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Mint Officials and Moneyers of the Stuart Period

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Mint Officials and Moneyers of the Stuart Period MINT OFFICIALS AND MONEYERS OF THE STUART PERIOD C. E. CHALLIS DURING the early part of the seventeenth century the mint continued to operate and be accounted for very much in the same way as it had been under Queen Elizabeth. Then, at the start of Charles I's reign, it was decided for revenue raising purposes to bring in a fresh level of accountability by making the master-worker as well as the warden directly responsible to the Crown. From 1626, therefore, there are two series of audited mint accounts and, although some short gaps in the 1650s, 1660s and 1670s mean that the record is deficient in the order of some ten per cent, it is still outstandingly good and is necessarily the starting point for any analysis of Stuart mint personnel. The information which is contained in the main series of accounts may sometimes be supplemented by that from subsidiary accounts - the particulars of account, as contempora- ries often called them - which contain information that appears in the final account in summary form only. The importance of the Establishments of officers attached to the formal indentures between the Crown and the master-workers is obvious enough, as is the wealth of detail which emerges from correspondence and reports amongst the papers in the State Paper Office and the Treasury. Copies of formal grants of office were, like copies of mint indentures and commissions, enrolled in Chancery and in passing it is worth noting that in those instances where such grants were in respect of two persons but it is clear from other evidence that only one person was actually remunerated for the office, it is only the recipient of the fee who is listed below. For the later Stuart period, the records of the mint itself, now housed in the Public Record Office, are an increasingly valuable source of information and much can be made throughout the period as a whole of testamentary records. It is upon these sources, supplemented partly by correspondence and accounts amongst papers now in the British Library and partly by secondary literature, that the list which follows is constructed. Relating as it does primarily to mint officials - personnel who had a formal grant of office and a specific salary - the first part of the list contains careers which are particularly detailed and, for the most part, complete. Officials were customarily paid on a quarterly basis and, in the event of someone dying in post, payment was usually made to whichever quarter day was nearest. It is for this reason that in those instances where a precise date of death is known the mint accounts, and therefore the dates given here, sometimes appear to show an official leaving office just before that date or continuing in office some weeks after it. Additional to the many mint careers which are known in some detail are many more which are fragmentary or at best skeletal, the most common explanation being either that the formal accounts do not survive at that point or that the person concerned was appointed not by the Crown but by one of the officials themselves, either to act as deputy or, in the case of the master-worker, to perform melting and other tasks, the details of which were of no concern to the Crown and therefore went unrecorded in the accounts. Strictly speaking, some of those listed here were not mint employees at all - Thomas Ayres who marked silver ingots at the Exchequer in 1697, is a case in point - but have been included on the grounds that they were directly connected with the mint's activity at the time, in this case the great recoinage of silver. About the moneyers and labourers contained in the second part of the list, it is much more difficult to be precise, quite simply because they worked on piece rates for the master- 158 MINT OFFICIALS AND MONEYERS worker and were required by government to keep no record either of their number or of their descent. Their records were their own and have now seemingly entirely disappeared. What we do in fact know of the moneyers is, therefore, essentially the accident of chance, which supplies us with information from a miscellany of sources which include wills, legal proceedings, burial registers, or listings by the moneyers themselves in the process of defending or promoting their cause. The final section of the list is concerned with the officials responsible for, or concerned with, the manufacture of tokens or coins in base metals authorised by the Crown. Some of these men are as clearly connected with the mint as are the base issues