Introducing the Gnu General Public License Version 3
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CULTIVATING OPEN INFORMATION PLATFORMS: A LAND TRUST MODEL MOLLY SHAFFER VAN HOUWELING* INTRODUCTION James Boyle has led a recent call for intellectual property “environmentalism”—a movement to fend off perceived threats to the public interest posed by expansions in the scope and term of intellectual property protection.1 Inspired in part by Boyle’s message, a number of organizations have sprung up that aspire to expand and cultivate the body of intellectual works that are not subject to proprietary control.2 The Internet’s original development as a non-proprietary in- formation platform is another source of inspiration for this incip- ient movement.3 The Internet is built on a suite of protocols— * Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School. Thanks to Kenneth Bamberger, Stefan Bechtold, Glenn Otis Brown, Julie Cohen, Bruce Damer, Rebecca Eisenberg, Edward Felten, Frank Hecker, Daphne Keller, Thom LeDoux, Mark Lemley, Lawrence Lessig, Douglas Lichtman, Ronald Mann, Thomas Nachbar, Maureen O’Rourke, Timothy Schoechle, Theodore Ts’o, Robert Van Houweling, and Jonathan Zittrain for comments. This essay was the basis for a presentation at the Silicon Flatirons Telecommunications Program Conference on Regulation of Information Platforms. Thanks to Philip Weiser for organizing the conference and to him and the other conference participants for their comments. 1. See, e.g., James Boyle, A Politics of Intellectual Property: Environmentalism for the Net?, 47 DUKE L.J. 87, 108-16 (1997); James Boyle, The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain, 39-43 (paper presented at the Duke conference on the Public Domain, Nov. 2001), discussion draft available at http://www.law.duke.edu/pd/papers/boyle.pdf; see also Seth Shulman, Intellectual- Property Ecology, TECHNOLOGY REVIEW, Mar. -
SFLC V Conservancy
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Electronic Filing System. http://estta.uspto.gov ESTTA Tracking number: ESTTA863914 Filing date: 12/11/2017 IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD Proceeding 92066968 Party Defendant Software Freedom Conservancy Correspondence PAMELA S CHESTECK Address CHESTEK LEGAL P O BOX 2492 RALEIGH, NC 27602 UNITED STATES Email: [email protected] Submission Motion for Summary Judgment Yes, the Filer previously made its initial disclosures pursuant to Trademark Rule 2.120(a); OR the motion for summary judgment is based on claim or issue pre- clusion, or lack of jurisdiction. The deadline for pretrial disclosures for the first testimony period as originally set or reset: 07/20/2018 Filer's Name Pamela S Chestek Filer's email [email protected] Signature /Pamela S Chestek/ Date 12/11/2017 Attachments Motion for SJ on affirmative defenses-signed.pdf(756280 bytes ) Kuhn-Declara- tion_summary-judgment_as-submitted_reduced-size-signed.pdf(2181238 bytes ) Sandler-declara- tion_summary-judgment_as-submitted-reduced-size-signed.pdf(1777273 bytes ) Chestek declaration_summary-judgment-signed-with-exhibits.pdf(2003142 bytes ) IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD In the Mater of Registraion No. 4212971 Mark: SOFTWARE FREEDOM CONSERVANCY Registraion date: September 25, 2012 Sotware Freedom Law Center Peiioner, v. Cancellaion No. 92066968 Sotware Freedom Conservancy Registrant. RESPONDENT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON ITS AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES Introducion The Peiioner, Sotware Freedom Law Center (“SFLC”), is a provider of legal services. It had the idea to create an independent enity that would ofer inancial and administraive services for free and open source sotware projects. -
MIT/GNU Scheme Reference Manual
MIT/GNU Scheme Reference Manual Edition 1.99 for Scheme Release 7.7.90 18 September 2003 by Chris Hanson the MIT Scheme Team and a cast of thousands Copyright c 1991,1992,1993,1994,1995 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Copyright c 1996,1997,1999,2000,2001 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Copyright c 2002,2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". Acknowledgements 1 Acknowledgements While "a cast of thousands" may be an overstatement, it is certainly the case that this document represents the work of many people. First and foremost, thanks go to the authors of the Revised^4 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme, from which much of this document is derived. Thanks also to BBN Advanced Computers Inc. for the use of parts of their Butterfly Scheme Reference, and to Margaret O’Connell for translating it from BBN’s text-formatting language to ours. Special thanks to Richard Stallman, Bob Chassell, and Brian Fox, all of the Free Software Foundation, for creating and maintaining the Texinfo formatting language in which this document is written. This report describes research done at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the Laboratory for Computer Science, both of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. -
