Progressive Research – An International Journal Society for Scientific Development Volume 13 (1) : 47-51, (2018) in Agriculture and Technology Print ISSN : 0973-6417, Online ISSN : 2454-6003 Meerut (U.P.)

SUR VEY OF PIGEONPEA WILT IN CI DENCE AT REGIO N OF S.K. Arsia1, Moly saxena2, D.R. Saxena2 and S.P. Mishra3 1RVSKVV-B.M. Col lege of Agriculture Khandwa, 450001 (M.P.) 2RVSKVV-RAK Col lege of Ag ri cul ture, (M.P.)2 3De partment of Crop Science, MGCGVV Satna (M.P.)3 E-mail : [email protected] ABSTRACT An intensive roving survey was conducted in major pigeonpea pockets of Malwa Plateau (Madhya Pradesh) to record the occurrence and distribution of wilt of pigeonpea in major pigeonpea growing districts viz. Sehore, Rajgarh, Sajapur, , Agar, , , , , , Dhar and Jhabua during kharif 2011. The disease incidence per cent ranges between 7. 80 - 15. 27 and in three districts viz., Sehore, Sajapur and Agar found partial and complete wilting whereas rest of the district shows the complete wilting. The maximum disease incidence favors with the reddish and light black soil. Eleven districts of Malwa Plateau (Madhya Pradesh) along with viz., Dewas Rajgarh, Sajapur Agar, Indore, Ujjain, Mandsoure, Neemuch, Ratlam, Dhar and Jhabua ranged from 7.8-15.27 per cent. In Rajgarh showed the highest incidence of 16.30 per cent followed by Sajapur (15.27%), Ratlam (14.76%), Jhabua (14.6%), and Sehore (15.27%), Dewas (10.52%) while least incidence was recorded in Dhar (7.8%). The complete wilt symptom were observed in most of the places viz. Dewas, Rajgarh, Indore, Ujjain, Mandsoure, Neemuch, Ratlam, Dhar and Jhabua while in the some places of viz. sehore( Nasrullahganj),Sajapur(Kalapipal, Sujalpur, Sajapur and Moman badodiya) and Agar (, ) were observed partial wilt symptoms. Key words : Fusarium udum, survey, pigeonpea, wilt incidence, Malwa Region, Madhya Pradesh

