Seminar Nasional Sejarah Iv, Palembang 19 Oktober 2019

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Seminar Nasional Sejarah Iv, Palembang 19 Oktober 2019 SEMINAR NASIONAL SEJARAH IV, PALEMBANG 19 OKTOBER 2019 PERUBAHAN BUDAYA TARI KEJEI PADA MASYARAKAT SUKU REJANG DI KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG TAHUN 1968-2005 Iin Permatasari, Hudaidah, dan Alian Sair Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, Universitas Sriwijaya E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This study discussed the forms of cultural change that occurred in the kejei dance of Rejang tribe since 1968-2005. The problem that formulated in this study was to discover how the Kejei dance before and after the change in 1968-2005 and find out the factors causing the change. The objectives of this study was to reveal how the Kejei dance before and after experiencing changes and about the factors that cause the changes in it. The research method used was the historical method including heuristic stages, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The data collection was carried out by the method of library study, observation, and interviews conducted to cultural experts in Rejang Lebong Regency. The approach of this study referred to the anthropology and sociology approach. The results of this study indicated that actually not all aspects of Kejei dance of Rejang tribe have changed. Changes only appeared in aspects of dance functions, time, and place of the performance, ritual offerings prepared, musical instruments, and clothing worn. Cultural changes in the Kejei dance happened because it needs to adapt to the development of the times in order to keep the existences of Kejei Dance in the life of the Rejang tribe. Another thing that caused a change in the Kejei dance was economic factors and technological progress. Keywords: Changes, Culture, Dance, Kejei Dance, Rejang Tribe, Rejang Lebong Regency. Abstrak: Penelitian ini membahas mengenai bentuk perubahan budaya yang terjadi pada tari Kejei suku Rejang sejak tahun 1968-2005. Hal yang menjadi rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana tari Kejei sebelum dan sesudah terjadinya perubahan tahun 1968-2005 serta mencari tahu faktor penyebab terjadinya perubahan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana tari Kejei sebelum dan sesudah mengalami perubahan serta tentang faktor penyebab terjadinya perubahan pada tari Kejei. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode historis meliputi tahapan heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Tahap pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode studi pustaka, observasi dan wawancara yang dilakukan kepada para ahli budaya di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong. Pendekatan atau sudut pandang penelitian ini merujuk pada pendekatan antropologi dan sosiologi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sesungguhnya tidak seluruh aspek di dalam tari Kejei suku Rejang mengalami perubahan. Perubahan hanya terjadi pada aspek fungsi tarian, waktu, dan tempat penyajian, sesaji yang dipersiapkan, alat musik, dan busana yang dikenakan. Perubahan budaya pada tari Kejei ini terjadi karena tari Kejei menyesuaikan dengan perkembangan zaman agar tidak hilang dan tetap eksis di dalam kehidupan masyarakat suku Rejang. Hal lain yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan pada tari Kejei adalah faktor ekonomi dan kemajuan teknologi. Kata kunci: Perubahan, Budaya, Tari Kejei, Suku Rejang, Kabupaten Rejang Lebong. 12 SEMINAR NASIONAL SEJARAH IV, PALEMBANG 19 OKTOBER 2019 PENDAHULUAN Indonesia adalah negara yang kaya akan alam dan kebudayaan. Istilah kebudayaan diartikan sebagai hasil cipta, rasa, dan karsa manusia yang lahir dan berkembang dalam masyarakat (Syarkowie, dkk, 2010: 9; Lyman, 2008: 1070). Seluruh kebudayaan yang ada di dunia mengandung unsur universal meliputi sistem religi, sistem mata pecarian, pengetahuan, teknologi dan peralatan hidup, sistem organisasi kemasyarakatan, bahasa dan kesenian (Widyosiswoyo, 2004: 33-35). Masing-masing unsur kebudayaan ini menjelma dalam tiga wujud kebudayaan yaitu cultural system, social system, dan wujud benda. Berbicara tentang kebudayaan setiap kebudayaan mengandung nilai dan norma (Briones, dkk, 2018: 2). Nilai dan norma ini kemudian menjadi pedoman masyarakat dalam menjalani kehidupan (Chen, 2018: 2). Kebudayaan dalam kehidupan masyarakat akan diwariskan secara turun-temurun dari generasi ke generasi agar tidak hilang (Soekanto, 1982: 150). Disini dapat dilihat bahwa kebudayaan bersifat adaptif atau menyesuaikan dengan keadaan (Casson, 2006: 366-367). Kebudayaan yang hidup kemudian melakukan adaptasi dengan lingkungan bisa saja mengalami perubahan selama prosesnya. Pada artikel ini memfokuskan pembahasan tentang perubahan kebudayaan. Perubahan adalah suatu proses peningkatan kemampuan yang tujuannya untuk mempertahankan keberadaan, menyesuaikan dengan lingkungan dan ketetapan dalam mencapai tujuan (Seramasara, 