EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the Situation of Adolescents in Jharkhand Findings from the DASRA State-Wide Survey
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b EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE SITUATION OF ADOLESCENTS IN JHARKHAND FINDINGS FROM THE DASRA STATE-WIDE SURVEY THE SITUATION OF ADOLESCENTS IN JHARKHAND I Empowering India’s adolescents has long been one of the most significant of India’s development challenges. Despite India being home to more adolescents than any other country, many of them face adverse social and economic challenges that complicate their transition from childhood to adulthood. Dasra is catalyzing India’s strategic philanthropy movement to transform a billion lives with dignity and equity since 1999. The 10to19: Dasra Adolescents Collaborative (DAC) is a high-impact platform that unites funders, technical experts, the government, and social organizations to reach 5 million adolescents, and move the needle on four outcomes key to adolescent empowerment: delaying age at marriage; delaying age of first pregnancy/birth; completing secondary education; and increasing agency. DAC employs a two-pronged approach to directly reach adolescents through holistic and scalable programs implemented by Aangan Trust, Quest Alliance, Centre for Catalyzing Change and Child in Need Institute to achieve the four key outcomes at the state level in Jharkhand. Simultaneously, DAC is also building a national movement to make adolescents a priority by anchoring a Community of Practice, comprising of adolescent focused non-profits who collaborate on insights and data focused projects, exchange learnings, and work on collective advocacy interventions and solutions. DAC is supported by Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Children’s Investment Fund Foundation, the David & Lucile Packard Foundation, Kiawah Trust, Tata Trusts and USAID, among others. Suggested Citation: Jejeebhoy, Shireen J., Mukesh Ravi Raushan, Shivani Gupta, Sreya Bhattacharya. 2019. The Situation of Adolescents in Jharkhand: Findings from the DASRA State-wide Survey. Mumbai: DASRA. II THE SITUATION OF ADOLESCENTS IN JHARKHAND FINDINGS FROM THE DASRA STATE-WIDE SURVEY Shireen J. Jejeebhoy AKSHA Centre For Equity and Wellbeing Mukesh Ravi Raushan DASRA Shivani Gupta DASRA Sreya Bhattacharya DASRA THE SITUATION OF ADOLESCENTS IN JHARKHAND III IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XVI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY XVIII Chapter 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Objectives 3 1.2 Conceptual framework 3 1.3 Jharkhand: the socio-demographic context and situation of the young 4 1.4 The intervention in brief 7 1.5 Study design and sample size estimation 8 1.6 Study instruments 9 1.7 Conducting the survey 11 1.8 Ethical considerations 12 1.9 Response rates 13 1.10 Structure of the report 15 Chapter 2 A profile of baseline survey households and adolescents 18 2.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of households 18 2.2 Household economic status 23 2.3 Background characteristics of surveyed adolescents 27 Chapter 3 Educational Attainment 32 3.1. Enrolment and continuation 32 3.2 Background characteristics of respondents 33 3.3 Reasons for never enrolling in or discontinuing schooling prematurely 36 3.4 Desire to enrol or re-enrol in school among those who had never enrolled or had discontinued their education prematurely 40 3.5 School attendance in the week preceding the interview 41 3.6 Homework time and parental engagement in adolescents’ schooling 45 3.7 School/college type, and amenities available 46 3.8 Private coaching 48 3.9 Educational aspirations 49 3.10 Awareness and utilisation of entitlements from school 50 3.11 General knowledge, literacy, numeracy and practical numeracy skills 55 THE SITUATION OF ADOLESCENTS IN JHARKHAND V Chapter 4 Economic activity, career aspirations, livelihood skills training, activity status and migration 61 4.1. Economic activity 61 4.2 Engagement in paid work by background characteristics 65 4.3 Awareness and utilisation of government programmes and schemes for skill-building and employ- ment generation 65 4.4 Career Aspirations 69 4.5 Participation in and preferences for livelihood skill building programmes 71 4.6 Activity status: a summary 76 4.7 Migration experiences 77 Chapter 5 Mass media and social media exposure 81 5.1. Mass media exposure 81 5.2 Access to mobile phones 83 5.3 Access to and use of internet and social media 85 Chapter 6 Parent-child relations 90 6.1 Violence within the home 90 6.2 Parent-child communication 93 6.3 Parents’ involvement in the lives of their sons and daughters 95 6.4 Gender disparities in childrearing practices 97 6.5 Parents as leading role models 99 6.6 Parents as leading confidantes 100 6.7 Reaction to parental pressure 103 Chapter 7 Agency, support networks, attitudes 105 7.1 Agency 105 7.2 Support networks