean currents formed by global wind patterns and forces created by Earth’s rotation. The movement of the world’s major ocean gyres helps drive the “ocean conveyor belt.” The ocean conveyor belt circulates ocean water around the entire planet. Also known as thermohaline circulation, the ocean conveyor belt is essential for regulating temperature, salinity and nutrient flow throughout the ocean. How a Gyre Forms Three forces cause the circulation of a gyre: global wind patterns, Earth’s rotation, and Earth’s landmasses. Wind drags on the ocean surface, causing water to move in the direction the wind is blowing. The Earth’s rotation deflects, or changes the direction of, these wind-driven currents. This deflection is a part of the Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect shifts surface currents by angles of about 45 degrees. In the Northern Hemisphere, ocean currents are deflected to the right, in a clockwise motion. In the Southern Hemisphere, ocean currents are pushed to the left, in a counterclockwise motion. Beneath surface currents of the gyre, the Coriolis effect results in what is called an Ekman spiral. While surface currents are deflected by about 45 degrees, each deeper layer in the water column is deflected slightly less.
    [Show full text]
  • Questions? Destructive Fires Fertilize Ocean? Porter Ranch Fire, Oct
    Introduction to Oceanography Lecture 17, Current Midterm 2: Nov. 20 (Monday) Review Session & Video Screenings TBA Breaking wave and sea foam, Vero Beach, FL, Robert Lawton, Creative Commons A S-A 2.5, NOAA Ocean-Atmosphere Sea Surface Temperature Model, Public Domain, http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/visualizations-oceans http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_foam.JPG Santa Ana Winds NASA image, Public Domain, http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03892 Winter: Canadian cold air Santa Ana Winds pushes down into Southwestern US High pressure pushes dry desert air ~ 30 mph downsLope, to sea Compression of sinking air causes heating Heating Lowers humidity Piotr Flatau, Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_ana_wind1.jpg Wind Speeds: up to ~ 70mph ≈115 km/hr San GabrieL/Bernardino Mtns. FunneLing effect through canyons Feeds dangerous brush fires Weaker in summer Los High Plateau Angeles Mojave Desert Adapted from N. Short Remote Sensing Tutorial/NASA, Public Domain, http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/katabati c.jpg Santa Ana Winds UCSD GOES-10/NASA, Public Domain, http://meteora.ucsd.edu/cap/images/junegloom_16jun2004.gif Santa Ana Winds: dry & warm, Encourage Questions? destructive fires FertiLize ocean? Porter Ranch Fire, Oct. 14 2008, NASA image, Public Domain, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/fires/main/usa/califires_20081014.html 1 Portrait of Ben Franklin, Currents Currents in the Ocean 1785, by Duplessis What is a current? Ocean currents transport water A current is a fLow of materiaL Wind is a current of air MASS IS TRANSPORTED Map by Ben Franklin, 1787 Ben Franklin, 1769, Map of the Gulf Stream, Public domain.
    [Show full text]
  • What the US Can Do to Solve the Marine Debris Issue
    Eliminate the Patch: What the U.S. can do to solve the marine debris issue Anthony P. Gubler Dr. Michael K. Orbach, Advisor May 2011 Masters project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in the Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University 2011 ABSTRACT Marine debris is a growing international problem rooted in inadequate understanding of the consequence of the public’s actions coupled with throwaway products and lifestyles and sometimes faulty or absent solid waste management. The harm to animals, from zooplankton to whales, through ingestion and entanglement is leading an increased presence of marine debris in the media and public mind. Strategic actions are needed to change behavior concerning marine debris and litter in general and to create solutions addressing marine debris. Effective solutions will require guiding federal policy combined with local level planning. This project is a synopsis of research and mitigation techniques for use by managers, municipalities, and citizens in their efforts to eliminate marine debris. The focus is U.S. centric and recommendations are targeted towards local level institutions. The synopsis of marine debris is presented through the total ecology lens – the interactions of biophysical, institutional, and human characteristics. Actions to reduce marine debris are presented as parts to include in strategic plans that can lead to successful solutions. Many strategies are required to address the issue of marine debris, including regulations, market- based incentives, and public action. The economically and environmentally preferred solutions are prevention measures as opposed to remedial clean ups. Public education and raising awareness are essential and effective tools to mitigate marine debris.