2017: 179). Perubahan bisa terjadi karena dua hal yaitu direncanakan dan tidak direncanakan. Salah satu bentuk kebudayaan yang mengalami perubahan adalah seni tari. Seni tari yang menjadi fokus penelitian ini adalah tari Kejei milik suku Rejang. Tarian ini adalah salah satu bentuk kesenian berupa wujud social system, dimana di dalam tarian ini terjadi interaksi antar penari. Tari Kejei adalah tarian sakral yang dimiliki oleh suku Rejang, contohnya suku Rejang yang ada di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong. Wilayah ini merupakan salah satu kabupaten yang ada di Provinsi Bengkulu. Awalnya tari Kejei sering dilaksanakan sebagai tarian upacara ketika acara besar seperti saat upacara adat (Kedurei Agung), khitanan, pernikahan dan lainnya (Badan Musyawarah Adat Rejang Lebong, 2012: 88). Dahulu tarian ini dinamakan Tae Jang, karena sering dilaksanakan pada acara besar. Seiring dengan berkembangnya waktu nama tari ini berubah jadi tari Kejei. Kata Kejei dalam bahasa Rejang berarti sebagai perhelatan besar atau kerja besar. Berdasarkan sejarahnya tari Kejei sudah ada dalam kehidupan masyarakat suku Rejang sebelum kedatangan para Biku. Akan tetapi, tari Kejei yang ada saat itu masih bersifat tradisional. Apabila masyarakat suku Rejang ingin menyelenggarakan tari Kejei, mereka harus memenuhi syarat-syarat tertentu untuk pelaksanaannya. Dimana syarat- syarat tersebut cukup mengikat dan membutuhkan biaya yang tidak sedikit. Syarat-syarat yang mengikat dan biaya yang harus memadai ketika akan melaksanakan tari Kejei, ternyata mempengaruhi eksistensi tari Kejei dalam kehidupan masyarakat suku Rejang. Hal demikian menyebabkan masyarakat di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong jarang melaksanakan tari Kejei dalam acara mereka, minimnya kesadaran dan minat masyarakat suku Rejang khususnya generasi muda dalam mempelajari dan melestarikan tari Kejei, perkembangan zaman yang diiringi dengan masuknya budaya baru turut mempengaruhi terjadinya perubahan pada tari Kejei. Adapun hal-hal yang 13 SEMINAR NASIONAL SEJARAH IV, PALEMBANG 19 OKTOBER 2019 mengalami perubahan pada tari Kejei diantaranya fungsi tarian, syarat, alat musik, syarat penari, tempat tarian, waktu pelaksanaan, busana, dan lainnya. Berbagai macam perubahan yang terjadi dipengaruhi oleh faktor perkembangan zaman, ekonomi, dan kemajuan teknologi. METODE PENELITIAN Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah. Ada empat tahap penelitian yaitu heuristik (pengumpulan sumber), kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan histiriografi (Priyadi, 2012: 3). Proses pengumpulan sumber dilakukan dengan studi kepustakaan dan wawancara dengan orang-orang yang mengerti tentang budaya tari Kejei seperti pelatih tari, pemilik sanggar, dan anggota Badan Musyawarah Adat Kabupaten Rejang Lebong. Hasil dari studi kepustakaan dan wawancara yang dianggap relevan akan diinterpretasikan dan disusun secara deskriptif (Patton, 2005:1). Pendekatan atau sudut pandang yang digunakan pada penelitian ini ada dua yaitu pendekatan antropologi dan sosiologi. Melalui pendekatan antropologi peneliti akan memperoleh gambaran mengenai budaya tari Kejei sebelum mengalami perubahan dan setelah mengalami perubahan. Melalui pendekatan sosiologi peneliti akan melihat mengenai segi sosial tentang peristiwa yang dikaji yaitu nilai-nilai sosial masyarakat yang terkandung pada tari Kejei serta bentuk interaksi masyarakat. PEMBAHASAN Budaya Tari Kejei Sebelum Mengalami Perubahan Tari adalah gerakan yang dilakukan oleh anggota tubuh yang disinkronkan dengan suara musik yang iramanya diserasikan dengan maksud dan tujuan dari sebuah tarian (Pradewi dan Lestari, 2012: 2). Tari Kejei sebagai tarian sakral awalnya merupakan tari upacara yang dilaksanakan saat acara besar yaitu saat upacara adat, khitanan, pernikahan dan lainnya. Fungsi utama tarian ini adalah sebagai wadah pertemuan antara bujang dan gadis atau ajang pergaulan bujang dan gadis suku Rejang. Fungsi lain tari Kejei adalah sebagai hiburan rakyat, karena dahulu belum banyak hiburan seperti saat ini, sehingga pertunjukan tari Kejei sangat dinantikan. Apabila tari Kejei dilaksanakan pada saat pernikahan tarian ini juga difungsikan sebagai simbol atau tanda perpisahan antara calon pengantin kepada teman-temannya semasa mereka masih lajang. Calon pengantin mengharapkan teman-temannya agar segera menyusul seperti mereka yaitu membangun rumah tangga lewat sebuah ikatan pernikahan (Badan Musyawarah Adat Rejang Lebong, 2012: 88). Syarat-Syarat Pelaksanaan Tari Kejei Pelaksanaan tari Kejei dalam kehidupan masyarakat suku Rejang khususnya di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong tidak mudah. Ada beberapa syarat yang mengikat dan cukup berat yang harus dipenuhi terlebih dahulu, apabila ingin menggelar tari Kejei. Diantaranya tuan rumah harus memotong kerbau, yang jumlahnya disesuaikan dengan lamanya waktu pelaksanaan tari Kejei. Contohnya jika tari Kejei dilaksanakan selama
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