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First Record of Ophiophagy in the Roughtail Rock Agama (Stellagama Stellio): One of the Most Rare Feeding Behaviors Among European Lizards

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First Record of Ophiophagy in the Roughtail Rock Agama (Stellagama Stellio): One of the Most Rare Feeding Behaviors Among European Lizards Herpetology Notes, volume 8: 111-113 (2015) (published online on 10 April 2015) First record of ophiophagy in the roughtail rock agama (Stellagama stellio): one of the most rare feeding behaviors among European lizards Emmanouela Karameta*, Vassilios V. Papadopoulos & Panayiotis Pafilis Feeding ecology shapes the overall biology of animals Corfu and Paxoi Islands in the Ionian Sea (Valakos et and is directly linked to survival and fitness. The low al., 2008), while recently a new population from Crete metabolic rates of ectotherms in combination with the was described (Spaneli and Lymberakis, 2014). The impressive plasticity of their feeding apparatus enable roughtail rock agama feeds mainly on insects and also them to colonize even the poorest habitats, in terms of on large invertebrates such as scolopendres (Düsen and food availability (Huey, 1982; Herrel et al., 2008). In Öz, 2001; Lo Cascio et al., 2001; Ibrahim and El Naggar, this context reptilian trophic preferences attracted early 2013), sharing the feeding habits of other agamids in the researchers and still are a hot topic in herpetological broader area (Çiçek et al., 2011). Occasionally it may studies (Pérez-Mellado et al., 2011). Though a large also prey on mice (Baier et al., 2009) and bird hatchlings body of literature arose through the last two centuries, (Kopan and Yom-Tov, 1982). new evidence is still emerging (Passos et al., 2013; On June 12, 2014, during a field trip to Thessaloniki Melo-Sampaio et al., 2013; Brock et al., 2014). area (40°38’42.79”N, 22°58’52.42”E), Greece, we Ophiophagy (compound word from the Ancient captured 13 S. stellio individuals in a hill top covered Greek: όφις, ophis, “snake” and φαγία, phagia, “to eat with pine trees and shrubby vegetation. Lizards were what the first part denotes”), snake consumption, is an kept in individual terraria for at least two hours before uncommon but not rare practice among reptiles. Many processing them (morphometry, weight, bite force, snakes include other snakes in their diet (Trembath, ectoparasite load). After taking the measurements, all 2008; McKelvy et al., 2013), while ophiophagic lizards were released in the place they were captured. incidences have been also reported from turtles (Lovich While in the terraria, many individuals defecated. We et al., 2010) and lizards (Meyers et al., 2005). In the collected the fecal material and analyzed it under a latter case, snake-eating is restricted to medium- and stereoscope in the lab (Clusella-Trullas and Botes, large-bodied predator species. Here we report a case 2008; Pérez-Mellado et al., 2011). In the faeces of an of ophiophagy in one of the largest European lizards, adult male (snout-vent length: 123 mm, weight: 71.7g), the roughtail rock agama Stellagama stellio (Linnaeus, we detected a large food item (34 mm long) of hard 1758) from Greece. texture that bore scales. We identified it as a part of Stellagama stellio has a disjunct distribution, a juvenile worm snake (Xerotyphlops vermicularis) occurring in Egypt, south-western Asia, Cyprus and (Figure 1a). The scales were very small, with 22 rows Greece that hosts the only European populations of the at the dorsal side (Figure 1b). To certify the validity of species (Ananjeva, 1997). Greek populations include our observation, we compared our finding with a X. east and central Aegean islands, Thessaloniki area, vermicularis Museum specimen that was collected in the same area (Figure 1c). Stellagama stellio is a large lizard, able to enhance its diet with occasional vertebrate prey. Chicks, mice and even lizards (Beutler, 1981; Valakos et al., 2008; Department of Zoology and Marine Biology, School of Biology, Karameta, unpubl. data) may comprise part of its diet. University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Ilissia, Greece. Worm snakes, especially juveniles, are small enough be * Corresponding author: [email protected] consumed by the roughtail rock agama. This is the first 112 Emmanouela Karameta et al. (a) (b) Figure 1. (a) The fecal material spread for analysis (X. vermicularis lies in the centre of the picture), (b) A close-up of X. vermicularis remnants in the stereoscope, (c) Xerotyphlops vermicularis from the fecal material (left) juxtaposed to a Museum specimen (right). Figure 1. