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Progressive Research – An International Journal Society for Scientific Development Volume 13 (1) : 47-51, (2018) in Agriculture and Technology Print ISSN : 0973-6417, Online ISSN : 2454-6003 Meerut (U.P.) INDIA SUR VEY OF PIGEONPEA WILT IN CI DENCE AT MALWA RE GION OF MADHYA PRADESH S.K. Arsia1, Moly saxena2, D.R. Saxena2 and S.P. Mishra3 1RVSKVV-B.M. Col lege of Agriculture Khandwa, 450001 (M.P.) 2RVSKVV-RAK Col lege of Ag ri cul ture, Sehore (M.P.)2 3De partment of Crop Science, MGCGVV Satna (M.P.)3 E-mail : [email protected] ABSTRACT An intensive roving survey was conducted in major pigeonpea pockets of Malwa Plateau (Madhya Pradesh) to record the occurrence and distribution of wilt of pigeonpea in major pigeonpea growing districts viz. Sehore, Rajgarh, Sajapur, Dewas , Agar, Indore, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Dhar and Jhabua during kharif 2011. The disease incidence per cent ranges between 7. 80 - 15. 27 and in three districts viz., Sehore, Sajapur and Agar found partial and complete wilting whereas rest of the district shows the complete wilting. The maximum disease incidence favors with the reddish and light black soil. Eleven districts of Malwa Plateau (Madhya Pradesh) along with Sehore district viz., Dewas Rajgarh, Sajapur Agar, Indore, Ujjain, Mandsoure, Neemuch, Ratlam, Dhar and Jhabua ranged from 7.8-15.27 per cent. In Rajgarh showed the highest incidence of 16.30 per cent followed by Sajapur (15.27%), Ratlam (14.76%), Jhabua (14.6%), and Sehore (15.27%), Dewas (10.52%) while least incidence was recorded in Dhar (7.8%). The complete wilt symptom were observed in most of the places viz. Dewas, Rajgarh, Indore, Ujjain, Mandsoure, Neemuch, Ratlam, Dhar and Jhabua while in the some places of viz. sehore( Nasrullahganj),Sajapur(Kalapipal, Sujalpur, Sajapur and Moman badodiya) and Agar (Susner, Nalkheda) were observed partial wilt symptoms. Key words : Fusarium udum, survey, pigeonpea, wilt incidence, Malwa Region, Madhya Pradesh Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), popularly known as arhar is irreversible losses and lethal damage to crop. Some of the second most important pulse crop after chickpea in India. important diseases are Fusarium wilt, Phytophthora blight, Besides being rich source of protein (22.3%), essential Cercospora leaf spot, collar rot, dry root rot, Alternaria leaf amino acids particularly lysine, this crop also help in spot, powdery mildew, sterility mosaic and phyllody. maintaining the soil fertility through natural biological Incidentally, only a few of them causes economic losses in nitrogen fixation. The ability of pigeonpea to produce India (6). Among the diseases Fusarium wilt caused by economic yields in soils characterized by moisture Fusarium udum is the most important soil borne disease deficient makes it an important crop of dry land agriculture. and was first reported from Bihar state in India (7). The production systems as a mixed crop, intercrop and Recently the outbreak of wilt was noticed in pigeonpea in perennial crop using long established traditional practices major proportion of Malwa area of Madhya Pradesh in the (1). In India pigeonpea grown in 36.3 lakh ha and farmer’s holdings which has significant impact on plant production of pigeonpea is 27.6 lakh tones. The major population and yield. With the current scenario of this pigeonpea growing states are Maharashtra, Madhya disease is gaining significance in to less severe areas. Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar The present investigation was undertaken to assess the Pradesh, Jharkhand, Orissa, Bihar and Rajasthan severity of pigeonpea wilt in various districts of Madhya contributing 88.2% in total pigeonpea production (2). In Pradesh. the Indian subcontinent, it serves as an important dietary MATERIALS AND METHODS protein to a large section of the people especially the Disease Survey : An intensive roving survey was vegetarians and the poor. Pigeonpea represents about conducted in major pigeonpea pockets of Malwa Plateau 5% of world legume production (3) and more than 70% is (Madhya Pradesh) to record the occurrence and being produced in India. In India, pigeonpea is grown in an distribution of wilt of pigeonpea in major pigeonpea area of 4.01 million hectare with a production of 2.65 growing districts viz. Sehore, Rajgarh, Sajapur, Dewas , million tones bringing an average yield of 656 kg/ha. In Agar, Indore, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Dhar Madhya Pradesh, area and production of pigeonpea is and Jhabua during kharif 2011. The Twelve pigeonpea 3.50 lakh ha and 2.17 lakh tone (4). Pigeonpea crop growing districts were traversed and observations were suffers from over 210 pathogens (5). The major diseases recorded in fields after every 10-20 km. Stops were less that assume significant importance include wilt (Fusarium frequent in areas where pigeonpea was sparsely grown. udum Butler), sterility mosaic (Pigeonpea sterility mosaic The incidence was assessed by counting the number of plants showing symptoms in three