DOCSLIB.ORG

Hawaiian Ridge (WNW- Trending Islands and Atolls) and the Emperor Seamounts (N- Trending Collection of Submaring Mountains (Seamounts)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hawaiian Ridge (WNW- Trending Islands and Atolls) and the Emperor Seamounts (N- Trending Collection of Submaring Mountains (Seamounts) Principal Islands of the State of Hawai‘i Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i and Ka‘ula O‘ahu Moloka‘i, Lna‘i, Kaho‘olawe, Maui Hawai‘i Island = Big Island This map also shows the off-shore regions with “cooler” shades indicating deeper water Some islands are approximately circular Others clearly consist of two main mountain ranges, e.g., Wai‘anae and Ko‘olau on O‘ahu East and West Moloka‘i East and West Maui Or even 5! Each individual mountain is a separate volcano Some islands are clustered into groups, separated by channels ‘Alenuihh channel separates Big Island from Maui Nui Ka‘iwi channel between O‘ahu and Moloka‘i Kauai channel between O‘ahu and Kaua‘i Only Big Island has had eruptions in the last 200 years Hawaiian Swell – more than just volcanic peaks sticking out of the water Arch – broad feature ~350 km across; rises ~1 km above moat Moat (or deep) – axis ~100 km off shore; discontinuous at least to Gardner Pinnacles; more prominent on N. side of ridge Ridge – rises 4500-9200 m above surrounding seafloor. Islands sit astride the ridge. Origin of the Swell The swell is partly a product of thermal expansion - From intrusion of hot material from below Volcanic loading on a stiff plate And partly a product of flexure - Plate bends or flexes downward below the volcanic Volcanic loading load and upward away from on an elastic plate it. The main Hawaiian islands represent only the SE end of a long structure that includes both the Hawaiian Ridge (WNW- trending islands and atolls) and the Emperor Seamounts (N- trending collection of submaring mountains (seamounts) The Hawaiian Swell is present over much of this length, although it is most evident around the SE end of the chain. Hawaiian Ridge – generally deepens to NW Swell topography (from Wessel, 1993) Best fit to observations Predicted depth for plate rejuvenated to 45 Ma beneath the hotspot Predicted from cooling plate model Estimate of bathymetry away from swell Models do not predict effects of fracture zones Variation in depth with distance along Hawaiian Ridge subsidence Most volcanoes west of Maui have subsided at least 3 km! Origin of Atolls (Darwin, 1839) Paired Volcanoes and Volcanic Lineaments It is possible to draw lines through volcano locations Paired Volcanoes and volcanic lineaments -The curved loci shown are not the only way to connect the dots -Note left-stepping lineaments in Hawaiian Ridge and right- stepping lineaments in Emperor Seamounts Figure from Clague and Dalrymple [1989], based on Jackson et al. [1972] Irregular volume distribution along the Hawaiian Ridge Midway Gardner Pinnacles Age Progression along the Hawaiian Ridge Hawaiian legends Pele changed house. Arrived on O‘ahu at Kneana from Kaua‘i, left O‘ahu along Koko rift Pele resided for a time at Haleakal, now resides at Halema‘uma‘u Crater in Klauea J. D. Dana, U. S. Exploring Note that extinction age is not the Expedition, 1849 same as age of formation Age of Extinction Last known activity Oldest known (based on amt of erosion) rocks Mauna Loa 1984 A.D. ~ 300 Ka Haleakal ~ 400 yrs B.P. ~ 900 Ka Mauna Kea ~ 3500 yrs B.P. ~ 380 ka Ko‘olau ~ 100 ka ~ 2.9 Ma West Maui ~ 400 ka ~ 1.8 Ma Wai‘anae ~ 3 Ma ~ 4.0 Ma Kaua‘i ~ 1 Ma ~ 6.0 Ma Modern approaches involve radiometric dating, primarily using K-Ar Age-distance plot from Clague and Dalrymple (1989). Overall slope = 86 mm/yr. Age-distance plot from Wessel and Kroenke (2000). Overall slope = 77 mm/yr with much higher rates in the SE end of the chain What does it mean to have an age progression along the Hawaiian Ridge? 1. The Hawaiian-Emperor chain is the result of some regular process that has been fairly systematic for at least the last 80 m.y. 2. It is a kind of clock, i.e. if you know where you are, you know the age of the rocks under your feet. What is moving? What changed ~43 million years ago (the age of the Hawaiian- Emperor “bend”? .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Important Bird Areas in Hawaii Elepaio Article