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), popularly known as arhar is irreversible losses and lethal damage to crop. Some of the second most important pulse crop after chickpea in India. important diseases are Fusarium wilt, Phytophthora blight, Besides being rich source of protein (22.3%), essential Cercospora leaf spot, collar rot, dry root rot, Alternaria leaf amino acids particularly lysine, this crop also help in spot, powdery mildew, sterility mosaic and phyllody. maintaining the soil fertility through natural biological Incidentally, only a few of them causes economic losses in nitrogen fixation. The ability of pigeonpea to produce India (6). Among the diseases Fusarium wilt caused by economic yields in soils characterized by moisture Fusarium udum is the most important soil borne disease deficient makes it an important crop of dry land agriculture. and was first reported from Bihar state in India (7). The production systems as a mixed crop, intercrop and Recently the outbreak of wilt was noticed in pigeonpea in perennial crop using long established traditional practices major proportion of Malwa area of Madhya Pradesh in the (1). In India pigeonpea grown in 36.3 lakh ha and farmer’s holdings which has significant impact on plant production of pigeonpea is 27.6 lakh tones. The major population and yield. With the current scenario of this pigeonpea growing states are , Madhya disease is gaining significance in to less severe areas. Pradesh, , Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar The present investigation was undertaken to assess the Pradesh, Jharkhand, Orissa, Bihar and Rajasthan severity of pigeonpea wilt in various districts of Madhya contributing 88.2% in total pigeonpea production (2). In Pradesh. the Indian subcontinent, it serves as an important dietary MATERIALS AND METHODS protein to a large section of the people especially the Disease Survey : An intensive roving survey was vegetarians and the poor. Pigeonpea represents about conducted in major pigeonpea pockets of Malwa Plateau 5% of world legume production (3) and more than 70% is (Madhya Pradesh) to record the occurrence and being produced in India. In India, pigeonpea is grown in an distribution of wilt of pigeonpea in major pigeonpea area of 4.01 million hectare with a production of 2.65 growing districts viz. Sehore, Rajgarh, Sajapur, Dewas , million tones bringing an average yield of 656 kg/ha. In Agar, Indore, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Dhar Madhya Pradesh, area and production of pigeonpea is and Jhabua during kharif 2011. The Twelve pigeonpea 3.50 lakh ha and 2.17 lakh tone (4). Pigeonpea crop growing districts were traversed and observations were suffers from over 210 pathogens (5). The major diseases recorded in fields after every 10-20 km. Stops were less that assume significant importance include wilt (Fusarium frequent in areas where pigeonpea was sparsely grown. udum Butler), sterility mosaic (Pigeonpea sterility mosaic The incidence was assessed by counting the number of plants showing symptoms in three representative 6 X 6 M2 virus) and phytophthora blight (Phytophthora drechsleri). area randomly chosen in each field. The percentage Among these, wilt is the most serious disease causing incidence at each location in a district was used for 48 Arsia et al., calculating the district average and district averages in the vascular bundles. Partial wilting in affected plants is turn were used for calculating the state average. The per common. Such partially wilted plants show a dark purple cent disease incidence was calculated using the formula : band extending from the base to several feet above Percent disease incidence ground towards wilted branches (8). (7) reported that wilt appears in young seedlings but highest mortality is caused No of plants showing wilting root not symptoms = ´ 100 at flowering. Temperatures range of 12-29ºC favours the Total no of plants observed disease development in pigeonpea plants approaching physiological maturity (9). According to 10), there is a Symptomatology : On the basis of visual observations on close relation between flowering period, wilt intensity and wilting of pigeonpea plants were recorded at different soil temperature due to which early varieties suffer less stages of the crop growth in wilt sick plot at All India due to wilt. This may be due to efficient moisture utilization Coordinated Research Project on pigeonpea, Sub centre and early maturing of the plant before the expression of Sehore. The appearing of wilt symptoms started from the symptoms. These symptoms are also matched with 20-30 days after sowing. The wilt affected plants showed the present study. various type of symptoms viz., drooping of lower leaves, yellowing of leaves, interveinal chlorosis and ultimately In kharif 2011, the average wilt incidence across the leading to death of entire plant. The plants showed two fields in eleven districts of Malwa Plateau (Madhya types of wilting symptoms viz., complete wilting and partial Pradesh) along with Sehore district viz., Dewas Rajgarh, wilting. The affected plants when longitudinally split Sajapur Agar, Indore, Ujjain, Mandsoure, Neemuch, opened showed brown to black vascular discoloration. Ratlam, Dhar and Jhabua ranged from 7.8-15.27 per White mycelial growth was also observed at the collar cent. In Rajgarh showed the highest incidence of 16.30 region of the infected plants. However, no external rotting per cent followed by Sajapur (15.27%), Ratlam (14.76%), of root and stem portion was noticed. Jhabua (14.6%), and Sehore (15.27%), Dewas (10.52%) Isolation of the pathogens and Pathogenicity : while least incidence was recorded in Dhar (7.8%). The Samples of infected plants were collected from each field complete wilt symptom were observed in most of the and used for isolation of the pathogen for confirmation of places viz. Dewas, Rajgarh, Indore, Ujjain, Mandsoure, pathogen. Isolation was made from collar and root zone Neemuch, Ratlam, Dhar and Jhabua while in the some region. Small pieces of infected tissues 1–2 mm places of viz. sehore( Nasrullahganj), Sajapur (Kalapipal, dimension from the advancing margin of the spot, Sujalpur, Sajapur and Moman badodiya) and Agar adjacent to healthy portions were cut with blade, washed (Susner, Nalkheda) were observed partial wilt symptoms. in distilled water to remove dust adhered to the infected Most of the light black and reddish grawel soil shows pieces. Pieces were dipped in 0.1 percent mercuric higher disease intensity. The wilt pathogen has been chloride solution for 30 seconds and finally washed well in reported to survive in soil (11) and on pigeonpea seed three changes of sterilized distilled water. The bits were (12) but major infection occurs through soil. The fungus then transferred to PDA slants with the help of inoculating can survive in soil in the absence of host for more than 10 needle under aseptic condition and incubated at 28 ± 1ºC. years and also in weed plants. Fusarium wilt is favoured After 72 hrs, fragments of hyphal growth from the growing tips were transferred to fresh PDA slants. Pure culture was by low soil temperature and increasing plant maturity (9). made, following repeated hyphal tip transfer. Pure culture Soil water holding capacity (30%) and soil temperatures was maintained on PDA slants by sub culturing it at 30 between 20 and 30°C favours the disease (13). Chhetry days intervals. For preservation of cultures the plugged and Devi (2014) reported a wilt incidence of 58.77% in end of the culture tubes were dipped in melted wax and early maturing and 42.74% in late maturing varieties of stored in a refrigerator at 5 ± 1ºC. koach postulate was pigeonpea in Manipur. employed for Pathogenicity test. The findings in Table-2 indicates that disease RESULTS AND DISCUSSION incidence percent varies between 7.8 to 15.27 and in The survey conducted for incidence, distribution and three districts viz., Sehore, Sajapur and Agar found partial spread was carried out at physiological maturity and the and complete wilting whereas rest of the district shows the data pertaining to survey work is presented in Table-4.1 complete wilting. The maximum disease incidence favors and Table-1. The symptoms of wilt are seen in about the with the reddish and light black soil. The same result was flowering/podding stage even though the infection ccurs reported by (15) conducted a survey in different regions of early in the seedling stage, and sometimes seen in Varanasi and concluded higher disease incidence under seedling stage also (3). The affected plants dry and purple the conditions of higher temperature and drought stress. coloured streaks can be seen on the stem. Infected plants The twenty two places viz., Dewas, Hatpipalya, when split open shows brown to black discolouration of Sajapur, Agar, , Susner Indore, Ujjain, Sawer, Survey of pigeonpea wilt inci dence at malwa region of Madhya Pradesh 49