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of Cochranella mache from El Salto, Buenaventura, Colombia, showing specific diagnostic features, including bluish-green dorsum with yellow spots and dermal enameled fold and tubercles on ventrolateral edge of limbs. (c) case of ophiophagy in S. stellio and one of the extremely Beutler, A. (1981): Agama stellio (Linnaeus, 1758) - Hardun. rare similar incidents that have been reported from In: Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas, Vol. 1, Europe, pertaining to the largest lizard species such as Echsen (Sauria) I, p. 161-177. Böhme, W., Ed., Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden. Timon lepidus (Castilla et al., 1991) and Ophisaurus Castilla, A.M., Bauwens, D., Llorente, G.A. (1991): Diet apodus (Syrojeckowskij, 1958). composition of the lizard Lacerta lepida in central Spain. Journal of Herpetology 25: 30-36. References Çiçek, K., Ayaz, D., Tok, C.V., Tayhan, Y. (2011): Data on food composition of Phrynocephalus horvathi Méhely, 1894 Ananjeva, N. (1997): Laudakia stellio (Linnaeus, 1758). In: (Reptilia: Agamidae) in Mount Ararat (Northeastern Anatolia, Atlas of amphibians and reptiles in Europe, p. 184-185. Turkey). Ecologia Balkanica 3: 69-73. Gasc, J., Maurin, H., Oliviera, M., Sofianidou, T., Veith, M., Clusella-Trullas, S., Botes, A. (2008): Faecal analysis suggests Zuiderwijk, A., Cabela, A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, D., Dolmen, generalist diets in three species of Western Cape cordylids: short K., Grossenbacher, K., Ed., Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 29. communications. African Zoology 43: 125-130. Societas Europaea Herpetologica, Muséum National d’Histoire Düsen, S., Öz M. (2001): A Study on the Feeding Biology of Naturelle & Service du Patrimone Naturel, Paris. Laudakia (=Agama) stellio (L. 1758) (Lacertilia: Agamidae) Baier, F., Sparrow D.J., Wiedl H.J. (2009): The Amphibians and populations in the Antalya Region. Turkish Journal of Zoology Reptiles of Cyprus. Edition Chimaira Frankfurt am Main. 25: 177-181. Brock, K.M., Donihue C.M., Pafilis, P. (2014): Novel records Herrel, A., Huyghe, K., Vanhooydonck, B., Backeljau, T., of frugivory and ovophagy in Podarcis lizards from East Breugelmans, K., Grbac, I., Van Damme, R., Irschick, Mediterranean Islands. North-Western Journal of Zoology 10: D.J. (2008): Rapid large-scale evolutionary divergence in 223-225. morphology and performance associated with exploitation of a First record of ophiophagy in the roughtail rock agama 113 different dietary resource. Proceedings of the National Academy Passos, D.C., Zanchi, D., de Souza, I.H.B., Gallao, M.I., Borges- of Sciences of the United States of America 105: 4792-4795. Nojosa, D.M. (2013): Frugivory of Momordica charantia Huey, R.B (1982): Temperature, physiology, and the ecology (Cucurbitaceae) by Ameivula ocellifera (Squamata: Teiidae) in of reptiles. In: Biology of the Reptilia Vol. 12, p. 25-91. a coastal area of northeastern Brazil. Salamandra 49: 234-236. Physiology(C), Gans, C., Pough, F.H. Ed., Academic Press, Pérez-Mellado, V., Perez-Cembranos, A., Garrido, M., Luiselli, L., London. Corti, C. (2011): Using faecal samples in lizard dietary studies. Ibrahim, A.A., El-Naggar, M.H. (2013): Diet and reproductive Amphibia-Reptilia 32: 1-7. biology of the Starred Agama, Laudakia stellio (Linnaeus, 1758) Spaneli, V., Lymberakis, P. (2014): First record of Stellagama (Squamata: Agamidae), in the northern Sinai, Egypt. Zoology in stellio (Linnaeus, 1758) from Crete, Greece. Herpetology Notes the Middle East 59: 136-143. 7: 367-369. Kopan, R., Yom-Tov, Y. (1982): Agama stellio (Reptilia: Sauria) Syrojeckowskij, E.E. (1958): Materialy k biologii zheltopuzyka, feeding on avian eggs and chicks. Israel Journal of Zoology 31: Ophisaurus apodus (Pallas 1817). Bjulleten’ Moskovskogo 159-160. Obscestva Ispytatelej Prirody (Bulletin of Moscow Society of Lo Cascio, P., Corti, C., Luiselli, L. (2001): Seasonal variations Naturalists), Moskva (Biol.) 63: 43-48. of the diet of Laudakia stellio (Agamidae) from Nisyros Island, Trembath, D.F. (2008): A record of ophiophagy by the spotted Dodecanese (Greece). Herpetological Journal 11: 33-35. python Antaresia maculosa (Serpentes: Pythonidae) from Lovich, J., Drost, C., Monatesti, A.J., Casper, D., Wood, D.A., Murray Falls National Park, north Queensland, Australia. Girard, M. (2010): Reptilian Prey of the Sonora Mud Turtle Herpetofauna 38: 81-83. (Kinosternon sonoriense) with comments on saurophagy and Valakos, E.D., Pafilis, P., Sotiropoulos, K., Lymberakis, P., ophiophagy in North American Turtles. The Southwestern Maragou, P., Foufopoulos, J. (2008): The Amphibians and Naturalist 55: 135-138. Reptiles of Greece. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main. McKelvy, A.D., Figureoa, A., Lewis, T.R. (2013): First record of ophiophagy in the widely distributed snake Leptodeira septentrionalis (Kennicott, 1859) (Ophidia, Colubridae). Herpetology Notes 6: 177-178. Melo-Sampaio, P.R., da Silva, M.N., de Matos, S.A., Assis de Matos, L.R., Acosta, M. (2013): First report of predation by a caiman (Paleosuchus trigonatus, Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) on a caecilian (Caecilia marcusi, Gymnophiona: Caecilidae). Salamandra 49: 227-228. Meyers, J.J., Herrel, A., Vanhooydonck, B. (2005): Gambelia wislizenii (Leopard Lizard) - Ophiophagy. Herpetological Review 36: 448-449. Accepted by Philipp Wagner.
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