    Globally Important Bird Areas in the Hawaiian Islands: Final Report Dr. Eric A. VanderWerf Pacific Rim Conservation 3038 Oahu Avenue Honolulu, HI 96822 9 June 2008 Prepared for the National Audubon Society, Important Bird Areas Program, Audubon Science, 545 Almshouse Road, Ivyland, PA 18974 3 of the 17 globally Important Bird Areas in Hawai`i, from top to bottom: Lehua Islet Hanawī Natural Area Reserve, Maui Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai All photos © Eric VanderWerf Hawaii IBAs VanderWerf - 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS PROGRAM The Important Bird Areas (IBA) Program is a global effort developed by BirdLife International, a global coalition of partner organizations in more than 100 countries, to assist with identification and conservation of areas that are vital to birds and other biodiversity. The IBA Program was initiated by BirdLife International in Europe in the 1980's. Since then, over 8,000 sites in 178 countries have been identified as Important Bird Areas, with many national and regional IBA inventories published in 19 languages. Hundreds of these sites and millions of acres have received better protection as a result of the IBA Program. As the United States Partner of BirdLife International, the National Audubon Society administers the IBA Program in the U.S., which was launched in 1995 (see http://www.audubon.org/bird/iba/index.html). Forty-eight states have initiated IBA programs, and more than 2,100 state-level IBAs encompassing over 220 million acres have been identified across the country. Information about these sites will be reviewed by the U.S. IBA Committee to confirm whether they qualify for classification as sites of continental or global significance.
    [Show full text]
  • Nihoa Manawai Holoikauaua Pearl & Hermes Atoll Kapou Papa'āpoho Lisianski Island Kamole Kauō Laysan Island Kamokuokamohoali'i Ko'anako'a Maro Reef
    175°E 180° 175°W 170°W 165°W 160°W 155°W 150°W 35°N 35°N North America Japan Map Area Photo by Dan Clark/USFWS Hawaiian Islands Photo by Na‘alehu Anthony P a c i f i c Seabird Refuge A Living Hawaiian Culture O c e a n The monument is home to over 14 million seabirds 30°N Hiryū USS Yorktown Equator representing 23 species. This includes the world's Traditional Hawaiian accounts describe largest colonies of Laysan and black-footed Papahānaumokuākea as a sacred area from which Rapa Sōryū albatross. Pictured above is the world's oldest life first emerged and to which spirits return after Nui Australia known bird in the wild – a Laysan albatross named 30°N death. Akagi Wisdom! Banded in 1956 when she was at least five Kaga years old, Wisdom may have hatched more than 36 New Zealand chicks in her lifetime. Hōlanikū Manawai Unnamed Holoikauaua Mokupāpapa Seamount Kure Atoll Pearl & Hermes Atoll 582,578 square miles, only six square miles of land Helsley Seamount Ladd Seamount Kamole Kauō ‘Ōnūnui, ‘Ōnūiki Photo by Mark Sullivan/NOAA Laysan Island Photo by NOAA/OER Endemic Sanctuary Pūhāhonu New Discoveries The monument is home to many species found Kuaihelani Gardner Pinnacles The majority of the seafloor in the Northwestern nowhere else on Earth and is a critically important Pihemanu Salmon Hawaiian Islands lies at depths below 10,000 feet nesting ground for green sea turtles and breeding Bank (3,000 meters). Using advanced technologies like ground for Hawaiian monk seals.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory and Monitoring of Seabirds in National Park of American Samoa