Table-1 : Survey of pigeonpea wilt of major pigeonpea growing locations of Madhya Pradesh during kharif 2011. S. No. District Sample No. Tehsil Disease incidence Wilt Symptom Soil Type in (%) Partial/Complete field 1 Dewas 1 Dewas 6.5 Complete Light Black 2 Bagli 10.5 Complete Light Black 3 Hatpiplya 9.5 Complete Light Black 4 14.5 Complete Reddish grey 5 Tonk Khurd 11.6 Complete Light Black 10.52 2 Rajgarh 6 Rajgarh 15.4 Complete Light Black 7 Biora 18.8 Complete Reddish 8 Narsinghgarh 15 Complete Light Black 9 13.8 Complete Deep Black 10 18.5 Complete Reddish Grey 16.3 3 Sehore 11 Sehore 4.4 Complete Deep Black 12 Ashta 10.4 Complete Deep Black 13 7.8 Partial Light Black 14 Icchawar 17.4 Complete Reddish 15 Shyampur 16.5 Complete Reddish 11.3 4 Sajapur 16 Kalapipal 15.5 Partial Deep black 17 Sujalpur 18.45 Partial Reddish grey 18 Gulana 17.5 Complete Reddish grey 19 Sajapur 5.32 Partial Deep Black 20 Moman badodiya 19.6 Partial Complete wilting Reddish 15.27 5 Agar 21 Agar 8.8 Partial Deep black 22 Badod 5.5 Complete Deep Black 23 Susner 6.6 Partial Light Black 24 Nalkheda 12.5 Partial Light Black 8.35 6 Indore 25 Indore 5.6 Complete Deep Black 26 Mhow 14.8 Complete Deep black 27 Depalpur 16.8 Complete Reddish grey 28 Sawer 7.5 Complete Deep black 29 Hatod 15.8 Complete Light Black 12.1 7 Ujjain 30 12.5 Complete Light Black 31 Ujjain 4.8 Complete Light Black 32 15.9 Complete Deep black 33 6.8 Complete Light black 34 Ghatiya 9.2 Complete Light Black 9.84 8 Mandsaur 35 Daloda 6.5 Complete Light black 36 Mandsaur 4.5 Complete Light black 37 17.5 complete Light Black 38 18.64 complete Reddish gravel 39 5.5 Complete Light black 10.53 9 Neemuch 40 Manasa 11.2 Complete Light black 41 Jawad 5.5 Complete Light black 42 18.8 Complete Grey gravel 43 Neemuch 6.6 Complete Light black 44 8.34 Complete Light black 10.088

