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Moluscos Bentónicos De Dos Sistemas Lagunares De La Costa Chica

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Moluscos Bentónicos De Dos Sistemas Lagunares De La Costa Chica Moluscos bentónicos de dos sistemas lagunares de la costa chica de Oaxaca, México y su relación con parámetros fisicoquímicos Pablo Zamorano*, Norma Arcelia Barrientos-Luján** & Miguel Ángel Ahumada-Sempoal*** Resumen Abstract Résumé Moluscos bentónicos de dos sis- Benthic mollusks communities La malacofaune des environ- temas lagunares de la costa chica of two coastal lagoons systems nements lagunaires-estuariens de Oaxaca y su relación con pará- in Oaxaca, Mexico, and rela- du Pacifique mexicain est en metros fisicoquímicos. En general tionship with environmental général peu connue, en parti- el conocimiento sobre la malacofauna parameters. Our knowledge of culier dans l´état de Oaxaca. de ambientes lagunares-estuarinos mollusks fauna in coastal lagoons Ce travail se centre sur la carac- en el Pacífico mexicano es escasa y and estuaries of the Mexican Pacific, térisation des communautés de Oaxaca no es la excepción, por lo que including the state of Oaxaca, is mollusques de deux systèmes en el presente trabajo se buscó carac- limited. The aim of this contribu- lagunaires (Chacahua-Pastoría y terizar las comunidades de moluscos tion is to characterize the mollusks Corralero). Les échantillonnages de dos sistemas lagunares (Chacahua- community in two coastal lagoons, furent réalisés entre juillet 1998 et Pastoría y Corralero-Alotengo). Los Chacahua-Pastoría and Corralero- janvier 1999, en mettant en œuvre muestreos se realizaron de julio de Alotengo, both in Oaxaca. Samples trois techniques de collecte: le cha- 1998 a enero de 1999 empleando tres were obtained from July 1998 to lutage avec un filet à crevettes, la técnicas de recolecta: arrastre con red January 1999 with three gears: an collecte de racines de palétuviers camaronera, recolección de raíz de otter trawl similar to what is used et la collecte manuelle par plon- mangle y por buceo autónomo. Los in shrimp fishery; search for mol- gée autonome. Au total 43 espèces resultados muestran la presencia de luscs on mangrove prop-roots and (aussi bien vivantes que mortes) 43 especies (que se recolectaron tanto with scuba diving. A total of 43 distribuées en 34 368 organismes vivas como muertas) distribuidas en species (34,368 living and dead furent collectés avec une nette pré- 34,368 organismos con una clara specimens) were collected, and pondérance de Mytella strigata dominancia de Mytella strigata y Mytella strigata and Tagelus et de Tagelus longisinuatus. La Tagelus longisinuatus. La diversi- longisinuatus were the dominant diversité obtenue dans l´étude se dad obtenida en el estudio se mantiene species. Diversity values resulting maintient dans l´intervalle établi dentro del intervalo establecido para from samples analysis (0.46-3.81 pour les systèmes côtiers lagunaires los sistemas costeros lagunares (0.46- bits ind-1) were in the range typi- (0,46-3,81 bits ind-1). Toutefois, 3.81 bits ind-1), sin embargo la diver- cally reported for coastal lagoons la diversité moyenne de ces corps sidad media de estos cuerpos lagunares systems, although average diver- lagunaires est la plus faible enre- es la más baja registrada a la fecha en sity was the lowest on record for gistrée à ce jour pour différents distintos sistemas costeros lagunares similar systems either in the Gulf of systèmes côtiers lagunaires tant tanto del golfo de México como del Mexico or in the Mexican tropical du golfe du Mexique comme du Pacífico tropical mexicano. Los pará- Pacific. Environmental parameters Pacifique tropical mexicain. Les metros ambientales medidos durante measured during the study were analyses ont indiqué que le compor- el estudio fueron materia orgánica, organic matter, granulometry, tement de la variable dépendante granulometría, temperatura, salini- temperature, salinity, dissolved (abondance totale) dérive à 64% de dad, oxígeno disuelto y pH. Los aná- oxygen and pH. Analysis showed toutes les variables environnemen- * Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Periférico Sur 5000, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, 04530, México, D.F. ** Universidad del Mar, Instituto de Ecología. Ciudad Universitaria, Puerto Ángel, 70902, Oaxaca, México. *** Universidad del Mar, Instituto de Recursos. Ciudad Universitaria, Puerto Ángel, 70902, Oaxaca, México. Ciencia y Mar 2010, XIV (42): 13-28 correo electrónico: [email protected] 13 lisis indicaron que el comportamiento that 64% of the dependant variable tales considérées. La dépendance la de la variable dependiente (abundan- “total abundance” is explained by plus significative est liée au pour- cia total) viene explicado en un 64% all the environmental factors taken centage de matière organique. por