    Final Report. Technical Report 136 INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF SEABIRDS IN NATIONAL PARK OF AMERICAN SAMOA By Paul J. O’Connor and Mark J. Rauzon October 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I AT MANOA NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CONTRACT NO. 8036-2-9004 CONTRIBUTION NUMBER 136 PSCU/UH - i - Item Page Table of Contents i List of Figures iii List of Tables iv Report Summary 1 Project Introduction 3 Background 3 Study Area 4 Study Species 11 Methods 13 General Methods 13 Complete Island Surveys 15 Fixed Location Counts 17 High-Elevation Ground & 19 Cliff Nesters Results & Discussion 22 General Results & Discussion 22 Complete Island Surveys 22 Fixed location Counts 35 Seabird Colonies 38 Coastal Breeders 38 High-Elevation Ground & Cliff 40 Nesters Species Present 40 Nests 43 Petrel Distributions Elsewhere 44 in American Samoa Petrel Specimens & Natural 45 History Rose Atoll Seabirds 49 Conclusions 50 Monitoring & Its Future at 50 NPSA Seabird Population Status 52 Field Access & Operations 54 Developing Additional 55 Survey Methods Invasive Species 56 - ii - Invertebrates 56 Vertebrates 56 Rodent Control 60 Human Impacts 63 Recommendations 64 Tutuila Unit 64 Manu’a Units 65 Acknowledgments 66 References 67 Appendices 71-140 Appendix A: Seabird Accounts for American Samoa 71 Appendix B: Tutuila and Aunu’u Islands, Round Island 98 Survey Site Maps Appendix C: Tahiti Petrel Voice Analysis 112 Appendix D: Ectoparasites from Tahiti Petrel on Ta’u 116 Appendix E: Radar Survey Techniques Employed at 119 Channel Islands National Park Appendix F: Establishing a Water Collection System 123 and Base Camp on Mt. Lata Appendix G: Status of the Spotless Crake in American 124 Samoa Appendix H: Coastal Seabird Colonies Maps for 130 American Samoa Appendix I: Brief Video Clips from Summit of Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of the Property Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument
    1. DRAFT 38 3. Justification for Inscription Identification of the Property Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument 1. Identification of the Property (Photo: James Watt) 1.a Country United States of America. 1.b State, Province or Region apahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument is comprised of lands and Popular and Historic Names waters under the management, control and jurisdiction of the United States of America, Table1.1: Other popular or historic place and also includes lands and waters of the names for the property State of Hawai‘i. P The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) The Küpuna (Elder) Islands 1.c Name of Property The Leeward Islands “Papahänaumokuäkea Marine Nä Moku Manamana National Monument” Nä Moku Papapa Papahänaumokuäkea (pronounced Throughout this document, several Pa-pa HAH-nou-mo-koo-AH-keh-ah) comes placenames are used. In general, from an ancient Hawaiian traditional chant “Papahänaumokuäkea” sufficiently concerning the genealogy and formation of refers to the place, although the terms the Hawaiian Islands, and a deep honoring “Northwestern Hawaiian Islands” or of the dualisms of life. An explanation of the “NWHI” are used when referencing 10 meaning and process for naming the property biogeography or when quoting publications is found at the beginning of Section 2.a. employing these placenames. When referring to management authorities and the like, this document applies the term PopularNames of and Individual Historic Islands/Reefs/Shoals names “the Monument”. Table 1.2: Names of individual islands, reefs,