Table-1 : Contd.... 50 Arsia et al.,

Table-1 : Contd.... S. No. District Sample No. Tehsil Disease incidence Wilt Symptom Soil Type in (%) Partial/Complete field 10 Ratlam 45 Ratlam 14.6 Complete Light black 46 19.2 Complete Light black 47 6.8 Complete Light Black 48 Tal 17.8 Complete Light reddish 49 A lot 15.4 Complete Light black 14.76 11 Jhabua 50 Petlawat 14.6 Complete Light black 14.6 12 Dhar 51 Badnawar 6.8 Complete Deep black 52 Sardarpur 8.8 Complete Deep black 7.8

Table-2 : District wise disease incidence, wilt symptoms and soil type. S. No. District Disease incidence Wilt Symptom Soil Type in field (%) Partial/ Complete 1 Devas 10.52 Complete Light Black and Reddish grey 2 Rajgarh 16.30 Complete Light Black, Reddish and deep Black 3 Sehore 11.30 Complete and partial Light Black, Reddish and deep Black 4 Sajapur 15.27 Complete and partial Reddish and deep Black 5 Agar 8.35 Complete and partial Light Black, and deep Black 6 Indore 12.10 Complete Light Black, Reddish and deep Black 7 Ujjain 9.84 Complete Light Black, and deep Black 8 Mandsaur 10.53 Complete Light Black, Reddish 9 Neemuch 10.09 Complete Light Black, and Grey 10 Ratlam 14.76 Complete Light Black, Reddish 11 Jhabua 14.60 Complete Light Black 12 Dhar 7.80 Complete Deep Black

Table-3 : Pigeonpea wilt incidence at farmer’s field at Malwa region. S. No. PDI No. of place Name of places 11 0.00-10.00 22 Dewas, Hatpipalya, Sajapur, Agar, Badod, Susner Indore, Ujjain, Sawer, Nagda, Ghatiya, Daloda, mandsour, Malhargarh, Jawad, Neemuch, singoli, Jaora, Sehore and Nasrullaganj, Badnawar, Sardarpur 22 10.10-20 30 Bagli, Tonk khurd, Sonkachh, Rajgarh, Biora, Narsingarh, Jirapur, Khilchipur, Ashta, , Shyampur, Kalapipal, Sujalpur, Momanbadodiya, Nalkheda, Mahow, Depalpur, Hatod, badnagar, Khachrod, Sitamau, Manasas, Jiran, piploda, ratlam, Tal, and Petlawat

