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Threat of an Invasive Parasitic Fly, the Deer Ked (Lipoptena Cervi ), to the Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus): Experimental Infection and Treatment

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Threat of an Invasive Parasitic Fly, the Deer Ked (Lipoptena Cervi ), to the Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus): Experimental Infection and Treatment Ann. Zool. Fennici 47: 28–36 ISSN 0003-455X (print), ISSN 1797-2450 (online) Helsinki 10 March 2010 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2010 Threat of an invasive parasitic fly, the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi ), to the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): experimental infection and treatment Sanna-Mari Kynkäänniemi1, Raine Kortet1,2, Laura Härkönen1, Arja Kaitala1, Tommi Paakkonen2, Anne-Mari Mustonen2, Petteri Nieminen2,3, Sauli Härkönen4, Hannu Ylönen5 & Sauli Laaksonen6 1) Department of Biology, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland 2) Faculty of Biosciences, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland 3) Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland 4) Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Unit, P.O. Box 68, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland 5) Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland 6) Finnish Food Safety Authority EVIRA, Fish and Wildlife Health Research Unit, P.O. Box 517, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland Received 12 Nov. 2008, revised version received 27 Nov. 2009, accepted 2 Oct. 2009 Kynkäänniemi, S.-M., Kortet, R., Härkönen, L., Kaitala, A., Paakkonen, T., Mustonen, A.-M., Niemi- nen, P., Härkönen, S., Ylönen, H. & Laaksonen, S. 2010: Threat of an invasive parasitic fly, the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi ), to the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): experimental infection and treatment. — Ann. Zool. Fennici 47: 28–36. Range expansion of ectoparasites can cause parasites to attack new host species. In these cases it is important for the parasite to be able to adapt to the new environment and to reproduce on the host. For the host, it is crucial to hinder successfully the devel- opment of long-lasting parasitic relationship. The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) is a novel ectoparasite for northern cervids. We investigated if the deer ked can use the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) as a host and, if it can, whether antiparasitic treatment against this parasite would be available. Three groups of reindeer were monitored: two groups of 6 reindeer were infected with 300 flies per each individual; a control group comprised 6 animals. One of the infected groups was treated with subcutaneous ivermectin. At the end of the experiment the infestation rate of the infected animals was low. The reindeer in the non-treated group had both live and dead deer keds and also a single pupa while the ivermectin-treated reindeer had only dead deer keds. As some deer keds survived and reproduced, the deer ked can potentially use the reindeer as a host but antiparasitic treatment may be effective against this parasite. Introduction that suitable hosts are available, as parasites cannot exist in isolation from their hosts (Wall Invasion or range expansion of parasites requires 2007). Free-living invasive species have different ANN. ZooL. FeNNIcI Vol. 47 • Deer ked — a treatable threat to reindeer? 29 life histories as compared with those of inva- The moose has been a beneficial host species for sive ectoparasites (Boulinier et al. 2001): these the deer ked allowing it to widen its distribution, include better dispersal ability because of their as cervids are known to migrate long distances broader ecological requirements and tolerance (Cederlund & Liberg 1995). As the deer ked has (e.g. Mack et al. 2000, Sax & Brown 2000). spread rapidly towards the northern latitudes in When encountering a new host, the parasite needs Finland, it can be considered a host-dependent to overcome the physiological and immunologi- invasive species (Hackman et al. 1983, Kaitala cal defences of the hosts to be able to attach and et al. 2009). At present, the northern distribution reproduce successfully (Moore 2002, Wall 2007). limit of this louse fly is in the southern part of the For blood-feeding ectoparasites, which infest Finnish reindeer herding area, at approximately large vertebrates, host density is the most crucial 65°N (Kaitala et al. 2009) but there have been factor for the invasion, if these parasites use their occasional discoveries in areas situated two hun- hosts for dispersal (Boulinier et al. 2001). For dred kilometres further north. Outside the cur- these kinds of species, conditions on the host are rent range of the deer ked, there are suitable cli- usually stable with plenty of available resources. matic conditions and environments, where pupal Therefore, their distribution is most likely con- development would be possible and suitable strained by life history stages outside the host hosts available (Härkönen et al. 2010). (Lehane 2005). Thus, the new developing