    [Show full text]
  • Native Plants of Midway Atoll NWR U.S
    Native Plants of Midway Atoll NWR U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report by John Klavitter, Honolulu, HI, December 22, 2006. In the past, at least 37 native plant species have occurred at Midway. Currently, 20 native species (6 endemic, 1 species of concern) occur on the Refuge and at least 15 (9 endemic) have been extirpated and 2 (both endemic) are thought to be extinct. Lepterus repens (ind) Psuedognaphalium sandwicensium Lepterus (nwm), Wagner et al. 1999 ‘Ena’ena (end, nwm) One endemic palm from Molokai is also present, but not included in Midway’s native plant species count. The total number of species (native and non-native) recorded from Midway is 354 with a total of 264 being present during the last major botanical survey between April and June 1999 (Starr and Martz 1999). The Refuge hopes to reintroduce Achyranthes atollensis (end) appropriate extirpated plants back to Lepidium bidentatum var. o-wahihiense (end) Note: A. splendens shown above Midway within the next 2 years and 'Anaunau (nw) (rei from Laysan 2005) (E, nw, ext), Wagner et al. 1999 proposes using seeds to avoid accidental alien species introductions. (end = endemic to Hawaii, ind = indigenous to Hawaii, nw = found in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands only, nwm = found in the Northwestern and Main Hawaiian Islands, E = endangered, T = threatened, C = species of concern, ext = extinct, exr = extirpated at Midway, rei = extirpated at Midway but reintroduced, red = Mariscus javanicus (ind) ‘Ahu’ahu, Eragrostis variabilis (end) Bunch Grass, rediscovered at Midway). Wagner et al. 1999 (nwm) Kawelu, Emoloa Lovegrass (nwm) Eragrostis paupera (ind) Dwarf Bunch Grass (nwm) Cenchrus agrimonioides var.
    [Show full text]
  • Cruise Report Vessel
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE/NOAA FISHERIES Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center 2570 Dole St. Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2396 (808) 983-5300 Fax: (808) 983-2902 CRUISE REPORT1 VESSEL: F/V Katy Mary, Cruise NC-08-01 CRUISE PERIOD: 5 August–8 September 2008 AREA OF OPERATION: Necker Island, Gardner Pinnacles, Maro Reef and Laysan Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) (Fig. 1) TYPE OF OPERATION: Personnel from the Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (JIMAR) conducted lobster trapping and tagging in the waters around Necker Island, Gardner Pinnacles, Maro Reef and Laysan Island, NWHI from August 5 to September 8, 2008. ITINERARY: 5 August Start of cruise. Embarked scientists Michael Clarke, John Wickstrom and Joseph O’Malley. Departed Honolulu, Oahu; transited to Laysan Island. 10 August Arrived Laysan Island. Commenced lobster trapping and tagging operations. 16 August Hauled lobster traps. Departed Laysan Island and transited to Maro Reef. 17 August Arrived Maro Reef. Commenced lobster trapping and tagging operations. 23 August Hauled lobster traps. Departed Maro Reef and transited to Gardner Pinnacles. 24 August Arrived Gardner Pinnacles. Commenced lobster trapping and tagging operations. 1 PIFSC Cruise Report CR-08-012 Issued 16 September 2008 30 August Hauled lobster traps. Departed Gardner Pinnacles and transited to Necker Island. 31 August Arrived Necker Island. Commenced lobster trapping and tagging operations. 6 September Hauled lobster traps. Departed Necker Island and transited to Honolulu, Oahu. 8 September Arrived Honolulu, Oahu. Disembarked scientists Michael Clarke, John Wickstrom, and Joseph O’Malley. MISSIONS AND RESULTS: 2.1 Missions of the cruise are: A.