Nagda, Ghatiya, Daloda, mandsour, Malhargarh, Jawad, Fusarium udum. The highest Percent disease incidence Neemuch, singoli, Jaora, Sehore, Nasrullaganj, was reported from Ghazipur district (14.7%) and that of Badnawar and Sardarpur shows low disease incidence at the lowest was from Pratapgarh district (2.4%). Jaunpur, the range 0.00-10.00 and rest of the places viz., Bagli, Varanasi, Goarkhpur, Azamgarh were also affected by Tonk khurd, Sonkachh, Rajgarh, Biora, Narsingarh, wilt, with PDI values ranging from 10.4 to 11.8%. (16) Jirapur, Khilchipur, Ashta, Ichhawar, Shyampur, conducted a survey on the wilt incidence in 27 districts of Kalapipal, Sujalpur, Momanbadodiya, Nalkheda, Mahow, Madhya Pradesh at the maturity stage of pigeonpea and Depalpur, Hatod, badnagar, Khachrod, Sitamau, reported maximum disease from and Baster Manasas, Jiran, piploda, ratlam, Tal, Alot and Petlawat districts and minimum disease in rest of the districts. The were higher incidence between 10.10-20.00%. (15) incidence of wilt disease in pigeonpea was studied in 14 surveyed 15 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India to districts of Uttar Pradesh, India, from July to March record the incidence of wilt in pigeonpea caused by 2005-06 and 2006-07. Wilt caused by a Fusarium sp. was Survey of pigeonpea wilt inci dence at malwa region of Madhya Pradesh 51 present in all the districts surveyed. Disease incidence 8. Nene, Y.L. (1980). Proceedings Consultants Group. ranged from 5 to 18% in 2005-06, and from 7 to 23% in Discussion on Resistance to soil borne diseases in 2006-07. Greatest wilt incidence ranging between Legumes, ICRISAT, India. 167 pp. 13-18% was recorded in Mahsi districts in 2005-06 and 9. Mundkur, B.B. (1935), Influence of temperature and maturity that of 9-23% was recorded in 2006-07 (17). on the incidence of sun hemp and pigeonpea wilt at Pusa. Indian J. Agr. Sci., 5 : 606-618. REFERENCES 10. Kotasthane, S.R. and Gupta, O. (1981). Trend of wilting in pigeonpea varieties of variable maturity. An abstract of 1. Chauhan, Y.S. (1990). Pigeonpea: Optimum agronomic paper presented in third International Symposium of Plant management. In Nene YL, Hall SD and Sheila V.K. (eds). Pathology held during December 14-18, 1981, New Delhi, The pigeonpea. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. India, pp. 161-162. 257-278. 11. McRae, W. (1926). Report of the Imperial Mycologist. 2. Singh, J.P. and Singh, F. (2014). Scenario of pigeonpea Scientific Reports of the Agricultural Research Institute, research in India. National Conference of Pulses: Pusa, 192: 5-26. Pp 54-69. Challenges and Opportunities under changing climate scenariao 29th Sept. 1st Oct. JNKVV , MP. 12. Haware, M.P. and Kannaiyan, J. (1992). Seed transmission of Fusarium udum in pigeonpea and its control by 3. Hillocks, R.J.; Minja, E. Silim, S.N. and Subrahmanyam, P. seedtreatment fungicides. Seed Sci. Technol., 20 : (2000). Diseases and pests of pigeonpea in eastern 597-601. Africa. Int. J. Pest Manage, 46 : 7–18. 13. Singh, A.P. and Bhargava, S.N. (1981). Survival studies on 4. Shrivastava V.; Khare, N.K.; Kinjulek, C.S. and Naberia, S. three species of Fusarium causing wilt of pigeonpea. (2016). Physiological approaches to enhance productivity Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 100 : 300-311. in pulses under changing climate. National Conference, 30th April, JNKVV, Jabalpur, MP. 14. Chhetry, G.K.N. and Devi, T.R. (2014). Wilt epidemiology of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in organic farming 5. Reddy, M.V.; Nene, Y.L.; Kannaiyan, J.; Raju, T.N.; Saka, system. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary V.N.; Davor, A.T.; Songa, W.P. and Omanga, P. (1990). Science, 7(1): pp 1-6. Pigeonpea lines resistant to wilt in Kenya and Malawi. International Pigeonpea Newsletter 16: 34. 15. Chauhan, V B and Vinod Kumar (2004). Status of Fusarial wilt of pigeonpea in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Annals of Plant 6. Kannaiyan, J.; Nene, Y.L.; Reddy, M.V.; Ryan, J.G. and Protection Sciences 12: 2, 458-459. Raju, T.N. (1984). Prevalence of pigeonpea diseases and associated crop losses in Asia, Africa and America.Trop. 16. Sharma, N.D. and Srivastava, M.P. (1977). Pigeonpea wilt Pest Manage., 30: 62-71. in Madhya Pradesh. JNKVV Research Journal 11: 17. 7. Butler, E.J. (1906). The wilt disease of pigeonpea and 17. Manju Srivastava; Mall, T.P. and Srivastava, R.K. (2008). pepper. Agricultural Journal of India, 1: 25-36. Survey of wilt disease of pigeonpea in Bahraich, U.P. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 16: 260-63.

Received : November-2017 Revised : November-2017 Accepted : December-2017