they produced in their normal surroundings in the Tower, but by far the greater number, some eighty-nine per cent, have no known connection with the mint and were concerned with a production process which was carried on outside the mint. Providing this distinction is made, the utility of gathering together in one place the names of all those who were engaged in a common purpose, the production of base-metal issues, seems obvious enough. Although essentially an offshoot of work undertaken in connection with writing chapter 3 in A New History of the Royal Mint, this list has benefited at a late stage through close scrutiny by Mr H. E. Pagan, who has himself studied mint personnel in the Restoration period and lectured to the Society on that subject. To my original list of 774 names he enabled me to add a further fifteen, to remove some duplication, and to emend or expand detail in numerous other cases. I am particularly grateful for the information he extracted from the burial registers of St Peter ad Vincula, the church in the Tower whose vicar and sexton annually received payment from the mint. At the time of his search Mr Pagan extracted the data relevant to all those whom he then knew to have had a mint connection but he quite recognises that now that this list has been extended it may well be that the registers could be of further help. The form of entries in the list follow that set out for Tudor officials printed in BNJ 45 (1975), 53. The principal abbreviations used in the list are as follows: Answer of the The Answer of the Corporation of Moniers in the Mint at the Tower of Moniers London, to two false and scandalous Libells printed at London, and lately come forth without date (Printed by the Corporation of Moniers, 1653) [by Thos Violet] APC Acts of the Privy Council of England, 1542-1631, edited by J. R. Dasent et al, 46 vols (London, 1890-1964) Boon G. C. Boon, Cardiganshire Silver and the Aberystwyth Mint in Peace and War (Cardiff, 1981) Burial Register The Burial Registers of St Peter ad Vincula CJ Journals of the House of Commons. 1547 ff. Repr. London, 1803 ff. Index to vols I-XVII by T. Vardon and T. E. May (London, 1852) CSPD Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1547-1704 (London, 1856-1924) CTB Calendar of Treasury Books, 1660-1718, edited by W. A. Shaw et al., 32 vols (London, 1904-62) CTP Calendar of Treasury Papers, 1557-1728, edited by J. Redington, 6 vols (London, 1868-89) DNB Dictionary of National Biography Foedera T. Rymer, Foedera, Conventiones, Literae et cuiuscunque Generis Acta Publica, 2nd edn, 20 vols (London, 1727-35) Forrer L. Forrer, Biographical Dictionary of Medallists, 8 vols (London, 1904-30) MINT OFFICIALS AND MONEYERS GH Goldsmiths' Hall, London GL Guildhall Library, London HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission LJ Journals of the House of Lords. 1509 ff. Index to vols 1-X (London, 1846) New History of A New History of the Royal Mint, edited by C. E. Challis (Cambridge, the Royal Mint in the press) Newton Corres- The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, edited by J. F. Scott, vol. IV pondence (Cambridge, 1967) PRO Public Record Office, London Ruding R. Ruding, Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain and its Depen- dencies, 3rd edn, 3 vols (London, 1840) Mint Officials Acheson, John Ashby, William (d. 1632/3) under-engraver. Tower, £40 p.a. porter (with Thos Knyvet), Tower, £10 p.a. appointed to suee. John Rutlinger who failed to succ. Edm. Knyvet in 1629/30-1632/3 exercise the office when succ. by John Denby and Thos Knyvet 1603-74 (PRO. AO 1/1598/28-31) (PRO. SP 14/5 no.26) Ashley (Astiley), Elizabeth Allen, Thomas attendant in receipt. Tower, £10 p.a. clerk to deputy master-worker, Norwich, £40 p.a. 1 Jan. 1709-14. 24 June 1696-24 June 1698 (PRO. A01/1606/90-5) (PRO. E 351/2106) Astell, Thomas Ambrose, Jonathan, goldsmith of London under-engraver, Tower, 22 June 1660, £40 p.a. melter paid piece rates by master-worker. Tower, 1660-24 June 1676 29 Nov. 1681 (CSPD, 1660-1, 73; PRO. AO 1/1601/55,58,60; 1681-98 E 351/2065-6) (PRO. E 351/2103-5, Mint 1/3 fo.85; BL. Additional Charter 15,182) Atherton, Philip labourer in melting house, 1697 Andrew, Samuel (Newton Correspondence, IV, 242) deputy engraver, Exeter, £40 p.a. 24 June 1696-24 June 1698 Awnsham, Richard (PRO. E 351/2106) deputy weigher and teller. Chester, £50 p.a. 24 June 1696-24 June 1698 Annesly, Arthur (PRO. E 351/2106) deputy warden, Bristol, £120 p.a. 24 June 1696-29 Sept. 1698 Aylesbury, Sir Thomas (1576-1657) (PRO. E 351/2106; CTB. 1700-1, 253) commissioner (with Sir Ralph Freeman) for the master-worker, Tower, 3 Aug. 1635, £500 p.a.
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