    [Show full text]
  • GG103 Geology of Hawaiian Islands I. Hawaiian Swell
    GG103 Geology of Hawaiian Islands I. Hawaiian Swell A. The geologic province of Hawai‘i is much more than simply islands sticking out of the sea. The entire province comprises three components that collectively make up the Hawaiian Swell: 1. Hawaiian Arch: a broad feature ~350 km across that rises about 1000 m above the deepest part of the Hawaiian Moat 2. Moat (or Deep): a series of deep troughs with axes lying about 100 km off shore. They are best defined on the north side of the ridge, and can be followed discontinuously up to about Gardner Pinnacles. 3. Hawaiian Ridge: rises ~4500 - 9200 m above the surrounding seafloor. Individual islands lie on the Hawaiian Ridge B. The structure of the Hawaiian Swell can be related to two main processes 1. Thermal effects (uplift) associated with the intrusion of hot material into the underlying mantle. (Hot material is less dense (more buoyant) than cold material). 2. Flexure (bending) associated with loading (volcanic construction) onto the surrounding seafloor II. Hawaiian Ridge - Emperor Seamounts A. Conprises both the Hawaiian Ridge, trending WNW, and its continuation along the Emperor Seamounts, trending ~N-S. The overall geometry suggests a quasi-continuous feature with a bend west of Midway. B. Individual volcanoes lie on top of the Hawaiian Ridge. 1. They appear to lie on several curved loci, which generally step to the left along the Hawaiian Ridge and step to the right along the Emperor Seamounts. 2. No one really understands these lineaments; they may somehow be related to regional stresses in the Pacific Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • (USGS) Board of Geographic Names (BGN) with Emphasis on the Hawaii Board on Geographic Names 2015-2017
    Description of document: Documents/email received by the US Geological Survey (USGS) Board of Geographic Names (BGN) with emphasis on the Hawaii Board on Geographic Names 2015-2017 Requested date: 03-June-2017 Release date: 13-July-2017 Posted date: 24-December-2018 Source of document: Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Officer U.S. Geological Survey Department of the Interior 5522 Research Park Drive Baltimore, MD 21228 Fax: (443) 498-5510 Email: [email protected] The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. From: GS-D-EI_Freedom of Information Act <[email protected]> Cc: foia <[email protected]> Sent: Thu, Jul 13, 2017 10:10 am Subject: FOIA: USGS-2017-00141 Final Response This is our final response to your FOIA request (Control Number USGS-2107-00141) dated June 3, 2017, in which you requested copies of the following records: A copy of each letter received by the Board of Geographic Names from the Hawaii Board on Geographic Names during Fiscal Year 2017 to date.
    [Show full text]
  • 50 CFR Ch. VI (10–1–20 Edition)
    Pt. 665 50 CFR Ch. VI (10–1–20 Edition) PART 665—FISHERIES IN THE Subpart C—Hawaii Fisheries WESTERN PACIFIC 665.198 Management areas. 665.199 Area restrictions [Reserved] Subpart A—General 665.200 Hawaii bottomfish and seamount groundfish fisheries [Reserved] Sec. 665.201 Definitions. 665.1 Purpose and scope. 665.202 Management subareas. 665.2 Relation to other laws. 665.203 Permits. 665.3 Licensing and registration. 665.204 Prohibitions. 665.4 Annual catch limits. 665.205 Notification. 665.5–665.11 [Reserved] 665.206 Gear restrictions. 665.12 Definitions. 665.207 At-sea observer coverage. 665.13 Permits and fees. 665.208 Protected species conservation. 665.14 Reporting and recordkeeping. 665.209 Fishing moratorium at Hancock 665.15 Prohibitions. Seamount. 665.16 Vessel identification. 665.210 [Reserved] 665.17 Experimental fishing. 665.211 Annual Catch Limits (ACL). 665.18 Framework adjustments to manage- 665.212 Non-commercial bag limits. ment measures. 665.213–665.219 [Reserved] 665.19 Vessel monitoring system. 665.220 Hawaii coral reef ecosystem fisheries 665.20 Western Pacific Community Develop- [Reserved] ment Program. 665.221 Definitions. 665.222 Management area. Subpart B—American Samoa Fisheries 665.223 Relation to other laws. 665.224 Permits and fees. 665.98 Management area. 665.225 Prohibitions. 665.99 Area restrictions. 665.226 Notifications. 665.100 American Samoa bottomfish fish- 665.227 Allowable gear and gear restrictions. eries [Reserved] 665.228 Gear identification. 665.101 Definitions. 665.229–665.239 [Reserved] 665.102 [Reserved] 665.240 Hawaii crustacean fisheries [Re- 665.103 Prohibitions. served] 665.104 Gear restrictions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Natural History of Gardner Pinnacles, Northwestern Hawaiian