    [Show full text]
  • Garbage Patch
    Indian Ocean garbage patch From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia There are trash vortices in each of the five major oceanic gyres. The Indian Ocean Garbage Patch on a continuous ocean map centered near the south pole The Indian Ocean garbage patch , discovered in 2010, is a gyre of marine litter suspended in the upper water column of the central Indian Ocean, specifically the Indian Ocean Gyre, one of the five major oceanic gyres. The patch does not appear as a continuous debris field. As with other patches in each of the five oceanic gyres, the plastics in it break down to ever smaller particles, and to constituent polymers. As with the other patches, the field constitutes an elevated level of pelagic plastics, chemical sludge, and other debris; primarily particles that are invisible to the naked eye. The concentration of particle debris has been estimated to be approximately 10,000 particles per square kilometer. A similar patch of floating plastic debris in the Pacific Ocean, the Great Pacific garbage patch, was predicted in 1985, and discovered in 1997 by Charles J. Moore as he passed through the North Pacific Gyre on his return from the Transpacific Yacht Race. The North Atlantic garbage patch was discovered in 2010. Discovery The existence of the Great Pacific garbage patch, the first to be discovered, was predicted in a 1988 paper published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States. The prediction was based on results obtained by several Alaska-based researchers between 1985 and 1988 that measured neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Müllstrudel - Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch (GPOGP)
    Müllstrudel - Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch (GPOGP) Wind und Strömungen erzeugen im Pazifik einen gigantischen Wirbel von der Größe Afrikas, der gemächlich im Uhrzeigersinn um sein äquatoriales Zentrum kreist. Alles, was in diesem Ozean schwimmt, gerät irgendwann in diesen Wirbel. So auch die zahllosen Kunststoffe im "Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch" (GPOGP). Die UNO geht von bis zu 18.000 Plastikteilen pro Quadratkilometer Meeresfläche aus, im GPOGP werden bis zu eine Million Teile vermutet. Der Teppich aus zerkleinertem Kunststoff, basierend auf Rohbenzin (Naphtha), treibt bis zu 16 Jahre im Kreisel, der einen Durchmesser von etwa 3.000 Kilometern hat, wobei das Wasser bis zu einer Tiefe von 200 Meter verunreinigt ist und doch das meiste Material auf den Meeresboden sinkt. Neben dem GPOGP gibt es vergleichbare Kreisel in Nord- und Südatlantik, in der Sargassosee und im Indischen Ozean. (fra) http://www.taz.de/1/archiv/print-archiv/printressorts/digi- artikel/?ressort=tz&dig=2010%2F03%2F10%2Fa0130&cHash=d273679075 Müllstrudel aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Wechseln zu: Navigation, Suche Die fünf größten zirkulierenden Driftströme der Erde Plastikmüll am Strand der Dominikanischen Republik Müll am Strand von Hawaii Plastikmüll am Strand der unbewohnten Insel Henderson (Pitcairninseln) im Südpazifik Müllstrudel ist eine Bezeichnung für subarktische und subtropische Wirbel im Ozean, die gigantische Müllteppiche angesammelt haben. Dem Nordpazifikwirbel (englisch: North Pacific Gyre) hat dieses Phänomen den Beinamen Great Pacific Garbage Patch eingebracht. Das Phänomen wurde von Kapitän Charles Moore nach einer Pazifikfahrt 1997 erstmals beschrieben.[1] Inhaltsverzeichnis [Verbergen] 1 Ausdehnung 2 Weitere Müllstrudel 3 Bestandteile 4 Gefahren 5 Giftakkumulation 6 Plastikpartikel an Stränden 7 Herkunft des Plastikmülls 8 Gegenmaßnahmen 9 Siehe auch 10 Einzelnachweise 11 Weblinks Ausdehnung [Bearbeiten] Durch Meeresströmungen entsteht ein subarktischer Meereswirbel, in dem sich Zivilisationsmüll ansammelt.
    [Show full text]
  • “Throw Away Living” 1955
    JUNK RAFT JUNK RAFT 2600 miles from Los Angeles to Hawaii in 88 days “THROW AWAY LIVING” 1955 The plastics industry has benefited from 50 years of growth with a year on year expansion of 8.7% from 1950 to 2012, with a global production of 288 million tons produced in 2012. “THROW AWAY LIVING” 2005 North North Pacific Atlantic Gyre Gyre South South Indian Pacific Atlantic Ocean Gyre Gyre Gyre Plastic Pollution Accumulation Zones (Lebreton et al., Mar. Pol. Bul., 2012) NORTH ATLANTIC GYRE Manta Trawl North Atlantic Gyre 2010, 2013 North Atlantic Gyre – Myctophid fish and microplastics Indian Ocean Gyre 2011, 2013 Indian Ocean Gyre 2011, 2013 South Atlantic Gyre South Atlantic Gyre 2011, 2012 South Pacific Gyre 2011 SOUTH PACIFIC GARBAGE PATCH South Pacific Gyre 2011 North Pacific Gyre – 2008, 2011, 2012 North Pacific Gyre – 2008, 2011, 2012 269,000 tons from 5.25 trillion particles SOURCES OF PLASTIC POLLUTION Poor waste management in developing nations Microplastics in waste water discharge 2011 JAPAN TSUNAMIWHAT’S NEXT? 5-20 million tons DEGRADED FISHING GEAR LIFE CYCLE FOR PLASTIC POLLUTION Photodegradation, Mechanical & Chemical degradation Biodegradation (Zettler et al., 2013) Fragmentation by grazing Shoreline deposition 100um 100um 100um DEEP SEA DEPOSITION (Cauwenberghe, 2013) WHAT ARE THE ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF PLASTIC POLLUTION? ENTANGLEMENT Photo: Chris Jordan INGESTION (Thompson, 2004) (Cole et al., 2013) (Goldstein et al., 2013) MICROPLASTIC INGESTION COLONIZATION AND INVASIVE SPECIES TRANSLOCATION FROM STOMACH TO CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (Browne, 2008) Trophic level transference from mussels to crabs (Farrell & Nelson, 2013) THERE ARE NO OCEAN-CAUGHT ORGANIC FISH 59% 24% 17% 663 species impacted by marine debris (CBD Technical Series No.
    [Show full text]