representative 6 X 6 M2 virus) and phytophthora blight (Phytophthora drechsleri). area randomly chosen in each field. The percentage Among these, wilt is the most serious disease causing incidence at each location in a district was used for 48 Arsia et al., calculating the district average and district averages in the vascular bundles. Partial wilting in affected plants is turn were used for calculating the state average. The per common. Such partially wilted plants show a dark purple cent disease incidence was calculated using the formula : band extending from the base to several feet above Percent disease incidence ground towards wilted branches (8). (7) reported that wilt appears in young seedlings but highest mortality is caused No of plants showing wilting root not symptoms = ´ 100 at flowering. Temperatures range of 12-29ºC favours the Total no of plants observed disease development in pigeonpea plants approaching physiological maturity (9). According to 10), there is a Symptomatology : On the basis of visual observations on close relation between flowering period, wilt intensity and wilting of pigeonpea plants were recorded at different soil temperature due to which early varieties suffer less stages of the crop growth in wilt sick plot at All India due to wilt. This may be due to efficient moisture utilization Coordinated Research Project on pigeonpea, Sub centre and early maturing of the plant before the expression of Sehore. The appearing of wilt symptoms started from the symptoms. These symptoms are also matched with 20-30 days after sowing. The wilt affected plants showed the present study. various type of symptoms viz., drooping of lower leaves, yellowing of leaves, interveinal chlorosis and ultimately In kharif 2011, the average wilt incidence across the leading to death of entire plant. The plants showed two fields in eleven districts of Malwa Plateau (Madhya types of wilting symptoms viz., complete wilting and partial Pradesh) along with Sehore district viz., Dewas Rajgarh, wilting. The affected plants when longitudinally split Sajapur Agar, Indore, Ujjain, Mandsoure, Neemuch, opened showed brown to black vascular discoloration. Ratlam, Dhar and Jhabua ranged from 7.8-15.27 per White mycelial growth was also observed at the collar cent. In Rajgarh showed the highest incidence of 16.30 region of the infected plants. However, no external rotting per cent followed by Sajapur (15.27%), Ratlam (14.76%), of root and stem portion was noticed. Jhabua (14.6%), and Sehore (15.27%), Dewas (10.52%) Isolation of the pathogens and Pathogenicity : while least incidence was recorded in Dhar (7.8%). The Samples of infected plants were collected from each field complete wilt symptom were observed in most of the and used for isolation of the pathogen for confirmation of places viz. Dewas, Rajgarh, Indore, Ujjain, Mandsoure, pathogen. Isolation was made from collar and root zone Neemuch, Ratlam, Dhar and Jhabua while in the some region. Small pieces of infected tissues 1–2 mm places of viz. sehore( Nasrullahganj), Sajapur (Kalapipal, dimension from the advancing margin of the spot, Sujalpur, Sajapur and Moman badodiya) and Agar adjacent to healthy portions were cut with blade, washed (Susner, Nalkheda) were observed partial wilt symptoms. in distilled water to remove dust adhered to the infected Most of the light black and reddish grawel soil shows pieces. Pieces were dipped in 0.1 percent mercuric higher disease intensity. The wilt pathogen has been chloride solution for 30 seconds and finally washed well in reported to survive in soil (11) and on pigeonpea seed three changes of sterilized distilled water. The bits were (12) but major infection occurs through soil. The fungus then transferred to PDA slants with the help of inoculating can survive in soil in the absence of host for more than 10 needle under aseptic condition and incubated at 28 ± 1ºC. years and also in weed plants. Fusarium wilt is favoured After 72 hrs, fragments of hyphal growth from the growing tips were transferred to fresh PDA slants. Pure culture was by low soil temperature and increasing plant maturity (9). made, following repeated hyphal tip transfer. Pure culture Soil water holding capacity (30%) and soil temperatures was maintained on PDA slants by sub culturing it at 30 between 20 and 30°C favours the disease (13). Chhetry days intervals. For preservation of cultures the plugged and Devi (2014) reported a wilt incidence of 58.77% in end of the culture tubes were dipped in melted wax and early maturing and 42.74% in late maturing varieties of stored in a refrigerator at 5 ± 1ºC. koach postulate was pigeonpea in Manipur. employed for Pathogenicity test. The findings in Table-2 indicates that disease RESULTS AND DISCUSSION incidence percent varies between 7.8 to 15.27 and in The survey conducted for incidence, distribution and three districts viz., Sehore, Sajapur and Agar found partial spread was carried out at physiological maturity and the and complete wilting whereas rest of the district shows the data pertaining to survey work is presented in Table-4.1 complete wilting.