An Introduction to Software Licensing
An Introduction to Software Licensing James Willenbring Software Engineering and Research Department Center for Computing Research Sandia National Laboratories David Bernholdt Oak Ridge National Laboratory Please open the Q&A Google Doc so that I can ask you Michael Heroux some questions! Sandia National Laboratories http://bit.ly/IDEAS-licensing ATPESC 2019 Q Center, St. Charles, IL (USA) (And you’re welcome to ask See slide 2 for 8 August 2019 license details me questions too) exascaleproject.org Disclaimers, license, citation, and acknowledgements Disclaimers • This is not legal advice (TINLA). Consult with true experts before making any consequential decisions • Copyright laws differ by country. Some info may be US-centric License and Citation • This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). • Requested citation: James Willenbring, David Bernholdt and Michael Heroux, An Introduction to Software Licensing, tutorial, in Argonne Training Program on Extreme-Scale Computing (ATPESC) 2019. • An earlier presentation is archived at https://ideas-productivity.org/events/hpc-best-practices-webinars/#webinar024 Acknowledgements • This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR), and by the Exascale Computing Project (17-SC-20-SC), a collaborative effort of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science and the National Nuclear Security Administration. • This work was performed in part at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. • This work was performed in part at Sandia National Laboratories. -
Bringing GNU Emacs to Native Code
Bringing GNU Emacs to Native Code Andrea Corallo Luca Nassi Nicola Manca [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] CNR-SPIN Genoa, Italy ABSTRACT such a long-standing project. Although this makes it didactic, some Emacs Lisp (Elisp) is the Lisp dialect used by the Emacs text editor limitations prevent the current implementation of Emacs Lisp to family. GNU Emacs can currently execute Elisp code either inter- be appealing for broader use. In this context, performance issues preted or byte-interpreted after it has been compiled to byte-code. represent the main bottleneck, which can be broken down in three In this work we discuss the implementation of an optimizing com- main sub-problems: piler approach for Elisp targeting native code. The native compiler • lack of true multi-threading support, employs the byte-compiler’s internal representation as input and • garbage collection speed, exploits libgccjit to achieve code generation using the GNU Com- • code execution speed. piler Collection (GCC) infrastructure. Generated executables are From now on we will focus on the last of these issues, which con- stored as binary files and can be loaded and unloaded dynamically. stitutes the topic of this work. Most of the functionality of the compiler is written in Elisp itself, The current implementation traditionally approaches the prob- including several optimization passes, paired with a C back-end lem of code execution speed in two ways: to interface with the GNU Emacs core and libgccjit. Though still a work in progress, our implementation is able to bootstrap a func- • Implementing a large number of performance-sensitive prim- tional Emacs and compile all lexically scoped Elisp files, including itive functions (also known as subr) in C. -
Open-Source-Licenses.Pdf
Open Source Licenses Olivier Dony @odony Agenda o Brief history: GPL and Copyleft o AGPL vs LGPL o Licenses of Odoo 9 o Combining licenses Brief history: GPL Before 1980, most programs were distributed with source code by default (for portability, bugfixing, auditing, etc.) Most software came from an academic background Then the situation changed. GPL = Copyleft Copyleft relies on universal Copyright laws to enforce freedom for a piece of work The Free Software Foundation defines four freedoms: use, modify, distribute, and distribute modifications To guarantee these freedoms to every user, GPL forbids any restriction coming from other licenses Brief history: GPL 1983: Richard Stallman creates GNU 1989: GPLv1 is born (bin + source, no restrictions) 1991: GPLv2, LGPLv2 (“liberty or death”, C-lib) 1999: LGPLv2.1 (library -> lesser) 2007: GPLv3, LGPLv3, AGPLv3 (DRM, tivoization, wording, patents) Brief history: Odoo 2005: TinyERP 1.0-4.0 – GPLv2 or later 2009: OpenERP 5.0 – GPLv3 or later + OEPL (web) 2011: OpenERP 6.0 – AGPLv3 + OEPL (web) 2012: OpenERP 6.1 – AGPLv3 2012: OpenERP0 0 0 7.02 – AGPLv3 5 0 2014: Odoo 8.0 – AGPLv3 0 2 2015:0 Odoo1 0 2 9.0 – CE: LGPLv3 + OE AGPL GPL is a strong copyleft license, but it suffers from the ASP loophole (Cloud) => 4 freedoms are only enforced if distributed AGPL was created to fix this, by adding the Section 13 provision: Copyleft applies as soon as users are interacting remotely with the program LGPL GPL is a strong copyleft license, but lacks a linking exception => Unsuitable for libraries, such as the C lib LGPL was created to fix this, by adding a linking exception on top of GPL “Using/Linking” in any program is OK if the LGPL part can be modified/replaced. -