host- In addition to the moose, the deer ked can parasite relationships are affected not only by the utilize, e.g., the roe deer (Capreolus capreo- host and its resistance against parasitism but also lus) and the red deer (Cervus elaphus) as hosts by external climatic and biotic factors the life (Ivanov 1974). Samples collected recently from stage is exposed to outside the host (Wall 2007). skins of Finnish wild forest reindeer (Rangifer The effects of parasite infections on the host tarandus fennicus) and their bedding sites on the depend on the intensity of infection, the vir- snow contained deer keds or a few pupae, and ulence of the parasite and the resistance of the same was also observed for semi-domesti- the host animal (Moore 2002). Parasites can cated reindeer (R. t. tarandus) in the southern cause direct damage to the host’s tissues, carry part of the reindeer herding area (Kaunisto et zoonotic diseases and indirectly affect the energy al. 2009). Previously, Kettle and Utsi (1955) budget of the host by reducing its fitness. In observed reindeer infested with deer keds in general, host-specialist ectoparasites do only Scotland. Moreover, Ivanov (1981) reported that minor damage to the host, while it is commonly deer keds could also infect cattle (Bos taurus), assumed that non-specialist ectoparasites can be sheep (Ovis aries) and horses (Equus caballus) more virulent, especially when they infect new that grazed the forests in Belarus. The numbers host species (Wall 2007). of keds on cattle varied between 166 ± 12 and Arthropod parasites are usually ectoparasites. 315 ± 9 in 1973–1979 and 5–10 keds/cow were The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) is an ectopara- sufficient to cause restlessness to the hosts. sitic louse fly capable of infecting various cer- The deer ked and some other louse flies differ vids (Haarløv 1964, Kaunisto et al. 2009). It from most other ectoparasites because they shed was detected in south-eastern Finland in the their wings after they have found a host animal. 1960s, presumably originating from Russia and Both female and male deer keds attack animals since then it has been spreading towards larger passing by and live on the host feeding on its areas in Finland (Hackman 1977, Kaitala et al. blood (Hackman et al. 1983). Reproduction of 2009). According to Reunala et al. (1980) Linné the deer ked takes place in the fur of the host described the deer ked in Sweden in the 18th animal and females deposit one puparium at a century. This louse fly entered Norway from the time (Haarløv 1964). It has been suggested that south-east in 1983 (Ottesen 2007). the breeding of the deer ked could last for up to In Finland, the principal host of the deer ked 8–10 months (Kaitala et al. 2007, but see Popov is the moose (Alces alces), usually with 2000– 1965). Adult deer keds emerge in the areas, 10 000 parasites per host in areas, where the deer where they dropped as pupae in the preceding ked is abundant (T. Paakkonen unpubl. data). autumn and winter (Haarløv 1964). 30 Kynkäänniemi et al. • ANN. ZooL. FeNNIcI Vol. 47 Also humans are susceptible to numerous 2007-03532/Ym-23) between 29 May and 13 attacks of the deer ked during professional or Dec. 2007. The experimental animals were 18 recreational forest use (Kortet et al. 2010). The adult reindeer (11 females and 7 males; age bites can cause allergic dermatitis and second- 2.8 ± 0.6 years). On 29 May, the reindeer were ary infections to sensitized individuals (Ivanov assigned into three experimental groups with 1974, Rantanen et al. 1982, Reunala et al. 2008). an equal sex ratio and average age (Infection The deer ked has also been proposed to act as group, Infection & Medication group and Con- a vector for bacteria of the Bartonella genus trol group). Each reindeer was fitted with a collar (Dehio et al. 2004). Deer keds are likely to with individual colouring and a numbered ear have stressful effects on their hosts and affect tag for identification. the health of animals by causing scratching and At the start of the experiment, on 29 May, associated skin changes (Ivanov 1981). Skin and before the reindeer were infected with deer keds, hide damages of moose have been connected the animals were treated against other possible to chronic deer ked infection (Laaksonen et al. endo- and ectoparasites with subcutaneous (sc) 2008a). ivermectin (0.2 mg kg–1; Bimectin vet®, Vet- Antiparasitic treatment with ivermectin is pharma AB, Lund, Sweden/Vetcare Oy, Vantaa, routinely used in reindeer management in Fin- Finland) and topical deltametrin (75 mg/reindeer; land (Laaksonen et al. 2008b). Ivermectin is pour-on lotion on dorsal skin; Coopersect spot on a synthetic derivative of avermectins without vet®, Schering Plough, Ballerup, Denmark). The antibacterial activity (Dourmishev et al. 2005). It ivermectin treatment was repeated on 13 June. affects endo- and ectoparasites by preventing the The males were castrated on 29 May to prevent conduction of nerve impulses in synapses gated rut behaviour in autumn as it can be disturbing by glutamate or γ-aminobutyric acid causing and result in injuries or stress to other reindeer.
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