an interaction 119 7.3 Gender role attitudes and attitudes relating to violence against women and girls 123 7.4 Expression of prosocial attitudes 131 Chapter 8 Awareness of sexual and reproductive health matters 133 8.1 Puberty 133 8.2 Awareness of sexual and reproductive matters 135 8.3 Sources of information on sexual and reproductive matters 143 VI Chapter 9 Romantic and sexual relationships 152 9.1 A word about the questions posed 152 9.2 Romantic relationships 153 9.3 Non-consensual sexual experiences 157 9.4 Sexual experiences within romantic and other relationships among older adolescents 160 9.5 Premarital pregnancy 161 Chapter 10 Marriage and married life 163 10.1 Preferences about marriage age 163 10.2 Entry into married life 164 10.3 Involvement in marriage processes and pre-marital acquaintance with husband 168 10.4 Dowry and bride-price 170 10.5 Intra-family communication on sensitive and non-sensitive matters 171 10.6 Experience of domestic violence within marriage 172 10.7 Preferences about postponing the first birth and contraceptive practice to delay first birth 175 10.8 Contraceptive practice: ever in married life and at the time of the interview 176 10.9 Pregnancy and childbearing 182 10.10 Pregnancy related care for the first birth 187 Chapter 11 Key adolescent health concerns and access to health-related programmes 193 11.1 Health concerns and practices 193 11.2 Awareness of health programmes and use of their services 199 Chapter 12 Recommendations 207 References 218 List of investigators 221 Appendices 224 THE SITUATION OF ADOLESCENTS IN JHARKHAND VII LIST OF TABLES Chapter 1 Introduction Table 1.1 Selected socio-demographic indicators for Jharkhand state and intervention districts 6 Table 1.2 Distribution of districts and blocks to be covered by partner organisations 7 Table 1.3 Results of household interviews 13 Table 1.4 Results of eligible respondent interviews 14 Chapter 2 A profile of baseline survey households and adolescents Table 2.1 Socio-demographic profile of surveyed households 19 Table 2.2 Housing and household amenities 21 Table 2.3 Household economic status 24 Table 2.4 Household indebtedness 26 Table 2.5 Background characteristics of surveyed adolescents 27 Chapter 3 Educational Attainment Table 3.1 Educational attainment and current educational status of boys and girls aged 10-21, 33 Jharkhand Table 3.2 Educational attainment of adolescents by background characteristics 35 Table 3.3 Reasons for never enrolling in school 37 Table 3.4 Reasons for premature school discontinuation 39 Table 3.5 Desire to enrol or re-enrol in school 41 Table 3.6 School attendance in the week preceding the interview 42 Table 3.7 Reasons for irregular school attendance 44 Table 3.8 Homework time and parental engagement in adolescents’ schooling 46 Table 3.9 School/college type, amenities available in educational facilities 47 Table 3.10 Private tuition 48 Table 3.11 Educational aspirations 49 Table 3.12 Awareness of entitlements from school 51 Table 3.13 Reach of entitlements from school 53 Table 3.14 Awareness of School Management Committees (SMC) and Bal Sansad, and participation in 54 and contact with these facilities Table 3.15 Literacy and numeracy levels 56 Table 3.16 General knowledge levels 57 Table 3.17 Practical numeracy levels 59 Chapter 4 Economic activity, career aspirations, livelihood skills training, activity status and migration Table 4.1 Economic activity 63 Table 4.2 Engagement in paid work in the 12 months preceding the interview by selected background 66 characteristics VIII Table 4.3 Awareness and utilisation of government programmes and schemes for skill-building and 67 employment generation Table 4.4 Career aspirations for adulthood 69 Table 4.5 Participation in livelihood skills training programmes 72 Table 4.6 Experience of exposure to livelihood skills training 74 Table 4.7 Unmet need for livelihood skill training 75 Table 4.8 Demand for livelihood skill training 76 Table 4.9 Activity status in the 12 months preceding the interview 77 Table 4.10 Migration status and reason for migration 79 Chapter 5 Mass media and social media exposure Table 5.1 Mass media exposure 82 Table 5.2 Access to mobile phones 84 Table 5.3 Access to internet and social media 86 Chapter 6 Parent-child relations Table 6.1 Witnessing parental violence 91 Table 6.2 Experience of violence perpetrated by a parent 92 Table 6.3 Parent-child communication 94 Table 6.4 Parents’ involvement in the lives of their sons and daughters 96 Table 6.5 Gender disparities in childrearing practices 98 Table 6.6 Adolescents’ role models 100 Table 6.7 Parents versus others as leading confidante on personal matters 101 Table 6.8 Reaction to parental pressure: Responses on vignettes 103 Chapter 7 Agency, support networks, attitudes Table 7.1 Decision-making 107 Table 7.2 Decision-making by selected background characteristics 109 Table 7.3 Freedom of movement 111 Table 7.4 Freedom of movement