Anarchism Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright
Anarchism Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright Eben Moglen£ May 17, 1999 I Software as Property: The Theoretical Paradox SOFTWARE: no other word so thoroughly connotes the practical and social effects of the digital revolution. Originally, the term was purely tech- nical, and denoted the parts of a computer system that, unlike “hardware,” which was unchangeably manufactured in system electronics, could be al- tered freely. The first software amounted to the plug configuration of ca- bles or switches on the outside panels of an electronic device, but as soonas linguistic means of altering computer behavior had been developed, “soft- ware” mostly denoted the expressions in more or less human-readable lan- guage that both described and controlled machine behavior.1 £ Professor of Law & Legal History, Columbia Law School. Prepared for delivery at the Buchmann International Conference on Law, Technology and Information, at Tel Aviv Uni- versity, May 1999; my thanks to the organizers for their kind invitation. I owe much as always to Pamela Karlan for her insight and encouragement. Thanks are due to Jerome Saltzer, Richard Stallman, and numerous others who freely contributed corrections and im- povements to this paper. I especially wish to thank the programmers throughout the world who made free software possible. 1The distinction was only approximate in its original context. By the late 1960s cer- tain portions of the basic operation of hardware were controlled by programs digitally en- coded in the electronics of computer equipment, not subject to change after the units left the factory. Such symbolic but unmodifiable components were known in the trade as “mi- crocode,” but it became conventional to refer to them as “firmware.” Softness, the term “firmware” demonstrated, referred primarily to users’ ability to alter symbols determining machine behavior. -
Omnipresent and Low-Overhead Application Debugging
Omnipresent and low-overhead application debugging Robert Strandh [email protected] LaBRI, University of Bordeaux Talence, France ABSTRACT application programmers as opposed to system programmers. The state of the art in application debugging in free Common The difference, in the context of this paper, is that the tech- Lisp implementations leaves much to be desired. In many niques that we suggest are not adapted to debugging the cases, only a backtrace inspector is provided, allowing the system itself, such as the compiler. Instead, throughout this application programmer to examine the control stack when paper, we assume that, as far as the application programmer an unhandled error is signaled. Most such implementations do is concerned, the semantics of the code generated by the not allow the programmer to set breakpoints (unconditional compiler corresponds to that of the source code. or conditional), nor to step the program after it has stopped. In this paper, we are mainly concerned with Common Furthermore, even debugging tools such as tracing or man- Lisp [1] implementations distributed as so-called FLOSS, i.e., ually calling break are typically very limited in that they do \Free, Libre, and Open Source Software". While some such not allow the programmer to trace or break in important sys- implementations are excellent in terms of the quality of the tem functions such as make-instance or shared-initialize, code that the compiler generates, most leave much to be simply because these tools impact all callers, including those desired when it comes to debugging tools available to the of the system itself, such as the compiler. -
GNU Guix Cookbook Tutorials and Examples for Using the GNU Guix Functional Package Manager
