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Health and Safety Manual ARTISAN HEALTH AND SAFETY MANUAL produced by with support from ARTISAN HEALTH AND SAFETY MANUAL produced by with support from © Copyright 2009 Aid to Artisans, Inc. All rights reserved. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword.............................................................................................................................................................2 Chapter 1: Your Body and Your Materials ....................................................................................................4 Chapter 2: The Air You Breathe At Work.....................................................................................................8 Chapter 3: Safety Regulations Around the World.......................................................................................12 Chapter 4: Respirators.....................................................................................................................................16 Chapter 5: Ventilation .....................................................................................................................................20 Chapter 6: Physical Hazards & Protective Gear .........................................................................................27 Chapter 7: General Precautions and Protective Equipment .....................................................................32 Chapter 8: Plants & Trees: Sources of Our Materials ................................................................................37 Chapter 9: Animal Products: Wool, Silk, Leather, Horn, Bone & Shell..................................................44 Chapter 10: Dyes, Pigments & Wax..............................................................................................................49 Chapter 11: Solvents........................................................................................................................................59 Chapter 12: Paints, Varnishes, Stains & Adhesives ....................................................................................66 Chapter 13: Metals...........................................................................................................................................75 Chapter 14: Minerals .......................................................................................................................................88 FOREWORD Aid to Artisans (ATA) creates opportunities for low income artisans around the world to build profitable businesses inspired by handmade traditions. ATA offers access to new markets, business training, eco-effective processes and design innovation through a network of partners to promote sustainable growth and community well-being. Artisan health and safety is a primary concern both for us and for the markets artisans seek to reach. There is increasing attention to hazardous production practices, certainly for the artisans themselves but also for their families and their communities. This manual alerts artisans to needed precautions and enables them to choose alternatives in various media in order to improve the health and safety aspects of their work. Aid to Artisans estimates the number of artisans worldwide to reach into the hundreds of millions, though the data in this sector is scarce. Their traditions span centuries and embody significant cultural attributes. Their enterprises provide needed income for artisan families and, collectively, contribute substantially to national economies. This comprehensive guide is a vital tool to help low-income artisans incorporate health and safety issues into their production practices. Due to the wide range of materials and production processes it was not possible to include every material used by artisans. Our team created a survey which was sent to artisans and artisan groups around the world to identify frequently used materials, processes and general health and safety concerns in the artisan world. We made great efforts to address the issues of all of our respondents and are extremely grateful to them for taking the time to help us with this initiative. The Author Monona Rossol is a chemist, artist, and industrial hygienist with more than 30 years experience specializing in the visual and performing arts hazards. She is the founder and president of Arts, Crafts, and Theater Safety (ACTS), a not-for-profit corporation dedicated to providing health and safety services for those in the visual and performing arts. A highly regarded and internationally sought-after consultant, trainer, and lecturer, she has worked with many schools, art organizations and businesses on the cultivation of safe work environments. She is the author of seven books, including the Artist’s Complete Health & Safety Guide which won an Outstanding Academic Book Award from the Association of College and Research Libraries. Disclaimer This manual was written to provide the most current and accurate information about health and safety hazards in handcraft production and about applicable laws and regulations. However, the author and publisher take no responsibility for any harm or damage that might be caused by the use or misuse of any information contained herein. It is not the purpose of this manual to provide medical diagnosis, suggest health treatment, or provide legal or regulatory counsel. Readers should seek advice from physicians, safety professionals, industrial hygienists, environmental and occupational health specialists, and attorneys concerning specific problems. 2 Acknowledgement Aid to Artisans would like to acknowledge the eBay Foundation for its recognition of the importance of artisan health and safety in low-income communities around the world and for providing the funding needed to complete this manual. We also recognize Monona Rossol for her tireless and passionate research. Last, but certainly not least, Aid to Artisans extends special recognition to all the artisans (too many to name here) who took the time to complete our health and safety survey which served as the foundation of this manual. 3 CHAPTER 1 YOUR BODY AND YOUR MATERIALS Craft workers all over the world need to know how toxic chemicals in their materials may harm them. But the large number of craft materials makes it difficult to study them. For example, there are hundreds of toxic organic chemical solvents such as mineral spirits and turpentine. There are dozens of toxic metals, including highly toxic lead and cadmium, found in traditional art and craft paints, ceramic glazes, and in metals and solders used in stained glass and jewelry. There are about 2,000 commercially available natural and synthetic dyes and pigments, each with unique hazards. And legions of “natural” materials, such as cotton, jute, palm fibers, and many types of wood contain substances which can cause allergies, irritation and even cancer in some cases. All of these hazardous substances can be used safely if we use the right precautions and if we understand how our bodies react to toxic substances. Basic Concepts Dose Chemical toxicity is dependent on the dose -- that is, the amount of the chemical which enters the body. Every chemical produces harm at a different dose. Highly toxic chemicals cause serious damage in very small amounts. Moderately toxic substances require larger doses to cause toxic effects. Even substances considered “nontoxic” can be harmful if the exposure is great enough. Each toxic substance can produce two different types of disease depending on their dose: acute and chronic. Acute Effects Acute illnesses are caused by large doses of toxic substances delivered in a short period of time. The symptoms usually occur during or shortly after exposure and last a short time. Once you are exposed, the outcome of the disease can vary from complete recovery, through recovery with some level of disability, to--at worst--death. For example, heavy exposure to the solvents in spray paints can cause effects from lightheadedness to more severe effects such as headache, nausea, and loss of coordination. At even higher doses, unconsciousness and death could result. Chronic Effects These effects are caused by repeated small doses of the chemicals over many months or years. Chronic diseases are the most difficult to diagnose. Usually the symptoms are hardly noticeable until severe permanent damage has occurred. Symptoms appear very slowly, may vary from person to person, and may mimic other illnesses. For instance, exposure to small amounts of spray can solvents during a lifetime of craft work may produce skin damage (dermatitis) in some individuals, chronic liver or kidney effects in others, and brain damage in still other people. Effects Between Acute and Chronic There are also other effects between acute and chronic such as "sub-acute" effects produced over weeks or months at doses below those which produce acute effects. These are difficult to diagnose. 4 Cumulative Toxins Every chemical is eliminated from the body at a different rate. Some substances, such as lead, are eliminated from the body so slowly that most of the lead which deposits in your body stays there most or all of your life. Other chemicals leave the body so fast that medical tests can detect their presence only a few hours or days after exposure. A good example is alcohol. Even after being very drunk, the alcohol can only be detected in the body for a day or so. Most chemical solvents such as mineral spirits behave like alcohol and leave the body very quickly. But both alcohol and chemical solvents will damage the body. It is
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