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN No. 163 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GARDNER PINNACLES, NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS by Roger B. Clapp Issued by THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION with the assistance of The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, D. C., U. S. A. December 31, 1972 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ..........................................iv List of Tables ...........................................iv Introduction.............................................. 1 History of Gardner Pinnacles ..............................2 Description ...............................................6 Geology ...................................................6 Botany ....................................................7 Vertebrate Fauna ..........................................7 Reptiles and Mammals ...................................7 Birds ..................................................8 Composition of the Avifauna .........................8 Historical Changes in the Size of Populations .......8 Banding .............................................9 Specimens ..........................................10 Species Accounts ...................................LO Diomedea imrnutabilis ............................10 Bulweria bulwerii ...............................11 Puffinus pacificus ..............................11 Puffinus nativitatus ............................12 Oceanodroma castro ..............................13 Phaethon rubricauda .............................13 Phaethon lepturus ...............................14
    [Show full text]
  • Sailing Through Time: a Historical Examination of the Explorations and Expeditions of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 594 SAILING THROUGH TIME: A HISTORICAL EXAMINATION OF THE EXPLORATIONS AND EXPEDITIONS OF THE PAPAHĀNAUMOKUĀKEA MARINE NATIONAL MONUMENT Carlie S. Wiener and Daniel Wagner SAILING THROUGH TIME: A HISTORICAL EXAMINATION OF THE EXPLORATIONS AND EXPEDITIONS OF THE PAPAHĀNAUMOKUĀKEA MARINE NATIONAL MONUMENT Carlie S. Wiener and Daniel Wagner Atoll Research Bulletin No. 594 12 November 2013 All statements made in papers published in the Atoll Research Bulletin are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Smithsonian Institution or of the editors of the Bulletin. Articles submitted for publication in the Atoll Research Bulletin should be original papers and must be made available by authors for open access publication. Manuscripts should be consistent with the “Author Formatting Guidelines for Publication in the Atoll Research Bulletin.” All submissions to the Bulletin are peer reviewed and, after revision, are evaluated prior to acceptance and publication through the publisher’s open access portal, Open SI (http://opensi.si.edu). Published by SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SCHOLARLY PRESS P.O. Box 37012, MRC 957 Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 www.scholarlypress.si.edu The rights to all text and images in this publication are owned either by the contributing authors or third parties. Fair use of materials is permitted for personal, educational, or noncommercial purposes. Users must cite author and source of content, must not alter or modify the content, and must comply with all other terms or restrictions that may be applicable. Users are responsible for securing permission from a rights holder for any other use.
    [Show full text]
  • Article 10. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Sections
    Article 10. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Sections: Part I. Development Plan Special Provisions for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 24-10.1 Area description. 24-10.2 Jurisdictional responsibilities. 24-10.3 Land use and urban design principles, standards and controls. Part II. Development Plan Maps for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 24-10.4 Land use maps. Appendix: 24-10 (Reserved) Part I. Development Plan Special Provisions for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Sec. 24-10.1 Area description. The northwestern Hawaiian islands consist of all islands, atolls, reefs and shoals in the Hawaiian Archipelago. All islands, atolls, reefs and shoals in the Hawaiian Archipelago, except for the Midway Islands, are included in the State of Hawaii under the Admission Act, the State Constitution, and the Hawaii Revised Statutes, and are a part of this development plan. Nine larger islands, or island groups, are: Nihoa, Necker Island, French Frigate Shoals, Gardner Pinnacles, Maro Reef, Laysan Island, Lisianski Island, Pearl and Hermes Atoll, and Kure Atoll. Many of these islands, or groups of islands, actually consist of many islets; for example, French Frigate Shoals contains 13 specific islets. The nine major islands, or groups of islands, range in size from Maro Reef with less than one acre to Laysan Island with 913 acres. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands have no permanent residents; however, the U.S. Coast Guard maintains facilities at Kure Atoll and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has facilities on Tern Island in French Frigate Shoals. (Sec. 32-10.1, R.O. 1978 (1987 Supp. to 1983 Ed.)) Sec. 24-10.2 Jurisdictional responsibilities.
    [Show full text]