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Regulatory Law and Local Stakeholder Influences on Green Crime in the Blue Mountains, Jamaica

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Regulatory Law and Local Stakeholder Influences on Green Crime in the Blue Mountains, Jamaica REGULATORY LAW AND LOCAL STAKEHOLDER INFLUENCES ON GREEN CRIME IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, JAMAICA By TAMEKA SAMUELS-JONES A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2019 © 2019 Tameka Samuels-Jones To my son, who motivates me to fight for the preservation of nature for the next generation ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is only possible because I had the support and encouragement of many people and institutions. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my adviser Dr. Stephen Perz. I could not have accomplished this research and other landmark academic achievements without his genuine support. I am fortunate to have received, his mentorship, encouragement and guidance. I appreciate him providing a safe haven for me to share my thoughts when the PhD experience seemed to be long and overwhelming. I thank my gracious committee members for their expertise at each step of the design and development of this dissertation. To Dr. Lonn Lanza Kaduce, I am ever more aware of the kindness and humanity that can be found in law because of you. Dr. Krohn, thank you for pushing me to expand my ideas and raise my voice. I am grateful to you for these lifelong lessons. I am thankful to Dr. Cynthia Simmons, for demonstrating a sincere interest in my work and for agreeing to be my external member. I appreciate your candor and generosity. I acknowledge my sponsors - The American Society of Criminology, The UF Center for Latin American Studies, The UF Graduate School and the UF Center for Humanities and the Public Sphere. With their financial support I was able to conduct the research necessary for this dissertation. From my own department, I very much appreciate Dr. Barbara Zsembik, Lisandra Villalobos, Dr. Richard Hollinger and Dr. Michael Capece for their continued encouragement and support. To my school family – Johanna, Ryan, Angelica and Steph, you made this journey more beautiful by being a part of it. I am very grateful to my family for their love and support during this PhD process. I thank my mother, without whom this journey would not have begun and for 4 encouraging me to always reach for the stars - since she would be there to catch me if I ever fall. I thank my father for his assistance in accessing remote indigenous villages and my sister for accommodating incoherent late-night phone calls. To the love of my life, CJay, I appreciate you for holding it all together while I worked hard to accomplish my goals. Thank you for listening patiently to all my dissertation ideas without asking me what I was rambling on about. Above all, I thank God for his grace, his mercy and the purpose that he has on my life and on this work. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 13 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 16 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................... 19 Legal Pluralism & Legitimacy .................................................................................. 19 Community Based Natural Resource Management ................................................ 21 Green Cultural Criminology ..................................................................................... 23 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 25 Research Site ......................................................................................................... 28 Jamaica’s Regulatory Framework .................................................................... 29 The Maroons .................................................................................................... 33 The Rastafarians .............................................................................................. 34 The Agrarian Communities ............................................................................... 35 Research Procedures and Methodology .......................................................... 35 Format and Organization of the Dissertation .................................................... 40 2 LEGAL PLURALISM IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS ................................................. 44 The Maroons in Jamaica’s Environmental Legal Landscape .................................. 44 Literature Review .................................................................................................... 45 Legal Pluralism ................................................................................................. 45 The Role of Legitimacy in Legal Pluralism........................................................ 48 Forsyth’s Typology of Legal Pluralism .............................................................. 50 Background and Setting.......................................................................................... 53 Legal Pluralism in the Blue Mountains ............................................................. 55 Maroon Legal Culture ....................................................................................... 56 Methods .................................................................................................................. 61 Data Collection ................................................................................................. 61 Sampling .......................................................................................................... 63 Credibility Strategies ........................................................................................ 63 Participant Observation .................................................................................... 64 The Interviews .................................................................................................. 65 Findings .................................................................................................................. 67 6 Environmental Threats in the BJCM and Maroon Law ..................................... 68 Generational Values ......................................................................................... 75 Legal Tradition and Environmental Sovereignty ............................................... 78 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 84 3 THE ROOTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ............................................................ 91 Post-Colonialism, Rastafarianism and Culture heritage .......................................... 91 Literature Review .................................................................................................... 93 Post-colonial Theory and Rastafarianism ......................................................... 93 Intangible Cultural Heritage and Environmental Law ........................................ 95 Religious Belief and Community-Based Natural Resource Management ......... 97 Background and Setting ................................................................................... 99 Rastafarianism and Intangible Cultural Heritage Law and the Environment ... 101 Methods ................................................................................................................ 105 Data Collection ............................................................................................... 105 Sampling ........................................................................................................ 106 Credibility Strategies ...................................................................................... 106 Participant Observation .................................................................................. 107 Findings ................................................................................................................ 110 State Oppression - The History of Rastafarian Oppression ............................ 111 Rastafarian Religious Customs and Land Use ............................................... 115 Challenges in Regulating Rastafarian Land Use ............................................ 120 Moral Rewards ............................................................................................... 121 Religious Belief and Environmental Sustainability .......................................... 131 Rastafarians and ‘the Commons’ ................................................................... 135 Discussion ............................................................................................................ 136 4 MOVING MOUNTAINS ......................................................................................... 140 The Political Economy of Rural Green Crime in the Blue Mountains .................... 140 Literature Review .................................................................................................
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