todas las variables ambientales into consideration, with the per- consideradas, siendo el porcentaje de centage of organic matter being the materia orgánica la más significativa. most significant. Palabras clave: Diversidad, Key words: Diversity, communi- Mots clefs: Diversité, communau- comunidades, malacofauna, ties, malacofauna, coast lagoons, tés, malacofaune, lagunes côtières, lagunas costeras, Chacahua- Chacahua-Pastoría, Corralero. Chacahua-Pastoría, Corralero. Pastoría, Corralero. Introducción de aprovechamiento sustentable y de detección De acuerdo con el Convenio sobre la de alteraciones hidrológicas ocasionadas por Diversidad Biológica (CBD) existen aproxi- contaminantes transportados por ríos y escu- madamente 1,200 estuarios y lagunas coste- rrimientos continentales, que normalmente ras a nivel mundial que cubren alrededor de desembocan en estos sistemas con impactos 500,000 km2 (CBD 2010). Estos ecosistemas sobre la biota (García-Cubas et al. 1992). y sus comunidades biológicas actualmente Los organismos bentónicos constituyen muestran señales de deterioro causadas uno de los grupos más diversos de los siste- principalmente por la incorrecta explotación mas lagunares costeros, siendo los moluscos humana misma que han reducido en un 95% uno de los componentes más importantes por el número de especies, ha generado el 96% de su abundancia (Landa-Jaime 2003) y pueden las extinciones, ha destruido más del 65% de funcionar como bioindicadores de la calidad los hábitats de los humedales, ha deteriorado del agua y de la contaminación (Arriaga- la calidad del agua y ha acelerado la invasión Cabrera et al. 1998; Naranjo-García & Meza- de especies no nativas (CBD 2010). Aunado a Meneses 2000; Baqueiro-Cárdenas et al. 2007). estos impactos, en México se ha demostrado En este trabajo se enlistan los moluscos ben- que el cierre artificial de las entradas de agua y tónicos, en particular gasterópodos y bivalvos, la construcción de infraestructura sobre estos de dos sistemas lagunares de la costa chica de terrenos, altera su hidrodinámica, constitu- Oaxaca, México y se analiza su relación con yendo un impacto más sobre la biodiversidad parámetros ambientales. (Contreras & García-Nagaya 1991). Lo ante- rior ha fomentado el declive de grupos taxo- Material y métodos nómicos mayores en ambientes estuarinos, mientras que el conocimiento sobre moluscos Área de estudio en este tipo de ambientes se restringe a los El área de estudio son los sistemas costeros bancos ostreros (CBD 2010). lagunares de Chacahua-Pastoría y Corralero Las agrupaciones faunísticas de los ecosiste- dentro de la costa chica de Oaxaca, México. mas estuarinos presentan interacciones tróficas El sistema lagunar Chacahua-Pastoría complejas y una amplia diversidad de hábitats posee una superficie acuática aproximada de (Sánchez & Raz-Guzmán 1997, Grabowski & 3,200 ha, localizado entre las coordenadas 16° Powers 2004) que son utilizados como áreas 11’ N y 16° 15’ N y 97° 32’ O y 97° 42’ O, en de refugio, crecimiento, alimentación y repro- el municipio de Tutepec, Distrito de Juquila. ducción por un gran número de organismos Este sistema está limitado al sur por el Océano tanto vertebrados como invertebrados (Yáñez- Pacífico, al oeste con el río Verde, y al norte y Arancibia & Nugent 1977, Barba-Macías 1999, este con la Sierra Madre. La laguna Chacahua Guevara et al. 2007). Por tanto, es de importan- cuenta con una superficie de 1,100 ha y Pastoría cia primordial el estudio integral de los sistemas con 2,100 ha, y aunque ambos cuerpos laguna- lagunares costeros con fines de conservación, res se conectan por un canal longitudinal de Ciencia y Mar 2010, XIV (42): 13-28 14 Zamorano et al. 3 km llamado “El Corral” (Pantaleón-López Recolecta de organismos et al. 2005), el comportamiento hidrológico- Se realizaron muestreos mensuales de julio productivo es diferente para cada laguna de 1998 hasta enero de 1999. El área lagunar (Contreras et al. 1997). Este sistema lagunar es de Chacahua se dividió en 19 estaciones (Fig. considerado un sitio prioritario para la conser- 1 Supra), en Pastoría se estableció una red de vación de ambientes costeros y oceánicos de 21 estaciones (Fig. 1 Supra), mientras que en México (Arriaga-Cabrera et al. 1998, Aguilar et el sistema de Corralero el total fue de 24 esta- al. 2008), para la conservación de aves “AICA ciones (Fig. 2 Supra) las cuales se distribuye- Laguna de Chacahua-Pastoría” (Benítez et ron con base en la morfología, profundidad y al. 1999) y es un Área Natural Protegida con extensión del cuerpo de agua. Para la recolecta carácter de Parque Nacional “Lagunas de de organismos se utilizaron tres métodos: 1) Chacahua” desde 1937 (DOF. 9-07-1937). arrastre de 5 minutos de duración con una red El sistema lagunar de Corralero posee una tipo camaronera de 2 m de diámetro y 2.56 cm superficie acuática
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