GNU Guix Cookbook Tutorials and examples for using the GNU Guix Functional Package Manager The GNU Guix Developers Copyright c 2019 Ricardo Wurmus Copyright c 2019 Efraim Flashner Copyright c 2019 Pierre Neidhardt Copyright c 2020 Oleg Pykhalov Copyright c 2020 Matthew Brooks Copyright c 2020 Marcin Karpezo Copyright c 2020 Brice Waegeneire Copyright c 2020 Andr´eBatista Copyright c 2020 Christine Lemmer-Webber Copyright c 2021 Joshua Branson Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License". i Table of Contents GNU Guix Cookbook ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1 Scheme tutorials ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 1.1 A Scheme Crash Course :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 2 Packaging :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 2.1 Packaging Tutorial:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 2.1.1 A \Hello World" package :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 2.1.2 Setup:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 2.1.2.1 Local file ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 2.1.2.2 `GUIX_PACKAGE_PATH' ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 2.1.2.3 Guix channels ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 2.1.2.4 Direct checkout hacking:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 2.1.3 Extended example :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -
Introduction to GNU Octave
Introduction to GNU Octave Hubert Selhofer, revised by Marcel Oliver updated to current Octave version by Thomas L. Scofield 2008/08/16 line 1 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 8 6 4 2 -8 -6 0 -4 -2 -2 0 -4 2 4 -6 6 8 -8 Contents 1 Basics 2 1.1 What is Octave? ........................... 2 1.2 Help! . 2 1.3 Input conventions . 3 1.4 Variables and standard operations . 3 2 Vector and matrix operations 4 2.1 Vectors . 4 2.2 Matrices . 4 1 2.3 Basic matrix arithmetic . 5 2.4 Element-wise operations . 5 2.5 Indexing and slicing . 6 2.6 Solving linear systems of equations . 7 2.7 Inverses, decompositions, eigenvalues . 7 2.8 Testing for zero elements . 8 3 Control structures 8 3.1 Functions . 8 3.2 Global variables . 9 3.3 Loops . 9 3.4 Branching . 9 3.5 Functions of functions . 10 3.6 Efficiency considerations . 10 3.7 Input and output . 11 4 Graphics 11 4.1 2D graphics . 11 4.2 3D graphics: . 12 4.3 Commands for 2D and 3D graphics . 13 5 Exercises 13 5.1 Linear algebra . 13 5.2 Timing . 14 5.3 Stability functions of BDF-integrators . 14 5.4 3D plot . 15 5.5 Hilbert matrix . 15 5.6 Least square fit of a straight line . 16 5.7 Trapezoidal rule . 16 1 Basics 1.1 What is Octave? Octave is an interactive programming language specifically suited for vectoriz- able numerical calculations. -
Lecture 1: Introduction to UNIX
The Operating System Course Overview Getting Started Lecture 1: Introduction to UNIX CS2042 - UNIX Tools September 29, 2008 Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages Lecture Outline 1 The Operating System Description and History UNIX Flavors Advantages and Disadvantages 2 Course Overview Class Specifics 3 Getting Started Login Information Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages What is UNIX? One of the first widely-used operating systems Basis for many modern OSes Helped set the standard for multi-tasking, multi-user systems Strictly a teaching tool (in its original form) Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages A Brief History of UNIX Origins The first version of UNIX was created in 1969 by a group of guys working for AT&T's Bell Labs. It was one of the first big projects written in the emerging C language. It gained popularity throughout the '70s and '80s, although non-AT&T versions eventually took the lion's share of the market. Predates Microsoft's DOS by 12 years! Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages Lecture Outline 1 The Operating System Description and History UNIX Flavors Advantages and Disadvantages 2 Course Overview Class Specifics 3 -
Open Source Software Notice
Open Source Software Notice This document describes open source software contained in LG Smart TV SDK. Introduction This chapter describes open source software contained in LG Smart TV SDK. Terms and Conditions of the Applicable Open Source Licenses Please be informed that the open source software is subject to the terms and conditions of the applicable open source licenses, which are described in this chapter. | 1 Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Open Source Software Contained in LG Smart TV SDK ........................................................... 4 Revision History ........................................................................................................................ 5 Terms and Conditions of the Applicable Open Source Licenses..................................................................................... 6 GNU Lesser General Public License ......................................................................................... 6 GNU Lesser General Public License ....................................................................................... 11 Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL 1.1) ....................................................................................... 13 Common Public License Version v 1.0 .................................................................................... 18 Eclipse Public License Version